메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 379-407

Public health, nutrition, and the decline of mortality: The McKeown thesis revisited

Author keywords

'McKeown thesis'; Diet; Housing; Living standards; Mortality; Nutrition; Public health; Real wages; Sanitation; State intervention

Indexed keywords


EID: 10244252823     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/17.3.379     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (96)

References (190)
  • 1
    • 0003602756 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • The figures for 1700 and 1701 are for England only; figures for 1910-12 and 1911-15 are for England and Wales. For sources, see E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541-1871 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 230, 533; R. Fitzpatrick and T. Chandola, 'Health', in A. H. Halsey and J. Webb (eds), Twentieth-century British Social Trends (Basingstoke, 2000), 94-127, pp. 95-6.
    • (1981) The Population History of England 1541-1871 , pp. 230
    • Wrigley, E.A.1    Schofield, R.S.2
  • 2
    • 0003744153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health
    • A. H. Halsey and J. Webb (eds), Basingstoke
    • The figures for 1700 and 1701 are for England only; figures for 1910-12 and 1911-15 are for England and Wales. For sources, see E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541-1871 (Cambridge, 1981), pp. 230, 533; R. Fitzpatrick and T. Chandola, 'Health', in A. H. Halsey and J. Webb (eds), Twentieth-century British Social Trends (Basingstoke, 2000), 94-127, pp. 95-6.
    • (2000) Twentieth-century British Social Trends , pp. 94-127
    • Fitzpatrick, R.1    Chandola, T.2
  • 4
    • 0036257079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do people die in famines? Evidence from three island populations
    • V. Hionidou, 'Why do People Die in Famines? Evidence from Three Island Populations', Population Studies, 56 (2002), 65-80.
    • (2002) Population Studies , vol.56 , pp. 65-80
    • Hionidou, V.1
  • 5
    • 85078039652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seebohm rowntree and the measurement of poverty, 1899-1951
    • J. Bradshaw and R. Sainsbury (eds), Aldershot
    • B. Harris, 'Seebohm Rowntree and the Measurement of Poverty, 1899-1951', in J. Bradshaw and R. Sainsbury (eds), Getting the Measure of Poverty: The Early Legacy of Seebohm Rowntree (Aldershot, 2000), 60-84, pp. 73-5.
    • (2000) Getting the Measure of Poverty: the Early Legacy of Seebohm Rowntree , pp. 60-84
    • Harris, B.1
  • 6
    • 0022782822 scopus 로고
    • Protein-Energy malnutrition and risk of infection
    • A. M. Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Risk of Infection', Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 45 (1986), 289-304, p. 289.
    • (1986) Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , vol.45 , pp. 289-304
    • Tomkins, A.M.1
  • 7
    • 0007098026 scopus 로고
    • Adapting to undernourishment: The biological evidence and its implications
    • J. Drèze and A. Sen (eds), Oxford
    • P. Dasgupta and D. Ray, 'Adapting to Undernourishment: The Biological Evidence and its Implications', in J. Drèze and A. Sen (eds), The Political Economy of Hunger. Volume 1. Entitlement and Well-being (Oxford, 1990), 191-246, pp. 213-5; see also P. Pellett, 'Energy and Protein Metabolism', in K. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds), The Cambridge World History of Food, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2000), vol. 1, 888-913, pp. 894-6; J. Kim, 'Nutrition and the Decline of Mortality', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1381-9, pp. 1384-6.
    • (1990) The Political Economy of Hunger. Volume 1. Entitlement and Well-being , vol.1 , pp. 191-246
    • Dasgupta, P.1    Ray, D.2
  • 8
    • 10244227407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Energy and protein metabolism
    • K. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds), 2 vols Cambridge
    • P. Dasgupta and D. Ray, 'Adapting to Undernourishment: The Biological Evidence and its Implications', in J. Drèze and A. Sen (eds), The Political Economy of Hunger. Volume 1. Entitlement and Well-being (Oxford, 1990), 191-246, pp. 213-5; see also P. Pellett, 'Energy and Protein Metabolism', in K. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds), The Cambridge World History of Food, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2000), vol. 1, 888-913, pp. 894-6; J. Kim, 'Nutrition and the Decline of Mortality', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1381-9, pp. 1384-6.
    • (2000) The Cambridge World History of Food , vol.1 , pp. 888-913
    • Pellett, P.1
  • 9
    • 0010215483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and the decline of mortality
    • Kiple and Ornelas (eds)
    • P. Dasgupta and D. Ray, 'Adapting to Undernourishment: The Biological Evidence and its Implications', in J. Drèze and A. Sen (eds), The Political Economy of Hunger. Volume 1. Entitlement and Well-being (Oxford, 1990), 191-246, pp. 213-5; see also P. Pellett, 'Energy and Protein Metabolism', in K. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds), The Cambridge World History of Food, 2 vols (Cambridge, 2000), vol. 1, 888-913, pp. 894-6; J. Kim, 'Nutrition and the Decline of Mortality', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1381-9, pp. 1384-6.
    • Cambridge World History of Food , vol.2 , pp. 1381-1389
    • Kim, J.1
  • 10
    • 0000733429 scopus 로고
    • Population differences in growth: Environmental and genetic factors
    • F. Falkner and J. Tanner (eds), 3 vols London
    • P. Eveleth, 'Population Differences in Growth: Environmental and Genetic Factors', in F. Falkner and J. Tanner (eds), Human Growth, 3 vols (London, 1979), vol. 3, 373-94, p. 388.
    • (1979) Human Growth , vol.3 , pp. 373-394
    • Eveleth, P.1
  • 12
    • 0004211092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geneva
    • N. Scrimshaw, C. E. Taylor, and J. E. Gordon, Interactions of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva, 1968), pp. 144-5; Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', pp. 466S-467S; N. Scrimshaw, 'Infection and Nutrition: Synergistic Interactions', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1397-1411, p. 1398; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition'.
    • (1968) Interactions of Nutrition and Infection , pp. 144-145
    • Scrimshaw, N.1    Taylor, C.E.2    Gordon, J.E.3
  • 13
    • 10244247246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Scrimshaw, C. E. Taylor, and J. E. Gordon, Interactions of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva, 1968), pp. 144-5; Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', pp. 466S-467S; N. Scrimshaw, 'Infection and Nutrition: Synergistic Interactions', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1397-1411, p. 1398; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition'.
    • Synergism
    • Scrimshaw1    SanGiovanni2
  • 14
    • 10244221744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection and nutrition: Synergistic interactions
    • Kiple and Ornelas (eds)
    • N. Scrimshaw, C. E. Taylor, and J. E. Gordon, Interactions of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva, 1968), pp. 144-5; Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', pp. 466S-467S; N. Scrimshaw, 'Infection and Nutrition: Synergistic Interactions', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1397-1411, p. 1398; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition'.
    • Cambridge World History of Food , vol.2 , pp. 1397-1411
    • Scrimshaw, N.1
  • 15
    • 10244237179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N. Scrimshaw, C. E. Taylor, and J. E. Gordon, Interactions of Nutrition and Infection (Geneva, 1968), pp. 144-5; Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', pp. 466S-467S; N. Scrimshaw, 'Infection and Nutrition: Synergistic Interactions', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1397-1411, p. 1398; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition'.
    • Protein-Energy Malnutrition
    • Tomkins1
  • 16
    • 0002903095 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition, immunity and infection
    • R. Schofield, D. Reher, and A. Bideau (eds), Oxford
    • P. G. Lunn, 'Nutrition, Immunity and Infection', in R. Schofield, D. Reher, and A. Bideau (eds), The Decline of Mortality in Europe (Oxford, 1991), 131-45, p. 136; see also Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', p. 472S.
    • (1991) The Decline of Mortality in Europe , pp. 131-145
    • Lunn, P.G.1
  • 17
    • 10244247246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. G. Lunn, 'Nutrition, Immunity and Infection', in R. Schofield, D. Reher, and A. Bideau (eds), The Decline of Mortality in Europe (Oxford, 1991), 131-45, p. 136; see also Scrimshaw and SanGiovanni, 'Synergism', p. 472S.
    • Synergism
    • Scrimshaw1    SanGiovanni2
  • 18
    • 0024653533 scopus 로고
    • Malnourished or overinfected? An analysis of the determinants of acute measles mortality
    • See, for example, P. Aaby, 'Malnourished or Overinfected? An Analysis of the Determinants of Acute Measles Mortality', Danish Medical Bulletin, 36 (1989), 93-113; idem, 'Lessons for the Past: Third World Evidence and the Reinterpretation of Developed World Mortality Declines', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 155-83.
    • (1989) Danish Medical Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 93-113
    • Aaby, P.1
  • 19
    • 0024653533 scopus 로고
    • Lessons for the past: Third world evidence and the reinterpretation of developed world mortality declines
    • See, for example, P. Aaby, 'Malnourished or Overinfected? An Analysis of the Determinants of Acute Measles Mortality', Danish Medical Bulletin, 36 (1989), 93-113; idem, 'Lessons for the Past: Third World Evidence and the Reinterpretation of Developed World Mortality Declines', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 155-83.
    • (1992) Health Transition Review , vol.2 , Issue.SUPPL. ISSUE , pp. 155-183
    • Aaby, P.1
  • 20
    • 10244237179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 295-7. Although Aaby's work has been cited by a number of historians, the views of other writers have not always received similar attention. See, for example, J. Landers, 'Introduction', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 1-28, pp. 21-2; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, pp. 322-3; W. Muraskin, 'Nutrition and Mortality Decline: Another View', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1389-97, pp. 1391-2. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 34, 283, also examines Aaby's work, but compares it with the more nutritionally-oriented approach associated with David Morley.
    • Protein-Energy Malnutrition , pp. 295-297
    • Tomkins1
  • 21
    • 7144263259 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 295-7. Although Aaby's work has been cited by a number of historians, the views of other writers have not always received similar attention. See, for example, J. Landers, 'Introduction', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 1-28, pp. 21-2; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, pp. 322-3; W. Muraskin, 'Nutrition and Mortality Decline: Another View', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1389-97, pp. 1391-2. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 34, 283, also examines Aaby's work, but compares it with the more nutritionally-oriented approach associated with David Morley.
    • (1992) Health Transition Review , vol.2 , Issue.SUPPL. ISSUE , pp. 1-28
    • Landers, J.1
  • 22
    • 0003612613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 295-7. Although Aaby's work has been cited by a number of historians, the views of other writers have not always received similar attention. See, for example, J. Landers, 'Introduction', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 1-28, pp. 21-2; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, pp. 322-3; W. Muraskin, 'Nutrition and Mortality Decline: Another View', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1389-97, pp. 1391-2. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 34, 283, also examines Aaby's work, but compares it with the more nutritionally-oriented approach associated with David Morley.
    • The Demography of Victorian England and Wales , pp. 322-323
    • Woods1
  • 23
    • 10244252162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and mortality decline: Another view
    • Kiple and Ornelas (eds)
    • Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 295-7. Although Aaby's work has been cited by a number of historians, the views of other writers have not always received similar attention. See, for example, J. Landers, 'Introduction', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 1-28, pp. 21-2; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, pp. 322-3; W. Muraskin, 'Nutrition and Mortality Decline: Another View', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1389-97, pp. 1391-2. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 34, 283, also examines Aaby's work, but compares it with the more nutritionally-oriented approach associated with David Morley.
    • Cambridge World History of Food , vol.2 , pp. 1389-1397
    • Muraskin, W.1
  • 24
    • 0004176178 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 295-7. Although Aaby's work has been cited by a number of historians, the views of other writers have not always received similar attention. See, for example, J. Landers, 'Introduction', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 1-28, pp. 21-2; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, pp. 322-3; W. Muraskin, 'Nutrition and Mortality Decline: Another View', in Kiple and Ornelas (eds), Cambridge World History of Food, vol. 2, 1389-97, pp. 1391-2. A. Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 34, 283, also examines Aaby's work, but compares it with the more nutritionally-oriented approach associated with David Morley.
    • (1993) The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 , pp. 34
    • Hardy, A.1
  • 25
    • 0022196426 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of nutrition, disease and social conditions: A graphical presentation
    • Bellagio Conference, Cambridge
    • Although the Bellagio conferees argued that nutritional factors played a very small role in the aetiology of smallpox, Duncan, Scott, and Duncan have claimed that nutritional factors were responsible for the timing of smallpox epidemics in Penrith between 1630 and 1800. See Bellagio Conference, 'The Relationship of Nutrition, Disease and Social Conditions: A Graphical Presentation', in R. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds), Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society (Cambridge, 1985), 305-8; S. R. Duncan, S. Scott, and C. J. Duncan, 'The Dynamics of Smallpox Epidemics in Britain, 1550-1800', Demography, 30 (1993), 405-23, p. 420; idem, 'Smallpox Epidemics in Cities in Britain', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 25 (1994), 255-71.
    • (1985) Hunger and History: the Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society , pp. 305-308
    • Rotberg, R.1    Rabb, T.K.2
  • 26
    • 0027786352 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of smallpox epidemics in Britain, 1550-1800
    • Although the Bellagio conferees argued that nutritional factors played a very small role in the aetiology of smallpox, Duncan, Scott, and Duncan have claimed that nutritional factors were responsible for the timing of smallpox epidemics in Penrith between 1630 and 1800. See Bellagio Conference, 'The Relationship of Nutrition, Disease and Social Conditions: A Graphical Presentation', in R. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds), Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society (Cambridge, 1985), 305-8; S. R. Duncan, S. Scott, and C. J. Duncan, 'The Dynamics of Smallpox Epidemics in Britain, 1550-1800', Demography, 30 (1993), 405-23, p. 420; idem, 'Smallpox Epidemics in Cities in Britain', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 25 (1994), 255-71.
    • (1993) Demography , vol.30 , pp. 405-423
    • Duncan, S.R.1    Scott, S.2    Duncan, C.J.3
  • 27
    • 0022196426 scopus 로고
    • Smallpox epidemics in cities in Britain
    • Although the Bellagio conferees argued that nutritional factors played a very small role in the aetiology of smallpox, Duncan, Scott, and Duncan have claimed that nutritional factors were responsible for the timing of smallpox epidemics in Penrith between 1630 and 1800. See Bellagio Conference, 'The Relationship of Nutrition, Disease and Social Conditions: A Graphical Presentation', in R. Rotberg and T. K. Rabb (eds), Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society (Cambridge, 1985), 305-8; S. R. Duncan, S. Scott, and C. J. Duncan, 'The Dynamics of Smallpox Epidemics in Britain, 1550-1800', Demography, 30 (1993), 405-23, p. 420; idem, 'Smallpox Epidemics in Cities in Britain', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 25 (1994), 255-71.
    • (1994) Journal of Interdisciplinary History , vol.25 , pp. 255-271
    • Duncan, S.R.1    Scott, S.2    Duncan, C.J.3
  • 31
    • 10244235972 scopus 로고
    • The growth of population in Eighteenth-century England: A critical reappraisal
    • P. Razzell, Hampstead
    • P. Razzell, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England: A Critical Reappraisal', in P. Razzell, Essays in English Population History (Hampstead, 1994), 173-206, pp. 185-95; E. A. Wrigley, R. Davies, J. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 282-4; but see also P. Razzell, 'The Conundrum of Eighteenth-century English Population Growth', Social History of Medicine, 11 (1998), 469-500, pp. 485-500.
    • (1994) Essays in English Population History , pp. 173-206
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 32
    • 0030778320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • P. Razzell, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England: A Critical Reappraisal', in P. Razzell, Essays in English Population History (Hampstead, 1994), 173-206, pp. 185-95; E. A. Wrigley, R. Davies, J. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 282-4; but see also P. Razzell, 'The Conundrum of Eighteenth-century English Population Growth', Social History of Medicine, 11 (1998), 469-500, pp. 485-500.
    • (1997) English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 , pp. 282-284
    • Wrigley, E.A.1    Davies, R.2    Oeppen, J.3    Schofield, R.S.4
  • 33
    • 0032244141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The conundrum of Eighteenth-century english population growth
    • P. Razzell, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England: A Critical Reappraisal', in P. Razzell, Essays in English Population History (Hampstead, 1994), 173-206, pp. 185-95; E. A. Wrigley, R. Davies, J. Oeppen, and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580-1837 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 282-4; but see also P. Razzell, 'The Conundrum of Eighteenth-century English Population Growth', Social History of Medicine, 11 (1998), 469-500, pp. 485-500.
    • (1998) Social History of Medicine , vol.11 , pp. 469-500
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 34
    • 0004767108 scopus 로고
    • Medical evidence related to english population changes in the eighteenth century
    • T. McKeown and R. G. Brown, 'Medical Evidence Related to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century', Population Studies, 9 (1955), 119-41, p. 126; T. McKeown, R. G. Brown, and R. G. Record, 'An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe', Population Studies, 26 (1972), 345-82, pp. 346, 351; T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976), pp. 124-7; idem, 'Food, Infection and Population', in Rotberg and Rabb (eds), Hunger and History, 29-49, pp. 31-2, 45-8.
    • (1955) Population Studies , vol.9 , pp. 119-141
    • McKeown, T.1    Brown, R.G.2
  • 35
    • 0015420171 scopus 로고
    • An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe
    • T. McKeown and R. G. Brown, 'Medical Evidence Related to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century', Population Studies, 9 (1955), 119-41, p. 126; T. McKeown, R. G. Brown, and R. G. Record, 'An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe', Population Studies, 26 (1972), 345-82, pp. 346, 351; T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976), pp. 124-7; idem, 'Food, Infection and Population', in Rotberg and Rabb (eds), Hunger and History, 29-49, pp. 31-2, 45-8.
    • (1972) Population Studies , vol.26 , pp. 345-382
    • McKeown, T.1    Brown, R.G.2    Record, R.G.3
  • 36
    • 0004767108 scopus 로고
    • London
    • T. McKeown and R. G. Brown, 'Medical Evidence Related to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century', Population Studies, 9 (1955), 119-41, p. 126; T. McKeown, R. G. Brown, and R. G. Record, 'An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe', Population Studies, 26 (1972), 345-82, pp. 346, 351; T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976), pp. 124-7; idem, 'Food, Infection and Population', in Rotberg and Rabb (eds), Hunger and History, 29-49, pp. 31-2, 45-8.
    • (1976) The Modern Rise of Population , pp. 124-127
    • McKeown, T.1
  • 37
    • 0022213709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food, infection and population
    • Rotberg and Rabb (eds)
    • T. McKeown and R. G. Brown, 'Medical Evidence Related to English Population Changes in the Eighteenth Century', Population Studies, 9 (1955), 119-41, p. 126; T. McKeown, R. G. Brown, and R. G. Record, 'An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe', Population Studies, 26 (1972), 345-82, pp. 346, 351; T. McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population (London, 1976), pp. 124-7; idem, 'Food, Infection and Population', in Rotberg and Rabb (eds), Hunger and History, 29-49, pp. 31-2, 45-8.
    • Hunger and History , pp. 29-49
    • McKeown, T.1
  • 38
    • 0008953524 scopus 로고
    • Population change in Eighteenth-century England: A reinterpretation
    • P. Razzell, 'Population Change in Eighteenth-century England: A Reinterpretation', Economic History Review, 18 (1965), 312-32; idem, The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-century Britain (Sussex, 1977), pp. 140-58; A. Mercer, 'Smallpox and Epidemiological-demographic Change in Europe: The Role of Vaccination', Population Studies, 39 (1985), 287-307; idem, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition: Epidemiological-Demographic Change in England since the Eighteenth Century as Part of a Global Phenomenon (Leicester, 1990), pp. 46-73.
    • (1965) Economic History Review , vol.18 , pp. 312-332
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 39
    • 0008953524 scopus 로고
    • Sussex
    • P. Razzell, 'Population Change in Eighteenth-century England: A Reinterpretation', Economic History Review, 18 (1965), 312-32; idem, The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-century Britain (Sussex, 1977), pp. 140-58; A. Mercer, 'Smallpox and Epidemiological-demographic Change in Europe: The Role of Vaccination', Population Studies, 39 (1985), 287-307; idem, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition: Epidemiological-Demographic Change in England since the Eighteenth Century as Part of a Global Phenomenon (Leicester, 1990), pp. 46-73.
    • (1977) The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-century Britain , pp. 140-158
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 40
    • 0022267947 scopus 로고
    • Smallpox and Epidemiological-demographic change in Europe: The role of vaccination
    • P. Razzell, 'Population Change in Eighteenth-century England: A Reinterpretation', Economic History Review, 18 (1965), 312-32; idem, The Conquest of Smallpox: The Impact of Inoculation on Smallpox Mortality in Eighteenth-century Britain (Sussex, 1977), pp. 140-58; A. Mercer, 'Smallpox and Epidemiological-demographic Change in Europe: The Role of Vaccination', Population Studies, 39 (1985), 287-307; idem, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition: Epidemiological-Demographic Change in England since the Eighteenth Century as Part of a Global Phenomenon (Leicester, 1990), pp. 46-73.
    • (1985) Population Studies , vol.39 , pp. 287-307
    • Mercer, A.1
  • 43
    • 85065459376 scopus 로고
    • Urban improvement and the english economy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
    • P. Borsay (ed.), London & New York
    • E. L. Jones and M. E. Falkus, 'Urban Improvement and the English Economy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in P. Borsay (ed.), The Eighteenth-century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688-1820 (London & New York, 1990), 116-58; R. Porter, 'Cleaning Up the Great Wen: Public Health in Eighteenth-century London', in W. F. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Living and Dying in London (Medical History, Supplement no. 11, London, 1991), 61-75; J. Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670-1830 (Cambridge, 1993).
    • (1990) The Eighteenth-century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688-1820 , pp. 116-158
    • Jones, E.L.1    Falkus, M.E.2
  • 44
    • 84972481734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cleaning up the great wen: Public health in Eighteenth-century London
    • W. F. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Medical History, Supplement no. 11, London, 1991
    • E. L. Jones and M. E. Falkus, 'Urban Improvement and the English Economy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in P. Borsay (ed.), The Eighteenth-century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688-1820 (London & New York, 1990), 116-58; R. Porter, 'Cleaning Up the Great Wen: Public Health in Eighteenth-century London', in W. F. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Living and Dying in London (Medical History, Supplement no. 11, London, 1991), 61-75; J. Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670-1830 (Cambridge, 1993).
    • Living and Dying in London , pp. 61-75
    • Porter, R.1
  • 45
    • 85040956996 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • E. L. Jones and M. E. Falkus, 'Urban Improvement and the English Economy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries', in P. Borsay (ed.), The Eighteenth-century Town: A Reader in English Urban History 1688-1820 (London & New York, 1990), 116-58; R. Porter, 'Cleaning Up the Great Wen: Public Health in Eighteenth-century London', in W. F. Bynum and R. Porter (eds), Living and Dying in London (Medical History, Supplement no. 11, London, 1991), 61-75; J. Landers, Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670-1830 (Cambridge, 1993).
    • (1993) Death and the Metropolis: Studies in the Demographic History of London 1670-1830
    • Landers, J.1
  • 46
    • 0003612751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom 1750-1980 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 134-86; R. Floud, 'Height, Weight and Body Mass of the British Population since 1820', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 108, p. 35; R. Fogel, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy', American Economic Review, 84 (1994), 369-95, p. 372.
    • (1990) Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom 1750-1980 , pp. 134-186
    • Floud, R.1    Wachter, K.2    Gregory, A.3
  • 47
    • 10244254544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Height, weight and body mass of the british population since 1820
    • Working Paper no. 108
    • R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom 1750-1980 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 134-86; R. Floud, 'Height, Weight and Body Mass of the British Population since 1820', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 108, p. 35; R. Fogel, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy', American Economic Review, 84 (1994), 369-95, p. 372.
    • NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth , pp. 35
    • Floud, R.1
  • 48
    • 0028591925 scopus 로고
    • Economic growth, population theory and physiology: The bearing of Long-Term processes on the making of economic policy
    • R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom 1750-1980 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 134-86; R. Floud, 'Height, Weight and Body Mass of the British Population since 1820', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 108, p. 35; R. Fogel, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy', American Economic Review, 84 (1994), 369-95, p. 372.
    • (1994) American Economic Review , vol.84 , pp. 369-395
    • Fogel, R.1
  • 49
    • 10244243220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dasgupta and Ray, 'Adapting to Undernourishment', pp. 215-16. I am grateful to Robert Fogel for directing my attention to this article.
    • Adapting to Undernourishment , pp. 215-216
    • Dasgupta1    Ray2
  • 55
    • 0020666818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'English Workers' living standards during the industrial revolution: A new look
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1983) Economic History Review , vol.36 , pp. 1-25
    • Lindert, P.1    Williamson, J.2
  • 56
    • 84974313081 scopus 로고
    • English Workers' real wages: Reply to crafts
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1985) Journal of Economic History , vol.45 , pp. 145-153
    • Lindert, P.1    Williamson, J.2
  • 57
    • 84974269812 scopus 로고
    • 'English Workers' living standards during the industrial revolution: Some remaining problems
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1985) Journal of Economic History , vol.45 , pp. 139-144
    • Crafts, N.1
  • 58
    • 0022196396 scopus 로고
    • The standard of living in the long run: London 1700-1860
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1985) Economic History Review , vol.48 , pp. 24-41
    • Schwarz, L.D.1
  • 59
    • 84980237515 scopus 로고
    • Trends in real wages, 1750-90: A reply to hunt and botham
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1990) Economic History Review , vol.43 , pp. 90-98
    • Schwarz, L.D.1
  • 60
    • 0020666818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health, height and welfare: Britain 1700-1980
    • R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Chicago
    • See, for example, P. Lindert and J. Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: A New Look', Economic History Review, 36 (1983), 1-25; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages: Reply to Crafts', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 145-53; N. Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards During the Industrial Revolution: Some Remaining Problems', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 139-44; L. D. Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living in the Long Run: London 1700-1860', Economic History Review, 48 (1985), 24-41; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages, 1750-90: A Reply to Hunt and Botham', Economic History Review, 43 (1990), 90-8; R. Floud and B. Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare: Britain 1700-1980', in R. Steckel and R. Floud (eds), Health and Welfare since Industrialization (Chicago, 1997), 91-126, p. 95.
    • (1997) Health and Welfare since Industrialization , pp. 91-126
    • Floud, R.1    Harris, B.2
  • 61
    • 0021567448 scopus 로고
    • The Eighteenth-century english diet and economic change
    • C. Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet and Economic Change', Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 254-69, pp. 256-8; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990), p. 134; G. Clark, M. Huberman, and P. Lindert, 'A British Food Puzzle, 1770-1850', Economic History Review, 48 (1995), 215-37, pp. 222-3.
    • (1984) Explorations in Economic History , vol.21 , pp. 254-269
    • Shammas, C.1
  • 62
    • 0021567448 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • C. Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet and Economic Change', Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 254-69, pp. 256-8; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990), p. 134; G. Clark, M. Huberman, and P. Lindert, 'A British Food Puzzle, 1770-1850', Economic History Review, 48 (1995), 215-37, pp. 222-3.
    • (1990) The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America , pp. 134
    • Shammas, C.1
  • 63
    • 0028843921 scopus 로고
    • A british food puzzle, 1770-1850
    • C. Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet and Economic Change', Explorations in Economic History, 21 (1984), 254-69, pp. 256-8; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford, 1990), p. 134; G. Clark, M. Huberman, and P. Lindert, 'A British Food Puzzle, 1770-1850', Economic History Review, 48 (1995), 215-37, pp. 222-3.
    • (1995) Economic History Review , vol.48 , pp. 215-237
    • Clark, G.1    Huberman, M.2    Lindert, P.3
  • 64
    • 10244221741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 257. According to Clark, Huberman, and Lindert, Shammas based her findings on the analysis of 28 household budgets in the Davies-Eden surveys. However, Shammas herself only refers to 22 budgets. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 256 (note 3); idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134.
    • The Eighteenth-century english diet , pp. 257
    • Shammas1
  • 65
    • 10244240014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 16
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 257. According to Clark, Huberman, and Lindert, Shammas based her findings on the analysis of 28 household budgets in the Davies-Eden surveys. However, Shammas herself only refers to 22 budgets. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 256 (note 3); idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134.
    • A British Food Puzzle , pp. 222
    • Clark1
  • 66
    • 10244227405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 3
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 257. According to Clark, Huberman, and Lindert, Shammas based her findings on the analysis of 28 household budgets in the Davies-Eden surveys. However, Shammas herself only refers to 22 budgets. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 256 (note 3); idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134.
    • The Eighteenth-century English Diet , pp. 256
    • Shammas1
  • 67
    • 0011611052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 257. According to Clark, Huberman, and Lindert, Shammas based her findings on the analysis of 28 household budgets in the Davies-Eden surveys. However, Shammas herself only refers to 22 budgets. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', p. 256 (note 3); idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134.
    • The Pre-industrial Consumer , pp. 134
    • Shammas1
  • 68
    • 10244224716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', pp. 255-6; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222.
    • The Eighteenth-century English Diet , pp. 255-256
    • Shammas1
  • 69
    • 0011611052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', pp. 255-6; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222.
    • The Pre-industrial Consumer , pp. 134
    • Shammas1
  • 70
    • 10244240014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shammas, 'The Eighteenth-century English Diet', pp. 255-6; idem, The Pre-industrial Consumer, p. 134; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222.
    • A British Food Puzzle , pp. 222
    • Clark1
  • 71
    • 7244240608 scopus 로고
    • Second thoughts on the european escape from hunger: Famines, price elasticities, entitlements, chronic malnutrition and mortality rates
    • Working Paper no. 1
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • (1989) NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth , pp. 40
    • Fogel, R.1
  • 72
    • 0004012151 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • (1992) Nutrition and Poverty , pp. 243-286
    • Osmani, S.R.1
  • 73
    • 0027721151 scopus 로고
    • New sources and new techniques for the study of secular trends in nutritional status, health, mortality and the process of aging
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • (1993) Historical Methods , vol.26 , pp. 5-33
    • Fogel, R.1
  • 74
    • 0003850185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology , pp. 373-374
    • Fogel, R.1
  • 75
    • 10244240014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note 16
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • A British Food Puzzle , pp. 222
    • Clark1
  • 76
    • 10244259829 scopus 로고
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • (1989) Second Thoughts , pp. 37-43
    • Fogel1
  • 77
    • 10244269636 scopus 로고
    • R. Fogel, 'Second Thoughts on the European Escape from Hunger: Famines, Price Elasticities, Entitlements, Chronic Malnutrition and Mortality Rates', NBER Working Paper Series on Historical Factors in Long-Run Growth, Working Paper no. 1 (1989), p. 40; reprinted in S. R. Osmani (ed.), Nutrition and Poverty (Oxford, 1992), 243-86, p. 269; R. Fogel, 'New Sources and New Techniques for the Study of Secular Trends in Nutritional Status, Health, Mortality and the Process of Aging', Historical Methods, 26 (1993), 5-33, p. 12; idem, 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology', pp. 373-4. In their article, Clark, Huberman, and Lindert defended their findings by claiming that their estimate of the calorific value of the diets consumed by the families in the Davies-Eden surveys was comparable to the figure which Robert Fogel estimated for the bottom decile of the whole population. However, since Fogel's estimate was calculated on the basis that the Davies-Eden households were actually quite close to the median of the overall distribution, it is difficult to see how the two sets of figures can be reconciled. See Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', p. 222 (note 16); Fogel, 'Second Thoughts' (1989), pp. 37-43; idem, 'Second Thoughts' (1992), pp. 268-71.
    • (1992) Second Thoughts , pp. 268-271
    • Fogel1
  • 81
    • 0016033048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe" - A Critique
    • P. Razzell, '"An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe" - A Critique', Population Studies, 28 (1974), 5-17, pp. 6-7; idem, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England', pp. 152-3; Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition, pp. 63-7; idem, The Population of Europe, pp. 56-7; Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition, p. 37.
    • (1974) Population Studies , vol.28 , pp. 5-17
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 82
    • 0016033048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Razzell, '"An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe" - A Critique', Population Studies, 28 (1974), 5-17, pp. 6-7; idem, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England', pp. 152-3; Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition, pp. 63-7; idem, The Population of Europe, pp. 56-7; Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition, p. 37.
    • The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England , pp. 152-153
    • Razzell, P.1
  • 83
    • 0016033048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Razzell, '"An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe" - A Critique', Population Studies, 28 (1974), 5-17, pp. 6-7; idem, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England', pp. 152-3; Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition, pp. 63-7; idem, The Population of Europe, pp. 56-7; Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition, p. 37.
    • Population and Nutrition , pp. 63-67
    • Livi-Bacci1
  • 84
    • 0016033048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Razzell, '"An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe" - A Critique', Population Studies, 28 (1974), 5-17, pp. 6-7; idem, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England', pp. 152-3; Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition, pp. 63-7; idem, The Population of Europe, pp. 56-7; Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition, p. 37.
    • The Population of Europe , pp. 56-57
    • Livi-Bacci1
  • 85
    • 0016033048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • P. Razzell, '"An Interpretation of the Modern Rise of Population in Europe" - A Critique', Population Studies, 28 (1974), 5-17, pp. 6-7; idem, 'The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-century England', pp. 152-3; Livi-Bacci, Population and Nutrition, pp. 63-7; idem, The Population of Europe, pp. 56-7; Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition, p. 37.
    • Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition , pp. 37
    • Mercer1
  • 88
    • 2342474097 scopus 로고
    • The ranks of death: Secular trends in income and mortality
    • S. Kunitz and S. Engerman, 'The Ranks of Death: Secular Trends in Income and Mortality', Health Transition Review, 2 (Supplementary Issue, 1992), 29-46, p. 33.
    • (1992) Health Transition Review , vol.2 , Issue.SUPPL. ISSUE , pp. 29-46
    • Kunitz, S.1    Engerman, S.2
  • 92
    • 84977252660 scopus 로고
    • The industrial revolution and discontent
    • J. L. Hammond, The Industrial Revolution and Discontent', Economic History Review, 2 (1930), 215-28, p. 225.
    • (1930) Economic History Review , vol.2 , pp. 215-228
    • Hammond, J.L.1
  • 93
    • 84868648653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The British standard of living, 1790-1850
    • Taylor (ed.)
    • E. Hobsbawm, 'The British Standard of Living, 1790-1850', in Taylor (ed.), The Standard of Living, 58-92, pp. 75-81.
    • The Standard of Living , pp. 58-92
    • Hobsbawm, E.1
  • 94
    • 84951576676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rising standard of living in England, 1800-50
    • Taylor (ed.)
    • R. M. Hartwell, 'The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-50', in Taylor (ed.), The Standard of Living, 93-123, pp. 108-17.
    • The Standard of Living , pp. 93-123
    • Hartwell, R.M.1
  • 96
    • 84959632283 scopus 로고
    • Is there still life in the pessimist case? Consumption during the industrial revolution, 1790-1850
    • J. Mokyr, 'Is There Still Life in the Pessimist Case? Consumption during the Industrial Revolution, 1790-1850', Journal of Economic History, 48 (1988), 69-92, p. 83.
    • (1988) Journal of Economic History , vol.48 , pp. 69-92
    • Mokyr, J.1
  • 97
    • 0009222657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • Population History , pp. 638-641
    • Wrigley1    Schofield2
  • 98
    • 0010754891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • English Workers' Living Standards
    • Lindert1    Williamson2
  • 99
    • 10244249807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • English Workers' Real Wages
    • Lindert1    Williamson2
  • 100
    • 10244247200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • English Workers' Living Standards
    • Crafts1
  • 101
    • 33845349523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • The Standard of Living
    • Schwarz1
  • 102
    • 10244230360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wrigley and Schofield, Population History, pp. 638-41; Lindert and Williamson, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; idem, 'English Workers' Real Wages'; Crafts, 'English Workers' Living Standards'; Schwarz, 'The Standard of Living'; idem, 'Trends in Real Wages'.
    • Trends in Real Wages
    • Schwarz1
  • 103
    • 0000524901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pessimism perpetuated: Real wages and the standard of living in Britain during and after the industrial revolution
    • C. H. Feinstein, 'Pessimism Perpetuated: Real Wages and the Standard of Living in Britain During and After the Industrial Revolution', Journal of Economic History, 58 (1998), 625-58, p. 648.
    • (1998) Journal of Economic History , vol.58 , pp. 625-658
    • Feinstein, C.H.1
  • 106
    • 0000735681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrinking in a growing economy? The mystery of physical stature during the industrial revolution
    • Cf., J. Komlos, 'Shrinking in a Growing Economy? The Mystery of Physical Stature During the Industrial Revolution', Journal of Economic History, 58 (1998), 779-802, p. 786.
    • (1998) Journal of Economic History , vol.58 , pp. 779-802
    • Komlos, J.1
  • 107
    • 0030424306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home demand and British industrialization
    • S. Horrell, 'Home Demand and British Industrialization', Journal of Economic History, 56 (1996), 561-604, p. 592; Feinstein, 'Pessimism Perpetuated', p. 635.
    • (1996) Journal of Economic History , vol.56 , pp. 561-604
    • Horrell, S.1
  • 108
    • 0030424306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Horrell, 'Home Demand and British Industrialization', Journal of Economic History, 56 (1996), 561-604, p. 592; Feinstein, 'Pessimism Perpetuated', p. 635.
    • Pessimism Perpetuated , pp. 635
    • Feinstein1
  • 109
    • 3042680423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shrinking people - Growing incomes. Can economic development be hazardous to your health? Historical evidence for the United States, England and the Netherlands in the nineteenth century
    • M. Haines, 'Shrinking People - Growing Incomes. Can Economic Development be Hazardous to Your Health? Historical Evidence for the United States, England and the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century'. Social Science History, 28 (2004), 249-70, pp. 261-3; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', pp. 233-4.
    • (2004) Social Science History , vol.28 , pp. 249-270
    • Haines, M.1
  • 110
    • 3042680423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Haines, 'Shrinking People - Growing Incomes. Can Economic Development be Hazardous to Your Health? Historical Evidence for the United States, England and the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century'. Social Science History, 28 (2004), 249-70, pp. 261-3; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle', pp. 233-4.
    • A British Food Puzzle , pp. 233-234
    • Clark1
  • 113
    • 0002112344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • According to Feinstein, the proportion of total working-class expenditure which was devoted to food fell from 65 per cent to 61 per cent between 1828/32 and 1858/62. However, the real value of working-class earnings (after allowing for changes in the rate of unemployment) rose by 23.4 per cent over the same period (Feinstein, 'Pessimism Perpetuated', pp. 640, 648, 653).
    • Pessimism Perpetuated , pp. 640
    • Feinstein1
  • 114
    • 0344193052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food, drink and nutrition
    • F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), 3 vols Cambridge
    • D. Oddy, 'Food, Drink and Nutrition', in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 2, 251-78; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle'.
    • (1990) The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950 , vol.2 , pp. 251-278
    • Oddy, D.1
  • 115
    • 10244240014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Oddy, 'Food, Drink and Nutrition', in F. M. L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 2, 251-78; Clark et al., 'A British Food Puzzle'.
    • A British Food Puzzle
    • Clark1
  • 116
    • 0003581404 scopus 로고
    • Manchester
    • The view that dietary standards improved during this period is also supported by Roger Scola's analysis of the food supply of Manchester between 1770 and 1870. See R. Scola, Feeding the Victorian City: The Food Supply of Manchester 1770-1870 (Manchester, 1992), pp. 261-2.
    • (1992) Feeding the Victorian City: the Food Supply of Manchester 1770-1870 , pp. 261-262
    • Scola, R.1
  • 121
    • 0029483324 scopus 로고
    • Infant mortality and living standards of English workers during the industrial revolution
    • P. Huck, 'Infant Mortality and Living Standards of English Workers During the Industrial Revolution', Journal of Economic History, 55 (1995), 528-50, pp. 534-5. Residents of Walsall, West Bromwich, Sedgeley, and Handsworth might have been somewhat surprised by Huck's assertion that these midlands parishes were situated 'in the industrial north of England'.
    • (1995) Journal of Economic History , vol.55 , pp. 528-550
    • Huck, P.1
  • 122
    • 0003612751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floud et al., Height, Health and History, pp. 205-6, 326; Floud and Harris, 'Health, Height and Welfare', p. 105.
    • Height, Health and History , pp. 205-206
    • Floud1
  • 124
    • 0022268162 scopus 로고
    • The effects of population redistribution on the level of mortality in nineteenth-century england and wales
    • R. Woods, 'The Effects of Population Redistribution on the Level of Mortality in Nineteenth-century England and Wales', Journal of Economic History, 45 (1985), 645-51.
    • (1985) Journal of Economic History , vol.45 , pp. 645-651
    • Woods, R.1
  • 125
    • 0031394888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic growth, disruption, deprivation, disease and death: On the importance of the politics of public health for development
    • S. Szreter, 'Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development', Population and Development Review, 23 (1997), 693-728, p. 700; S. Szreter and G. Mooney, 'Urbanization, Mortality and the Standard of Living Debate; New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-century British Cities', Economic History Review, 51 (1998), 84-112, p. 104.
    • (1997) Population and Development Review , vol.23 , pp. 693-728
    • Szreter, S.1
  • 126
    • 0031744479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urbanization, mortality and the standard of living debate; New estimates of the expectation of life at birth in nineteenth-century British cities
    • S. Szreter, 'Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development', Population and Development Review, 23 (1997), 693-728, p. 700; S. Szreter and G. Mooney, 'Urbanization, Mortality and the Standard of Living Debate; New Estimates of the Expectation of Life at Birth in Nineteenth-century British Cities', Economic History Review, 51 (1998), 84-112, p. 104.
    • (1998) Economic History Review , vol.51 , pp. 84-112
    • Szreter, S.1    Mooney, G.2
  • 131
    • 0032321423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health expenditures and mortality in England and Wales 1870-1914
    • Szreter, 'Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease and Death', p. 26; F. Bell and R. Millward, 'Public Health Expenditures and Mortality in England and Wales 1870-1914', Continuity and Change, 13 (1998), pp. 242-3.
    • (1998) Continuity and Change , vol.13 , pp. 242-243
    • Bell, F.1    Millward, R.2
  • 133
    • 50249214097 scopus 로고
    • Death rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Some general regularities and their significance
    • W. O. Kermack, A. G. McKendrick, and P. L. McKinlay, 'Death Rates in Great Britain and Sweden: Some General Regularities and Their Significance', Lancet, 1 (1934), 698-703, p. 698.
    • (1934) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 698-703
    • Kermack, W.O.1    McKendrick, A.G.2    McKinlay, P.L.3
  • 134
    • 0001882275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life-course approaches to socio-economic differentials in cause-specific adult mortality
    • D. Leon and G. Walt (eds), Oxford
    • G. Davey Smith, D. Gunnell, and Y. Ben-Shlomo, 'Life-Course Approaches to Socio-Economic Differentials in Cause-Specific Adult Mortality', in D. Leon and G. Walt (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Health: An International Perspective (Oxford, 2001), 88-124; D. Leon, 'Common Threads: Underlying Components of Inequalities in Mortality Between and Within Countries', in Leon and Walt (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Health, 58-87.
    • (2001) Poverty, Inequality and Health: An International Perspective , pp. 88-124
    • Davey Smith, G.1    Gunnell, D.2    Ben-Shlomo, Y.3
  • 135
    • 0003107942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common threads: Underlying components of inequalities in mortality between and within countries
    • Leon and Walt (eds)
    • G. Davey Smith, D. Gunnell, and Y. Ben-Shlomo, 'Life-Course Approaches to Socio-Economic Differentials in Cause-Specific Adult Mortality', in D. Leon and G. Walt (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Health: An International Perspective (Oxford, 2001), 88-124; D. Leon, 'Common Threads: Underlying Components of Inequalities in Mortality Between and Within Countries', in Leon and Walt (eds), Poverty, Inequality and Health, 58-87.
    • Poverty, Inequality and Health , pp. 58-87
    • Leon, D.1
  • 136
    • 0034851544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The child is father to the man". The relationship between child health and adult mortality in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
    • B. Harris, '"The Child is Father to the Man". The Relationship between Child Health and Adult Mortality in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries', International Journal of Epidemiology, 30 (2001), 688-96.
    • (2001) International Journal of Epidemiology , vol.30 , pp. 688-696
    • Harris, B.1
  • 137
    • 0009835925 scopus 로고
    • Reasons for the decline of mortality in England and Wales during the nineteenth century
    • T. McKeown and R. G. Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century', Population Studies, 16 (1962), 94-122, p. 103.
    • (1962) Population Studies , vol.16 , pp. 94-122
    • McKeown, T.1    Record, R.G.2
  • 139
    • 0003905436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', pp. 109-22; McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, pp. 117-23.
    • The Modern Rise of Population , pp. 117-123
    • McKeown1
  • 140
    • 10244269633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', p. 117; see also McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, p. 82; S. Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline, c. 1850-1914: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health', Social History of Medicine, 1 (1988), 1-37, p. 12; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, p. 66; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, p. 323.
    • Reasons for the Decline of Mortality , pp. 117
    • McKeown1    Record2
  • 141
    • 0003905436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', p. 117; see also McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, p. 82; S. Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline, c. 1850-1914: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health', Social History of Medicine, 1 (1988), 1-37, p. 12; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, p. 66; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, p. 323.
    • The Modern Rise of Population , pp. 82
    • McKeown1
  • 142
    • 34247771506 scopus 로고
    • The importance of social intervention in Britain's mortality decline, c. 1850-1914: A reinterpretation of the role of public health
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', p. 117; see also McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, p. 82; S. Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline, c. 1850-1914: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health', Social History of Medicine, 1 (1988), 1-37, p. 12; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, p. 66; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, p. 323.
    • (1988) Social History of Medicine , vol.1 , pp. 1-37
    • Szreter, S.1
  • 143
    • 0346547546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', p. 117; see also McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, p. 82; S. Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline, c. 1850-1914: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health', Social History of Medicine, 1 (1988), 1-37, p. 12; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, p. 66; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, p. 323.
    • Epidemic Streets , pp. 66
    • Hardy1
  • 144
    • 0003612613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • McKeown and Record, 'Reasons for the Decline of Mortality', p. 117; see also McKeown, The Modern Rise of Population, p. 82; S. Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in Britain's Mortality Decline, c. 1850-1914: A Reinterpretation of the Role of Public Health', Social History of Medicine, 1 (1988), 1-37, p. 12; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, p. 66; Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales, p. 323.
    • The Demography of Victorian England and Wales , pp. 323
    • Woods1
  • 146
    • 0028419599 scopus 로고
    • The importance of social intervention in England's mortality decline: The evidence reviewed
    • S. Guha, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in England's Mortality Decline: The Evidence Reviewed', Social History of Medicine, 7 (1994), 89-113, pp. 96-100; S. Szreter, 'Mortality in England in the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply to Sumit Guha', Social History of Medicine, 7 (1994), 269-82, pp. 274-8.
    • (1994) Social History of Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 89-113
    • Guha, S.1
  • 147
    • 0028487316 scopus 로고
    • Mortality in england in the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries: A reply to Sumit Guha
    • S. Guha, 'The Importance of Social Intervention in England's Mortality Decline: The Evidence Reviewed', Social History of Medicine, 7 (1994), 89-113, pp. 96-100; S. Szreter, 'Mortality in England in the Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries: A Reply to Sumit Guha', Social History of Medicine, 7 (1994), 269-82, pp. 274-8.
    • (1994) Social History of Medicine , vol.7 , pp. 269-282
    • Szreter, S.1
  • 149
    • 0033113812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reply to bernard harris, "Morbidity and mortality during the health transition: A comment on James C. Riley"
    • J. Riley, Sick, not Dead: The Health of British Workingmen During the Mortality Decline (Baltimore, 1997), p. 197; idem, 'Reply to Bernard Harris, "Morbidity and Mortality During the Health Transition: A Comment on James C. Riley'", Social History of Medicine, 12 (1999), 133-7, p. 137.
    • (1999) Social History of Medicine , vol.12 , pp. 133-137
    • Riley, J.1
  • 151
    • 1542334723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sickness, insurance and health: Assessing trends in morbidity through friendly society records
    • C. Edwards, M. Gorsky, B. Harris, and P. R. A. Hinde, 'Sickness, Insurance and Health: Assessing Trends in Morbidity through Friendly Society Records', Annales de Démographie Historique, 1 (2003), 131-67.
    • (2003) Annales de Démographie Historique , vol.1 , pp. 131-167
    • Edwards, C.1    Gorsky, M.2    Harris, B.3    Hinde, P.R.A.4
  • 154
    • 10244230361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review article
    • J. Landers, 'Review Article', Continuity and Change, 15 (2000), 466-8, p. 468; S. Szreter, 'Review of Robert Woods, The Demography of Victorian England and Wales', Social History of Medicine, 14 (2001), 562-3, p. 563.
    • (2000) Continuity and Change , vol.15 , pp. 466-468
    • Landers, J.1
  • 156
    • 0027326945 scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis and poverty
    • D. P. S. Spence, J. Hotchkiss, C. S. D. Williams, and P. D. O. Davies, 'Tuberculosis and Poverty', British Medical Journal, 307 (1993), 759-61, p. 760; N. Bhatti, M. R. Law, J. K. Morris, R. Halliday, and J. Moore-Gillon, 'Increasing Incidence of Tuberculosis in England and Wales: A Study of the Likely Causes', British Medical Journal, 310 (1995), 967-9, p. 969; see also K. Tocque, M. A. Bellis, N. J. Beeching, Q. Syed, T. Remmington, and P. D. O. Davies, 'A Case-Control Study of Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England', European Respiratory Journal, 18 (2001), 959-64.
    • (1993) British Medical Journal , vol.307 , pp. 759-761
    • Spence, D.P.S.1    Hotchkiss, J.2    Williams, C.S.D.3    Davies, P.D.O.4
  • 157
    • 0028987227 scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in England and Wales: A study of the likely causes
    • D. P. S. Spence, J. Hotchkiss, C. S. D. Williams, and P. D. O. Davies, 'Tuberculosis and Poverty', British Medical Journal, 307 (1993), 759-61, p. 760; N. Bhatti, M. R. Law, J. K. Morris, R. Halliday, and J. Moore-Gillon, 'Increasing Incidence of Tuberculosis in England and Wales: A Study of the Likely Causes', British Medical Journal, 310 (1995), 967-9, p. 969; see also K. Tocque, M. A. Bellis, N. J. Beeching, Q. Syed, T. Remmington, and P. D. O. Davies, 'A Case-Control Study of Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England', European Respiratory Journal, 18 (2001), 959-64.
    • (1995) British Medical Journal , vol.310 , pp. 967-969
    • Bhatti, N.1    Law, M.R.2    Morris, J.K.3    Halliday, R.4    Moore-Gillon, J.5
  • 158
    • 0035696901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of lifestyle risk factors associated with tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England
    • D. P. S. Spence, J. Hotchkiss, C. S. D. Williams, and P. D. O. Davies, 'Tuberculosis and Poverty', British Medical Journal, 307 (1993), 759-61, p. 760; N. Bhatti, M. R. Law, J. K. Morris, R. Halliday, and J. Moore-Gillon, 'Increasing Incidence of Tuberculosis in England and Wales: A Study of the Likely Causes', British Medical Journal, 310 (1995), 967-9, p. 969; see also K. Tocque, M. A. Bellis, N. J. Beeching, Q. Syed, T. Remmington, and P. D. O. Davies, 'A Case-Control Study of Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England', European Respiratory Journal, 18 (2001), 959-64.
    • (2001) European Respiratory Journal , vol.18 , pp. 959-964
    • Tocque, K.1    Bellis, M.A.2    Beeching, N.J.3    Syed, Q.4    Remmington, T.5    Davies, P.D.O.6
  • 160
    • 0005802801 scopus 로고
    • Health, society and environment in Nineteenth-century Manchester
    • R. Woods and J. Woodward (eds), London & New York
    • M. E. Pooley and C. G. Pooley, 'Health, Society and Environment in Nineteenth-century Manchester', in R. Woods and J. Woodward (eds), Urban Disease and Mortality in Nineteenth-century England (London & New York, 1984), 148-75, pp. 171-2.
    • (1984) Urban Disease and Mortality in Nineteenth-century England , pp. 148-175
    • Pooley, M.E.1    Pooley, C.G.2
  • 164
    • 84972442853 scopus 로고
    • Health and housing in Victorian London
    • M. Daunton, 'Health and Housing in Victorian London', Medical History, Supplement no. 11 (1991), 126-44, p. 143.
    • (1991) Medical History , Issue.11 SUPPL. , pp. 126-144
    • Daunton, M.1
  • 165
    • 0002596447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis and mortality decline in England and Wales, 1851-1910
    • Woods and Woodward (eds)
    • G. Cronjé, 'Tuberculosis and Mortality Decline in England and Wales, 1851-1910', in Woods and Woodward (eds), Urban Disease and Mortality, 79-101, p. 99.
    • Urban Disease and Mortality , pp. 79-101
    • Cronjé, G.1
  • 166
    • 0009818257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, Wohl, Endangered Lives, pp. 304-6; J. Burnett, 'Housing and the Decline of Mortality', in Schofield et al. (eds), The Decline of Mortality in Europe, 158-76, p. 174.
    • Endangered Lives , pp. 304-306
    • Wohl1
  • 167
    • 0002340867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Housing and the decline of mortality
    • Schofield et al. (eds)
    • See, for example, Wohl, Endangered Lives, pp. 304-6; J. Burnett, 'Housing and the Decline of Mortality', in Schofield et al. (eds), The Decline of Mortality in Europe, 158-76, p. 174.
    • The Decline of Mortality in Europe , pp. 158-176
    • Burnett, J.1
  • 173
    • 10244220528 scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and living standards in Wartime Britain
    • R. Wall and J. Winter (eds), Cambridge
    • P. Dewey, 'Nutrition and Living Standards in Wartime Britain', in R. Wall and J. Winter (eds), The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe 1914-18 (Cambridge, 1988), 197-220, p. 215.
    • (1988) The Upheaval of War: Family, Work and Welfare in Europe 1914-18 , pp. 197-220
    • Dewey, P.1
  • 176
    • 0346547546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Szreter, 'The Importance of Social Intervention', pp. 22-6; Hardy, Epidemic Streets, pp. 293-4.
    • Epidemic Streets , pp. 293-294
    • Hardy1
  • 180
    • 0022239868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The growth and impact of the British water industry in the Nineteenth century
    • J. Hassan, 'The Growth and Impact of the British Water Industry in the Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 38 (1985), 531-47, pp. 543-4; Bell and Millward, 'Public Health Expenditures and Mortality', pp. 237-40.
    • (1985) Economic History Review , vol.38 , pp. 531-547
    • Hassan, J.1
  • 181
    • 0022239868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Hassan, 'The Growth and Impact of the British Water Industry in the Nineteenth Century', Economic History Review, 38 (1985), 531-47, pp. 543-4; Bell and Millward, 'Public Health Expenditures and Mortality', pp. 237-40.
    • Public Health Expenditures and Mortality , pp. 237-240
    • Bell1    Millward2
  • 182
    • 10244221742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bell and Millward, 'Public Health Expenditures and Mortality', pp. 242-3; see also R. Millward and F. Bell, 'Economic Factors in the Decline of Mortality in Nineteenth-century Britain', European Review of Economic History, 2 (1998), 263-88.
    • Public Health Expenditures and Mortality , pp. 242-243
    • Bell1    Millward2
  • 183
    • 0000570990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic factors in the decline of mortality in Nineteenth-century Britain'
    • Bell and Millward, 'Public Health Expenditures and Mortality', pp. 242-3; see also R. Millward and F. Bell, 'Economic Factors in the Decline of Mortality in Nineteenth-century Britain', European Review of Economic History, 2 (1998), 263-88.
    • (1998) European Review of Economic History , vol.2 , pp. 263-288
    • Millward, R.1    Bell, F.2
  • 185
    • 0018129959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urban French mortality in the Nineteenth century
    • S. Preston and E. van de Walle, 'Urban French Mortality in the Nineteenth Century', Population Studies, 32 (1978), 275-97, pp. 281-2; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 297-8; Lunn, 'Nutrition, Immunity and Infection', p. 135.
    • (1978) Population Studies , vol.32 , pp. 275-297
    • Preston, S.1    Van De Walle, E.2
  • 186
    • 0018129959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Preston and E. van de Walle, 'Urban French Mortality in the Nineteenth Century', Population Studies, 32 (1978), 275-97, pp. 281-2; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 297-8; Lunn, 'Nutrition, Immunity and Infection', p. 135.
    • Protein-Energy Malnutrition , pp. 297-298
    • Tomkins1
  • 187
    • 0018129959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Preston and E. van de Walle, 'Urban French Mortality in the Nineteenth Century', Population Studies, 32 (1978), 275-97, pp. 281-2; Tomkins, 'Protein-Energy Malnutrition', pp. 297-8; Lunn, 'Nutrition, Immunity and Infection', p. 135.
    • Nutrition, Immunity and Infection , pp. 135
    • Lunn1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.