Autopsy findings from 111 deaths in the 1999 Athens earthquake as a basis for auditing the emergency response

British Journal of Surgery

Volumn 91, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 1633-1640

  Papadopoulos, I N ^a   Kanakaris, N ^a   Triantafillidis, A ^a   Stefanakos, J ^a   Kainourgios, A ^a   Leukidis, C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^b MINISTRY OF JUSTICE   (Greece)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ASPHYXIA; AUTOPSY; BLUNT TRAUMA; BRAIN INJURY; BREATHING DISORDER; BUILDING; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARTHQUAKE; FEMALE; FIRST AID; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; MALE; MEDICAL AUDIT; MORTALITY; PATIENT CODING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; SCORING SYSTEM; SPINAL CORD INJURY; VICTIM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AUTOPSY; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISASTER PLANNING; EMERGENCIES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; GREECE; HUMANS; INFANT; INJURY SEVERITY SCORE; MEDICAL AUDIT; MIDDLE AGED; NATURAL DISASTERS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TIME FACTORS; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 10244251662     PISSN: 00071323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4752     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (44)

1. Coburn A, Spence R. Earthquakes, disasters and protection. In Earthquake Protection, Coburn A, Spence R (eds). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, 1992; 1-31.
2. Andrianakis V, Dandoulaki M, Papadopoulos N. Disaster response and reconstruction measures after the Athens Earthquake of September 7, 1999 (M = 5.9). Newsletter of the European Centre on Prevention and Forecasting of Earthquakes 1999; 3: 40-44.
3. Centers for Disease Control. Earthquake-associated deaths - California. JAMA 1989; 262: 3112-3115.
4. Alexander D. The health effects of earthquakes in the mid-1990s. Disasters 1996; 20: 231-247.
5. General Secretariat of Civil Protection. Strategic Plan for Civil Protection 'Xenocrates'. General Secretariat of Civil Protection, Ministry of Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization of Greece: Athens, 1997.
6. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML. Health disaster management: guidelines for evaluation and research in the Utstein style: a short introduction. Prehospital Disaster Med 1999; 14: 43-52.
7. Van den Oever R. A review of the literature as to the present possibilities and estimations in estimating the time of death. Med Sci Law 1976; 16: 269-276.
8. Knight B. The pathophysiology of death. In Forensic Pathology (2nd edn), Knight B (ed.). Arnold: London, 1996; 51-94.
9. Knight B. Suffocation and asphyxia. In Forensic Pathology (2nd edn), Knight B (ed.). Arnold: London, 1996; 345-360.
10. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale. 1990 Revision. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine: Des Plaines, 1990.
11. Baker SP, O'Neill B. The injury severity score: an update. J Trauma 1976; 16: 882-885.
12. Shackford SR, Hollingsworth-Fridlund P, McArdle M, Eastman AB. Assuring quality in a trauma system - the Medical Audit Committee: composition, cost, and results. J Trauma 1987; 27: 866-875.
13. Champion HR, Copes WS, Sacco WJ, Lawnick MM, Keast SL, Bain LW Jr et al. The Major Trauma Outcome Study: establishing national norms for trauma care. J Trauma 1990; 30: 1356-1365.
14. Coburn A, Spence R. Preparedness for earthquakes. In Earthquake Protection, Coburn A, Spence R (eds). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, 1992; 33-49.
15. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Disasters and Mass Casualties. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient, 1997. American College of Surgeons: Chicago, 1997.
16. Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization (OASP), European Centre on Prevention and Forecasting of Earthquakes. Emergency Evacuation of the Population in Case of an Earthquake. Handbook No. 3, OASP: Athens, 2002.
17. Kulling PE, Lorin H. KAMEDO - a Swedish Disaster Medicine Study organization. Prehospital Disaster Med 1999; 14: 18-26.
18. Goldman L, Sayson R, Robbins S, Cohn LH, Bettmann M, Weisberg M. The value of the autopsy in three medical eras. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1000-1005.
19. West JG. An autopsy method for evaluating trauma care. J Trauma 1981; 21: 32-34.
20. Stothert JC Jr, Gbaanador BMG, Herndon DN. The role of autopsy in death resulting from trauma. J Trauma 1990; 30: 1021-1026.
21. Friedman Z, Kugel C, Hiss J, Marganit B, Stein M, Shapira SC. The Abbreviated Injury Scale. A valuable tool for forensic documentation of trauma. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996; 17: 233-238.
22. Coburn A, Spence R. The earthquake emergency. In Earthquake Protection, Coburn A, Spence R (eds). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester, 1992; 51-92.
23. Tanaka K. The Kobe earthquake: the system response. A disaster report from Japan. Eur J Emerg Med 1996; 3: 263-269.
24. de Bruycker M, Greco D, Annino I, Stazi MA, de Ruggiero N, Triassi M et al. The 1980 earthquake in southern Italy: rescue of trapped victims and mortality. Bull World Health Organ 1983; 61: 1021-1025.
25. Lennquist S. The Emergotrain system for training and testing disaster preparedness: 15 years of experience. International Journal of Disaster Medicine 2003; 1: 25-34.
26. Johnson SM, Johnson AC, Barton RG. Avalanche trauma and closed head injury: adding insult to injury. Wilderness Environ Med 2001; 12: 244-247.
27. Angus DC, Pretto EA, Abrams JI, Safar P. Recommendations for Life-Supporting First-Aid training of the lay public for disaster preparedness. Prehospital Disaster Med 1993; 8: 157-160.
28. Adams VI, Carrubba C. The Abbreviated Injury Scale: application to autopsy data. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998; 19: 246-251.
29. Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, Tzonou A, Dalla-Vorgia P. Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet 1983; i: 441-444.
30. Kloner RA, Leor J, Poole WK, Perritt R. Population-based analysis of the effect of the Northridge earthquake on cardiac death in Los Angeles County, California. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1174-1180.
31. Kuwagata Y, Oda J, Tanaka H, Iwai A, Matsuoka T, Takaoka M et al. Analysis of 2702 traumatized patients in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. J Trauma 1997; 43: 427-432.
32. Yoshimura N, Nakayama S, Nakagiri K, Azami T, Ataka K, Ishii N. Profile of chest injuries arising from the 1995 southern Hyogo Prefecture earthquake. Chest 1996; 110: 759-761.
33. Carithers JS, Koch BB. Evaluation and management of facial fractures. Am Fam Physician 1977; 55: 2675-2682.
34. Kelly M. Trauma to the neck and larynx. CRNA 1977; 8: 22-30.
35. Loh FC. Traumatic asphyxia compounding craniofacial trauma. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1992; 20: 135-137.
36. Ozdogan S, Hocaoglu A, Caglayan B, Imamoglu OU, Aydin D. Thorax and lung injuries arising from the two earthquakes in Turkey in 1999. Chest 2001; 120: 1163-1166.
37. Maruo S, Matumoto M. Spinal fractures resulting from the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake of the Kobe-Osaka area of Japan. Spinal Cord 1996; 34: 382-386.
38. Nakamori Y, Tanaka H, Oda J, Kuwagata Y, Matsuoka T, Yoshioka T. Burn injuries in the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Burns 1997; 23: 319-322.
39. Oda J, Tanaka H, Yoshioka T, Iwai A, Yamamura H, Ishikawa K et al. Analysis of 372 patients with crush syndrome caused by the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. J Trauma 1997; 42: 470-475; discussion 475-476.
40. Ho AM-H, Ling E. Systemic air embolism after lung trauma. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 564-575.
41. American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors: ATLS (6th edn). American College of Surgeons: Chicago, 1997.
42. Papadopoulos IN, Bukis D, Karalas E, Katsaragakis S, Stergiopoulos S, Peros G et al. Preventable prehospital trauma deaths in a Hellenic urban health region: an audit of prehospital trauma care. J Trauma 1996; 41: 864-869.
43. Yates DW, Woodford M, Hollis S. Trauma audit: clinical judgement or statistical analysis? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1993; 75: 321-324.
44. MacKenzie EJ, Steinwachs DM, Bone LR, Floccare DJ, Ramzy AI and The Preventable Death Study Group. Inter-rater reliability of preventable death judgements. J Trauma 1992; 33: 292-302; discussion 302-303.