The use of confocal scanning laser microscopy and other tools to characterize Escherichia coli in a high-cell-density synthetic biofilm

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 340-356

  Swope, Kristi L ^a,b   Flickinger, Michael C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

biofilms; confocal scanning; confocal scanning laser microscopy; Escherichia coil; immobilization; laser microscopy

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; BIOASSAY; CELL IMMOBILIZATION; COPOLYMERS; DIFFUSION; ENZYME KINETICS; HYDRATION; LASER APPLICATIONS; OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; PROTEINS;

CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE; GALACTOSIDASE ASSAYS; PROPIDIUM IODIDE; SYNTHETIC BIOFILMS; THIN FILM IMMOBILIZATION; VINYL ACETATE;

BIOFILMS;

COPOLYMER; FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE; PROPIDIUM IODIDE;

BIOFILM; CELL DENSITY; CELL VIABILITY; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONFOCAL LASER MICROSCOPY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; REHYDRATION; STAINING;

EID: 10144257174     PISSN: 00063592     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19961020)52:2<340::AID-BIT14>3.0.CO;2-N     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (58)

1. Andrews, G. F., Fonta, J. P. 1988. Biofilms on adsorbent particles, pp. 111-124. In: M. Moo-Young (ed.), Bioreactor immobilized enzymes and cells. Elsevier, New York.
2. Block, D. E., Srienc, F. 1991. Rapid identification and isolation of zygotes and the kinetics of mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol. Techniq. 5: 95-100.
3. Bloem, J., Veninga, M., Shepherd, J. 1995. Fully automatic determination of soil bacterium numbers, cell volumes and frequencies of dividing cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and image analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 926-936.
4. Bungay, J. R., Whalen, W. J., Saunders, W. M. 1969. Microbe techniques for determining diffusivities and respiration rates in microbial slime systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 11: 765-772.
5. Bunning, T. J., Lawton, C. W., Klei, H. E., Sundstrom, D. W. 1991. Physical property improvements of a pellicular biocatalyst. Bioproc. Eng. 7: 71-75.
6. Burdick, B. A., Schaeffer, J. R. 1988. Production of specialty chemicals using immobilized whole cells in spiral-wound bioreactors: I. Aspartic acid and alanine production using cells immobilized in gelatin on nylon mesh. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31: 390-395.
7. Caldwell, D. E., Korber, D. R., Lawrence, J. R. 1992. Imaging of bacterial cells by fluorescence exclusion using scanning confocal laser microscopy. J. Microbiol. Meth. 15: 249-261.
8. Castillo, E., Rodriguez, M., Casas, L., Quintero R., Lopez-Munguia, A. 1991. Design of two immobilized cell catalysts by entrapment on gelatin: internal diffusion aspects. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 13: 127-133.
9. Chang, H. N., Moo-Young, M. 1988. Analysis of oxygen transport in immobilized whole cells, pp. 33-52. In: M. Moo-Young (ed.), Bioreactor immobilized enzymes and cells: fundamentals and applications. Elsevier, New York.
10. Chen, H., Sedat, J. W., Agard, D. A. 1990. Manipulation, display, and analysis of three-dimensional biological images, pp. 141-150. In: J. B. Pawley (ed.), Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. Plenum Press, New York.
11. Connell, N., Han, Z., Moreno, F., Kolter, R. 1987. An E. coli promoter induced by the cessation of growth. Mol. Microbiol. 1: 195-201.
12. DeBeer, D., Stoodley, P., Lewandowski, Z. 1994. Liquid flow in heterogeneous biofilms. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44:636-641.
13. DeBeer, D., Stoodley, P., Roe, F., Lewandowski, Z. 1994. Effects of biofilm structures on oxygen distribution and mass transport. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 43: 1131-1138.
14. Doran, P. M., Bailey, J. E., 1986. Effects of immobilization on growth, fermentation properties, and macromolecular composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28: 73-87.
15. Flanagan, W. P., Klei, H. E., Sundstrom, D. W., Lawton, C. W. 1990. Optimization of a pellicular biocatalyst for Penicillin G production by Penicillium chrysogenum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36: 608-616.
16. Freeman, A., Blank, T., Aharonowitz, Y. 1982. Protein determination of cells immobilized in cross-linked synthetic gels. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 14: 13-15.
17. Horvath, C. Engasser, J.-M. 1973. Pellicular heterogeneous catalysts. A theoretical study of the advantages of shell structured immobilized enzyme particles. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 12: 229-235.
18. Inoue, S. 1990. Foundations of confocal scanned imaging in light microscopy, pp. 1-14. In: J. B. Pawley (ed.), Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. Plenum Press, New York.
19. Karel, S. F., Robertson, C. R. 1989a. Autoradiographic determination of mass-transfer limitations in immobilized cell reactors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 320-336.
20. Karel, S. F., Robertson, C. R. 1989b. Cell mass synthesis and degradation by immobilized Escherichia coli. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 337-356.
21. Kennedy, J. F., Melo, E. H., Jumel, K. 1990. Immobilized enzymes and cells. Chem. Eng. Prog. 86: 81-89.
22. Klein, J., Manecke, G. 1982. New developments in the preparation and characterization of polymer bound biocatalysts. Enzym Eng. 6: 181-189.
23. Klein, J., Vorlop, K.-D. 1985. Immobilization techniques - cells, pp. 203-224. In: M. Moo-Young (ed.). Comprehensive biotechnology. Pergamon Press, New York.
24. Klein, J., Washausen, P. 1979. Diffusion, pp. 300-302. In: K. Buchholtz (ed.), Characterization of immobilized biocatalysts (DECHEMA monograph no. 84). Verlag Chemie, New York.
25. Koch, A. L. 1981. Growth measurement, pp. 179-201. In: P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murry, R. N. Costilow, et al. (eds.). American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
26. Kuhn, R. H., Peretti, S. W., Ollis, D. F. 1991. Microfluorimetric analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of immobilized cell growth. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38: 340-352.
27. Kurosawa, H., Matsumur, M., Tanaka, H. 1989. Oxygen diffusivity in gel beads containing viable cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 926-932.
28. Lawrence, J. R., Caldwell, D. E. 1990. Scanning confocal laser microscopy of biofilms. Can. Lab. 2: 12.
29. Lawrence, J. R., Korber, D. R., Hoyle, B. D., Costerton, J. W., Caldwell, D. E. 1991. Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 173: 6558-6567.
30. Lawrence, J. R., Wolfaardt, G. M., Korber, D. R. 1994. Determination of diffusion coefficients in biofilms by confocal laser microscopy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 1166-1173.
31. Lawton, C. W., Klei, H. E., Sundstrom, D. W., Voronko, P. J. 1986. Immobilization of whole cells using polymeric coatings. Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 17: 507-517.
32. Lewin, B. 1990. Genes IV. Oxford University Press, New York.
33. Lin, S. H. 1977. An analysis of immobilized enzymatic reaction in a packed-bed reactor with enzyme denaturation. Chem. Eng. J. 14: 129-136.
34. Lopez-De Leon, A., Rojkind, M. 1985. A simple micromethod for collagen and total protein determination in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33: 737-743.
35. Lu, J. 1992. Magnesium chelation inactivates β-galactosidase in -20°C storage. BioTechniques 12: 177-179.
36. Melo, J. S., D'Souza, S. F., Nadkarni, G. B. 1986. Ocimum basilicum seeds as a pellicular support for immobilized enzymes. Biotechnol. Lett. 8: 885-888.
37. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
38. Monbouquette, H. G., Sayles, G. D., Ollis, D. F. 1990. Immobilized cell biocatalyst activation and pseudo-steady-state behavior: model and experiment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 35: 609-629.
39. O2-measurements using Pt-needle microelectrodes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44: 617-625.
40. Neidhardt, F. C., Bloch, P. L., Smith, D. F. 1974. Culture medium for enterobacteria. J. Bacteriol. 119: 736-747.
41. Neidhardt, F. C., Ingraham, J. L., Schaechter, M. 1990. Physiology of the bacterial cell: a molecular approach. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
42. Nester, E. W., Roberts, C. E., Lidstrom, M. E., Pearsall, N. N., Nester, M. T. 1983. Microbiology. Saunders College Publishing, Chicago, IL.
43. Rodriguez, G. G., Phipps, D., Ishiguro, K., Ridgway, H. F. 1992. Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 1801-1808.
44. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
45. Schaeffer, J. R., Burdick, B. A., Abrams, C. T. 1988. Thin-film biocatalysts. Chemtech Sept: 546-550.
46. Schmid. I., Krall, W. J., Uittenbogaart, C. H., Braun, J., Giorgi, J. V. 1992. Dead cell discrimination with 7-amino-actinomycin D in combination with dual color immunofluorescence in single laser flow cytometry. Cytometry 13: 204-208.
47. Scott, C. D. 1987. Immobilized cells: a review of recent literature. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 9: 66-73.
48. Shapiro. H. M. 1988. Practical flow cytometry. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.
49. Shotton, D. M. 1989. Confocal scanning optical microscopy and its applications for biological specimens. J. Cell Sci. 94: 175-206.
50. Stewart, P. S., Karel, S. F., Robertson, C. R. 1991. Characterization of immobilized cell growth rates using autoradiography. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 37: 824-833.
51. Swope, K. L. 1995. Manipulation of specific enzyme activity in recombinant E. coli after immobilization in thin copolymer films: a model system for extended biocatalysis, Ph D. thesis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
52. Swope, K. L., Flickinger, M. C. 1996. Activation and regeneration of whole cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 51: 360-370.
53. Swope, K. L., Liu, J., Scriven, L. E., Schottel, J. L., Flickinger, M. C. 1996. Investigation of gene expression in synthetic biofilms to extend the activity of immobilized whole cell catalysts, pp. 313-319. In: R. H. Wijffels, R. M. Buitelaar, C. Bucke, J. Tramper (eds.). Elsevier, New York.
54. Vega, J. L., Clausen, E. C., Gaddy, J. L. 1987. Maximizing productivity in an immobilized cell reactor. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 506: 208-228.
55. Westrin, B. A., Axelsson, A. 1991. Diffusion in gels containing immobilized cells: a critical review. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 38: 439-446.
56. White, J. G., Amos, W. B. 1987. Confocal microscopy comes of age. Nature (London) 328: 183-184.
57. Wyatt, C. R., Goff, W., Davis, W. C. 1991. A flow cytometric method for assessing viability of intraerythrocytic hemoparasites. J. Immunol. Meth. 140: 23-30.
58. Yu, F. P., McFeters, G. A. 1994. Rapid in situ assessment of physiological activities in bacterial biofilms using fluorescent probes. J. Microbiol. Meth. 20: 1-10.