Reducing Social Disparities in Tobacco Use: A Social-Contextual Model for Reducing Tobacco Use among Blue-Collar Workers

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 94, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 230-239

  Sorensen, Glorian ^a,b   Barbeau, Elizabeth ^a,b   Hunt, Mary Kay ^a   Emmons, Karen ^a,b  

^a DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MODEL; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SMOKING; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; UNITED STATES; WORKER;

EID: 0842348905     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.94.2.230     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Giovino G, Pederson L, Trosclair A. The prevalence of selected cigarette smoking behaviors by occupation in the United States. In: Work, Smoking and Health: A NIOSH Scientific Workshop. Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2000: 22-31. Also available at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ docs/2002-148/2002-148pd.html. Accessed November 25, 2003.
2. Nelson DE, Emont SL, Brackbill RM, Cameron LL, Peddicord J, Fiore MC. Cigarette smoking prevalence by occupation in the United States. J Occup Environ Med. 1994;36:516-525.
3. Barbeau E, Krieger N, Soobader M. Working class matters: socioeconomic disadvantage, race/ethnicity, gender, and smoking in NHIS 2000. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:269-278.
4. Freudenberg N. Time for a national agenda to improve the health of urban populations [editorial]. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:837-840.
5. Graham H. Promoting health against inequality: using research to identify targets for intervention-a case study of women and smoking. Health Educ J. 1998; 57:292-302.
6. Kaplan GA. Where do shared pathways lead? Some reflections on a research agenda. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:208-212.
7. Graham H. When Life's a Drag: Women, Smoking and Disadvantage. London, England: Dept of Health, University of Warwick; 1994.
8. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman & Co; 1997.
9. Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer B, eds. Health Behavior Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 1990.
10. Prochaska JO, Redding C, Evers K. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 1997:60-84.
11. Berkman LF, Kawachi I, eds. Social Epidemiology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000.
12. Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc Sci Med. 1994; 39:887-903.
13. Krieger N. Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:668-677.
14. Krieger N, Williams DR, Moss NE. Measuring social class in US public health research: concepts, methodologies, and guidelines. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:341-378.
15. Amick BC, Levine S, Tarlov AR, Walsh DC, eds. Society and Health. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1995.
16. Eriksen MP, Gottlieb NH. A review of the health impact of smoking control at the workplace. Am J Health Promot. 1998;13:83-104.
17. Warner KE. The need for, and value of, a multilevel approach to disease prevention: the case of tobacco control. In: Smedley BD, Syme SL, eds. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000:417-449.
18. McLeroy K, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:351-377.
19. Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1996;10:282-298.
20. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev. 1977;84:191-215.
21. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1986.
22. Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in psychological activation and health-promoting behavior. In: Madden J, ed. Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect. New York, NY: Raven; 1991.
23. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, eds. Preventing AIDS: Theories and Methods of Behavioral Interventions. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1994.
24. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley; 1975.
25. Fishbein M, Middlestadt SE, Hitchcock PJ. Using information to change sexually transmitted disease-related behaviors: an analysis based on the theory of reasoned action. In: Wasserheit JN, Aral SO, Holmes KK, eds. Research Issues in Human Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the AIDS Era. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1991:243-257.
26. Ajzen I, Fishbein M. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1980.
27. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51: 390-395.
28. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Toward a comprehensive model of change. In: Miller WR, Neather N, eds. Treating Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1986.
29. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992;47:1102-1114.
30. Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Harlow LL. The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: a review. Health Educ Q. 1994;21:471-486.
31. Rosenstock IM, Kirscht JP. The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health Educ Monogr. 1974;2:354-386.
32. Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Rockville, Md: Public Health Service; 2000.
33. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, Md: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.
34. House JS, Williams DR. Understanding and reducing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in health. In: Smedley BD, Syme SL, eds. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000: 81-124.
35. Marmot MG, Davey-Smith G, Stansfeld S, et al. Health inequities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II Study. Lancet. 1991;337:1387-1393.
36. Kaplan GA, Everson SA, Lynch JW. The contribution of social and behavioral research to an understanding of the distribution of disease: a multilevel approach. In: Smedley BD, Syme SL, eds. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000:37-80.
37. Sorensen G, Emmons K, Hunt MK et al. A model for incorporating the social context in health behavior interventions: applications for cancer prevention for working-class, multiethnic populations. Prev Med. 2003;37:188-197.
38. Sallis JF, Owen N. Ecological models of health behavior. In: Glanz K Rimer BK Lewis FM, eds. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice. 3rd ed. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 2002:462-484.
39. McKinlay JB. The promotion of health through planned sociopolitical change: challenges for research and policy. Soc Sci Med. 1993;36:109-117.
40. Glassman AH, Helzer JE, Covey LS, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression. JAMA. 1990;264:1583-1584.
41. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F. Cigarette smoking and major depression. J Addict Dis. 1998;17: 35-46.
42. Pomerleau CS, Zucker AN, Stewart AJ. Patterns of depressive symptomatology in women smokers, exsmokers, and never smokers. Addict Behav. 2003;28: 575-582.
43. French SA, Perry CL. Smoking among adolescent girls: prevalence and etiology. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 1996;51:25-28.
44. Perry CL, Murray DM, Klepp KI. Predictors of adolescent smoking and implications for prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1987;36(suppl 4): 41S-47S.
45. McGee R, Stanton WR. A longitudinal study of reasons for smoking in adolescence. Addiction. 1993; 88:265-271.
46. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 1994.
47. Cohen S, Lichtenstein E. Partner behaviors and support for quitting smoking. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58:304-309.
48. Sorensen G, Emmons K, Stoddard AM, Linnan L, Avrunin J. Do social influences contribute to occupational differences in smoking behaviors? Am J Health Promot. 2002;16:135-141.
49. Johnson JV. Collective control: strategies for survival in the workplace. Int J Health Serv. 1989;19: 469-480.
50. Nelkin D, Brown MS. Workers and Risk. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1984.
51. Eakin JM. Work-related determinants of health behavior. In: Gochman DS. Institutional and Cultural Determinants. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1997.
52. Mullen K. A question of balance: health behaviour and work context among male Glaswegians. Sociol Health Illn. 1992;14:73-97.
53. Johansson G, Johnson JV, Hall EM. Smoking and sedentary behavior as related to work organization. Soc Sci Med. 1991;32:837-846.
54. Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Deitz DK, Warren K, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE. Job strain and health behaviors: results of a prospective study. Am J Health Promot. 1998;12:237-245.
55. Kalimo R. Psychosocial factors and workers' health: an overview. In: Kalimo R, El-Batawi RMA, Cooper CL, eds. Psychosocial Factors at Work and Their Relation to Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1987.
56. Green KL, Johnson JV. The effect of psychological work organization on patterns of cigarette smoking among male chemical plant employees. Am J Public Health. 1990;80:1368-1371.
57. Caplan RD, Cobb S, French JRP, Harrison RV, Pinneau SR. Job Demands and Worker Health. Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1975. NIOSH publication 75-168.
58. Marmot M, Theorell T. Social class and cardiovascular disease: the contribution of work. In: Johnson J, Johansson G, eds. The Psychosocial Work Environment: Work Organization, Democratization and Health. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Co; 1991:21-48.
59. Karasek R, Gardell B, Lindell J. Work and nonwork correlates of illness and behaviour in male and female Swedish white-collar workers. J Occup Behav. 1987;8:187-207.
60. Laws MB, Whitman J, Bowser D, Krech L. Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing in demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts. Tob Control. 2002;11(suppl 2):ii71-ii73.
61. RJ Reynolds. Analysis of the virile segment. 1986. Bates No. 505923292-3295. Available at: http://legacy. library.ucsf.edu/tid/iqd94d00. Accessed February 18, 2003.
62. Glasgow RE, Terborg JR, Hollis JF, Severson HH, Boles SM. Take heart: results from the initial phase of a work-site wellness program. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85:207-216.
63. Sorensen G, Himmelstein JS, Hunt MK, et al. A model for worksite cancer prevention: integration of health protection and health promotion in the WellWorks project. Am J Health Promot. 1995;10: 55-62.
64. Klesges RC, Cigrant JA. Worksite smoking cessation programs: clinical and methodological issues. In: Hersen M, Eisler RM, Miller RM, eds. Progress in Behavioral Modification. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications; 1988:37-61.
65. Abrams DB, Boutwell WB, Grizzle J, Heimendinger J, Sorensen G, Varnes J. Cancer control at the workplace: the Working Well trial. Prev Med. 1994;23: 1-13.
66. Emmons K. Behavioral and social science contributions to the health of adults in the United States. In: Smedley BD, Syme SL, eds. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2001: 254-321.
67. Pelletier KR. A review and analysis of the clinical-and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: 1998-2000 update. Am J Health Promot. 2001;16:107-116.
68. Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept of Labor. Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Available at: http://www. bls.gov/iif/home.htm#tables. Accessed March 26, 2003.
69. Walsh DC, Jennings SE, Mangione T, Merrigan DM. Health promotion versus health protection? Employees' perceptions and concerns. J Public Health Policy. 1991;12:148-164.
70. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Hammond SK, Hebert JR, Ocklene JK. Double jeopardy: job and personal risks for craftspersons and laborers. Am J Health Promot. 1996;10:355-363.
71. Sorensen G. Worksite tobacco control programs: the role of occupational health. Respir Physiol. 2001; 189:89-102.
72. Adverse Effects of Smoking and the Occupational Environment. Bethesda, Md: US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1979.
73. Youngstrom R. Unions and tobacco control. New Solutions. 1996;6:51-56.
74. Green KL. Issues of control and responsibility in worker's health. Health Educ Q. 1988;15:473-486.
75. Barnard C. The Functions of the Executive. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1968.
76. Baker F. Risk communication about environmental hazards. J Public Health Policy. 1990;11: 341-359.
77. Fischoff B, Bostrom A, Quadrel MJ. Risk perception and communication. Annu Rev Health. 1993;14: 183-200.
78. Bradbury JA. The policy implications of differing concepts of risk. Sci Technol Hum Values. 1989;14: 381-396.
79. Morris W, Conrad K, Marcantonio R, Marks B, Ribisl K. Do blue-collar workers perceive the worksite health climate differently than white-collar workers? J Health Promot. 1999;13:319-324.
80. Warshaw LJ, Messite J. Health protection and promotion in the workplace: an Overview. In: Stellman JM, ed. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labor Organization Publications; 1998:79-89.
81. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Hunt MK, et al. Effects of a health promotion-health protection intervention on behavior change: the WellWorks study. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1685-1690.
82. Chu C, Driscoll T, Dwyer S. The health-promoting workplace: an integrative perspective. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997;21:377-385.
83. DeJoy D, Southern D. An integrative perspective on work-site health promotion. J Occup Med. 1993;35: 1221-1230.
84. Baker E, Israel B, Schurman S. The integrated model: implications for worksite health promotion and occupational health and safety practice. Health Educ Q. 1996;23:175-188.
85. Blewett V, Shaw A. Health promotion, handle with care: issues for health promotion in the workplace. J Occup Health Safety. 1995;11:461-465.
86. Robins T, Klitzman S. Hazard communication in a large US manufacturing firm: the ecology of health education in the workplace. Health Educ Q. 1988;15: 451-472.
87. NIOSH Program Plan by Program Areas for Fiscal Years 1984-89. Rockville, Md: Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1984.
88. Maes S, Verhoeven C, Kittel F, Scholten H. Effects of a Dutch worksite wellness-health program: the Brabantia project. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1037-1041.
89. Marcus AC, Baker DB, Froines J. The ICWU cancer control and evaluation program: research design and needs assessment. J Occup Med. 1986;28:226-236.
90. Schenck A, Thomas R, Hochbaum G, Beliczky L. A labor and industry focus on education: using baseline survey data in program design. Health Educ Res. 1987;2:33-44.
91. Roter DL, Rudd RE, Keogh J, Robinson B. Worker produced health education material for the construction trades. Int Q Community Health Educ. 1986;7: 109-117.
92. Sorensen G, Thompson B, Glanz K, et al. Working Well: results from a worksite-based cancer prevention trial. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:939-947.
93. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, LaMontagne A, et al. A comprehensive worksite cancer prevention intervention: behavior change results from a randomized controlled trial in manufacturing worksites (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:493-502.
94. O'Donnell M, Bishop C, Kaplan K. Benchmarking best practices in workplace health promotion programs. Art Health Promot. 1997;1:1-8.
95. Emmons KM, Thompson B, Sorensen G, et al. The relationship between organizational characteristics and the adoption of workplace smoking policies. Health Educ Behav. 2000;27:483-501.
96. Allen JR. Building supportive cultural environments. In: O'Donnell MP, ed. Health Promotion in the Workplace. 3rd ed. Albany, NY: Delmar Thomson Learning; 2002:202-217.
97. Emmons KM. Behavioral and social science contributions to the health of adults in the United States. In: Smedley BD, Syme L, eds. Promoting Health: Intervention Strategies From Social and Behavioral Research. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press; 2000:254-321.
98. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Youngstrom R, et al. Local labor unions' positions on worksite tobacco control. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:618-620.
99. Barbeau E, Li Y, Sorensen G, Conlan K, Youngstrom R, Emmons K. Coverage of smoking cessation treatment by union health and welfare funds. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:1412-1414.
100. Siqueira CE, Youngstrom R, Barbeau E, Levenstein C, Sorensen G. Worksite tobacco control policies and labor-management cooperation and conflict in New York state. New Solutions. In press.
101. Knutsson A, Nilsson T. Tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in relation to certain work characteristics. Scand J Soc Med. 1998;26: 183-189.
102. Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1990.
103. Johnson JV, Hall EM. Job strain, workplace social support, and cardiovascular ease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of Swedish working population. Am J Public Health. 1988;78:483-486.
104. Israel B, Baker E, Goldenhar L, Heaney C, Schurman S. Occupational stress, safety, and health: conceptual framework and principals for effective prevention interventions. J Occup Health Psychol. 1996;1: 261-286.
105. Landsbergis PA, Cahill J. Labor union programs to reduce or prevent occupational stress in the United States. Int J Health Serv. 1994;24:105-129.
106. Gottlieb N, Nelson A. A systematic effort to reduce smoking at the worksite. Health Educ Q. 1990;17: 99-118.
107. DeVries H, Lechner L. Motives for protective behavior against carcinogenic substances in the workplace: a pilot study among Dutch workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:88-95.
108. Stokols D, Pelletier K, Fielding J. The ecology of work and health: research and policy directions for the promotion of employee health. Health Educ Q. 1996; 23:137-158.
109. Linnan LA, Sorensen G, Colditz G, Klar N, Emmons K. Using theory to understand the multiple determinants of low participation in worksite health promotion programs. Health Educ Behav. 2001;28: 591-607.
110. Alexy B. Workplace health promotion and the blue-collar worker. Am Assoc Occup Health Nurses J. 1990;38:12-16.
111. Gerlach K, Shopland D, Hartman A, Gibson J, Pechacek T. Workplace smoking policies in the United States: results from a national survey of more than 100,000 workers. Tob Control. 1997;6:199-206.
112. Holman D, Corti B, Donovan R, Jalleh G. Association of the health-promoting workplace with trade unionism and other industrial factors. Am J Health Promot. 1998;12:325-334.
113. Grosch J, Alterman T, Petersen M, Murphy L. Worksite health promotion programs in the US: factors associated with availability and participation. Am J Health Promot. 1998;13:36-45.
114. Sorensen G, Stoddard A, Ockene JK, Hunt MK, Youngstrom R. Worker participation in an integrated health promotion/health protection program: results from the WellWorks Project. Health Educ Q. 1996;23: 191-203.
115. Erfurt J. The Wellness Outreach at Work Program: A Step-by-Step Guide. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health; 1995.
116. Conrad P. Wellness in the work place: potentials and pitfalls of work-site health promotion. Milbank Q. 1987;65:255-275.
117. Gebhardt DL, Crump C. Employee fitness and wellness programs in the workplace. Am Psychol. 1990; 45:262-272.
118. Glasgow RE, McCaul KD, Fisher KJ. Participation in worksite health promotion: a critique of the source. Health Educ Q. 1993;20:391-408.
119. Niknian M, Linnan LA, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Use of population-based data to assess risk factor profiles of blue- and white-collar workers. J Occup Med. 1991;33:29-36.
120. Colditz G. Disseminating research findings into public health practice [editorial]. Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:503-504.
121. Sorensen G. Smoking cessation at the worksite: what works and what is the role of occupational health? In: Work, Smoking, and Health, A NIOSH Scientific Workshop: June 15-16, 2000; Washington, DC. Cincinnati, Ohio: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2002:99-120. DHHS (NIOSH) publication 2002-148.
122. Sorensen G, Emmons K, Hunt MK, Johnston D. Implications of the results of community intervention trials. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998;19:379-416.
123. Fortmann SP, Floa JA, Winkleby MA, Schooler C, Barr Taylor C, Farquhar JW. Community intervention trials: reflections on the Stanford Five-City project experience. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:576-586.
124. McKinlay J. The new public health approach to improving physical activity and autonomy in older populations. In: Heikkinon E, ed. Preparation for Aging. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1995:87-103.
125. Susser M. The tribulations of trials-intervention in communities [editorial]. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85:156-158.
126. Fisher EB. The results of the COMMIT trial. Community intervention trial for smoking cessation [editorial]. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:159-160.
127. Winkleby MA. The future of community-based cardiovascular disease intervention studies. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1369-1372.
128. Sorensen G, Thompson B, Basen-Engquist K et al. Durability, dissemination, and institutionalization of worksite tobacco control programs: results from the Working Well trial. Int J Behav Med. 1998;5:335-351.