The impact of a prominent rain shadow on flooding in California's Santa Cruz Mountains: A CALJET case study and sensitivity to the ENSO cycle

Journal of Hydrometeorology

Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1243-1264

  Ralph, F Martin ^a   Neiman, Paul J ^a   Kingsmill, David E ^b   Persson, P Ola G ^c   White, Allen B ^c   Strem, Eric T ^d   Andrews, Edmund D ^e   Antweiler, Ronald C ^e  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Coop Inst for Res in Environ Sci ^*  (United States)

^d National Weather Service   (United States)

^e U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; FLOODING; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; WIND VELOCITY;

CALIFORNIA; NORTH AMERICA; SANTA CRUZ [CALIFORNIA]; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0842334530     PISSN: 1525755X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1243:TIOAPR>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Andrews, E. D., R. C. Antweiler, P. J. Neiman, and F. M. Ralph, 2004: Influence of ENSO on flood frequency along the California coast. J. Climate, 17, in press.
2. Barnston, A. G., A. Leetmaa, V. E. Kousky, R. E. Livezey, E. A. O'Lenic, H. Van den Dool, A. J. Wagner, and D. A. Unger, 1999: NCEP forecasts of the El Niño of 1997-98 and its U.S. impacts. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 1829-1852.
3. Brady, R. H., and J. S. Waldstreicher, 2001: Observations of mountain wave-induced precipitation shadows over northeast Pennsylvania. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 281-300.
4. Browning, K. A., and R. Wexler, 1968: The determination of kinematic properties of a wind field using Doppler radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 105-113.
5. Browning, K. A., F. F. Hill, and C. W. Pardoe, 1974: Structure and mechanism of precipitation and the effect of orography in a wintertime warm sector. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 309-330.
6. Carlson, T. N., 1991: Mid-Latitude Weather Systems. Harper Collins, 507 pp.
7. Cayan, D. R., and R. H. Webb, 1992: El Niño/Southern Oscillation and streamflow in the western United States. Historical and Paleoclimate Aspects of the Southern Oscillation, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 29-68.
8. Cayan, D. R., K. T. Redmond, and L. G. Riddle, 1999: ENSO and hydrologic extremes in the western United States. J. Climate, 12, 2881-2893.
9. Charba, J. P., D. W. Reynolds, B. E. McDonald, and G. M. Carter, 2003: Comparative verification of recent quantitative precipitation forecasts in the National Weather Service: A simple approach for scoring forecast accuracy. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 161-183.
10. Chien, F.-C., C. F. Mass, and P. J. Neiman, 2001: An observational and numerical study of an intense landfalling cold front along the northwest coast of the United States during COAST IOP 2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 934-955.
11. Crum, T. D., R. L. Alberty, and D. W. Burgess, 1993: Recording, archiving, and using WSR-88D data. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 645-653.
12. Dettinger, M. D., D. R. Cayan, H. F. Diaz, and D. M. Meko, 1998: North-south precipitation patterns in western North America on interannual to decadal timescales, J. Climate, 11, 3095-3111.
13. Doyle, J. D., 1997: The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1465-1488.
14. Ecklund, W. L., D. A. Carter, and B. B. Balsley, 1988: A UHF wind profiler for the boundary layer: Brief description and initial results. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 5, 432-441.
15. Fulton, R. A., J. P. Breidenbach, D.-J. Seo, D. A. Miller, and T. O'Bannon, 1998: The WSR-88D rainfall algorithm. Wea. Forecasting, 13, 377-395.
16. Heggli, M. F., and R. M. Rauber, 1988: The characteristics and evolution of supercooled water in wintertime storms over the Sierra Nevada: A summary of microwave radiometric measurements taken during the Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 989-1015.
17. Hill, F. F., 1983: The use of average annual rainfall to derive estimates of orographic enhancement of frontal rain over England and Wales for different wind directions. J. Climatol., 3, 113-129.
18. Hill, F.F., and K. A. Browning, 1979: Persistence and orographic modulation of mesoscale precipitation areas in a potentially unstable warm sector. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 57-70.
19. Houze, R. A., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, 570 pp.
20. Jorgensen, D. P., 1984: Mesoscale and convective-scale characteristics of mature hurricanes. Part I: General observations by research aircraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1268-1285.
21. Jorgensen, D. P., T. Matejka, and J. D. DuGranrut, 1996: Multi-beam techniques for deriving wind fields from airborne Doppler radars. J. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 59, 83-104.
22. Kahya, E., and J. A. Dracup, 1994: The influences of Type 1 El Niño and La Niña events on streamflows in the Pacific southwest of the United States. J. Climate, 7, 965-976.
23. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Re-analysis Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
24. Klazura, G. E., and D. A. Imy, 1993: A description of the initial set of analysis products available from the NEXRAD WSR-88D system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1293-1311.
25. Linsley, R. K., Jr., M. A. Kohler, and J. L. H. Paulhus, 1986: Hydrology for Engineers. McGraw-Hill, 508 pp.
26. Livezey, R. E., M. Masutani, A. Leetmaa, H. Rui, M. Ji, and A. Kumar, 1997: Teleconnective response of the Pacific-North American region atmosphere to large central equatorial Pacific SST anomalies. J. Climate, 10, 1787-1820.
27. Lowndes, S., 1968: Forecasting large 24-h rainfall totals in the Dee and Clwyd River Authority Area from September to February. Meteor. Mag., 97, 226-235.
28. Marwitz, J. D., 1987: Deep orographic storms over the Sierra Nevada. Part 1: Thermodynamic and kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 159-173.
29. Mendell, T., 1992: Integration of automated hydrological data. Preprints, Conf. on Interdisciplinary Approaches in Hydrology and Hydrogeology, Portland, OR, American Society of Civil Engineers.
30. NCDC, 1998: Storm Data, Vol. 40, No. 2. National Climatic Data Center, 188 pp.
31. Neiman, P. J., F. M. Ralph, A. B. White, D. E. Kingsmill, and P. O. G. Persson, 2002: The statistical relationship between upslope flow and rainfall in California's coastal mountains: Observations during CALJET. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1468-1492.
32. Nieman, S. J., W. P. Menzel, C. M. Hayden, D. Gray, S. T. Wanzong, C. S. Velden, and J. Daniels, 1997: Fully automated cloud-drift winds in NESDIS operations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1121-1133.
33. Nuss, W. A., and D. K. Miller, 2001: Mesoscale predictability under various synoptic regimes. Nonlinear Processes Geophys., 8, 429-438.
34. Overland, J. E., and N. A. Bond, 1995: Observations and scale analysis of coastal wind jets. Mon. Wen. Rev., 123, 2934-2941.
35. Parish, T. R., 1982: Barrier winds along the Sierra Nevada mountains. J. Appl. Meteor., 21, 925-930.
36. Parsons, D. B., 1992: An explanation for intense frontal updrafts and narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1810-1825.
37. Persson, P. O. G., P. J. Neiman, F. M. Ralph, B. Walter, J.-W. Bao, S. Michelson, D. Jorgensen, and J. Schmidt, 1999: Measurements and modeling of air-sea interaction processes prior to heavy coastal precipitation: The case of 3 February 1998. Preprints, Third Conf. on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, New Orleans, LA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 374-379.
38. Rabin, R., and D. Zrnić. 1980: Subsynoptic-scale vertical wind revealed by dual Doppler radar and VAD analysis. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 644-654.
39. Ralph, F. M., and Coauthors, 1999: The California Land-Falling Jets Experiment (CALJET): Objectives and design of a coastal atmosphere-ocean observing system deployed during a strong El Niño. Preprints, Third Symp. on Integrated Observing Systems, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78-81.
40. Rasmusson, E. M., 1985: El Niño and variations in climate. Amer. Sci., 73, 168-177.
41. Rasmusson, E. M., and J. M. Wallace, 1983: Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Science, 222, 1195-1202.
42. Reynolds, D. W., and A. P. Kuciauskas, 1988: Remote and in situ observations of Sierra Nevada winter mountain clouds: Relationships between mesoscale structure, precipitation, and liquid water. J. Appl. Meteor., 27, 140-156.
43. Rhea, J. O., 1978: Orographic precipitation model for hydrometeorological use. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, 198 pp.
44. Schonher, T., and S. E. Nicholson, 1989: The relationship between California rainfall and ENSO events. J. Climate, 2, 1258-1269.
45. Smith, R. B., 1979: The influence of mountains on the atmosphere. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 21, Academic Press, 87-230.
46. Smith, R. B., and Coauthors, 1997: Local and remote effects of mountains on weather: Research needs and opportunities. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 877-892.
47. Velden, C. S., C. M. Hayden, S. J. Nieman, W. P. Menzel, S. Wanzong, and J. S. Goerss, 1997: Upper-tropospheric winds derived from geostationary satellite water vapor observations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 173-195.
48. Webb, R. H., and J. L. Betancourt, 1992: Climate variability and flood frequency of the Santa Cruz River, Pima County. Arizona. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers 2379, 40 pp.
49. Weber, B. L., D. B. Wuertz, D. C. Welsh, and R. McPeck, 1993: Quality controls for profiler measurements of winds and RASS temperatures. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 10, 452-464.
50. Wentz, F. J., 1997: A well-calibrated ocean algorithm for special sensor microwave/imager. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8703-8718.
51. Westrick, K. J., C. F. Mass, and B. A. Colle, 1999: The limitations of the WSR-88D radar network for quantitative precipitation measurement over the coastal western United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 2289-2298.
52. White, A. B., P. J. Neiman, F. M. Ralph, D. E. Kingsmill, and P. O. G. Persson, 2003: Bulk microphysical characteristics of rainfall observed at a California coastal mountain site during CALJET. J. Hydrometeor., 4, 264-282.
53. Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin, 1993: Monitoring ENSO in LOADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index. Proc. 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, Norman, OK, NOAA/CAC, 52-57.
54. Wolter, K., and M. S. Timlin, 1998: Measuring the strength of ENSO events: How does 1997/98 rank? Weather, 53, 315-324.
55. Yu, C.-H., and B. F. Smull, 2000: Airborne Doppler observations of a landfalling cold front upstream of steep coastal orography. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1577-1603.