Assessment of crown condition in forest trees: Comparison of methods, sources of variation and observer bias

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 188, Issue 1-3, 2004, Pages 149-160

  Redfern, D B ^a,b   Boswell, R C ^a  

^a FOREST RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b Greenacre   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assessment methods; Forest condition

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; PLANTS (BOTANY); WIND EFFECTS;

CROWN CONDITIONS;

FORESTRY;

ASSESSMENT METHOD; FOREST CANOPY; FOREST HEALTH; PHOTOGRAPH;

CONIFEROPHYTA; FAGUS; PICEA; PICEA ABIES; PICEA SITCHENSIS; PINUS SYLVESTRIS; QUERCUS;

EID: 0842306350     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.011     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Anon., 1989. Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Harmonized Sampling, Assessment, Monitoring and Analysis of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forests. UNEP/UN-ECE, 90 pp.
2. Anon., 1994a. In: Smits, T.F.C., van Tol, G. (Eds.), Forest Condition in The Netherlands in 1993. IKC Natuurbeheer Report No. 8, Wageningen, Holland, 35 pp.
3. Anon., 1994b. Manual on Methods and Criteria for Harmonized Sampling, Assessment, Monitoring and Analysis of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forests, 3rd ed. UN/ECE, Hamburg, Geneva, 177 pp.
4. Anon., 1997. In: Müller-Edzards, C., De Vries, W., Erisman, J.W. (Eds.), Ten Years of Monitoring Forest Condition in Europe. EC-UN/ECE, Brussels, Geneva, 386 pp.
5. Anon., 1998. Manual on Methods and Criteria for Harmonized Sampling, Assessment, Monitoring and Analysis of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forests, 4th ed. UN/ECE, Hamburg, Geneva.
6. Anon., 2000. Forest Condition in Europe. Results of the 1999 Crown Condition Survey. UN/ECE and CEC, Geneva, Brussels, 86 pp.
7. Anon., 2001. Manual on Methods and Criteria for Harmonized Sampling, Assessment, Monitoring and Analysis of the Effects of Air Pollution on Forests, 5th ed. UN/ECE, Hamburg, Geneva.
8. Binns, W.O., Redfern, D.B., Rennolls, K., Betts, A.J.A., 1985. Forest health and air pollution: 1984 survey. Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper No. 142. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 17 pp.
9. Binns, W.O., Redfern, D.B., Boswell, R.C., Betts, A.J.A., 1986. Forest health and air pollution: 1985 survey. Forestry Commission Research and Development Paper No. 147. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 15 pp.
10. Dobbertin, M., Landmann, G., Pierrat, J.C., Müller-Edzards, C., 1997. Quality of crown condition data. In: Müller-Edzards, C., De Vries, W., Erisman, J.W. (Eds.), Ten Years of Monitoring Forest Condition in Europe. EC-UN/ECE, Brussels, Geneva, pp. 7-22.
11. Durrant D., Boswell R. Comparison of crown density assessments on trees within the stand and on ride edges within the forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 157:2002;1-6.
12. Ghosh S., Innes J.L., Hoffmann C. Observer variation as a source of error in assessments of crown condition through time. For. Sci. 41:1995;235-254.
13. Innes, J.L., 1990. Assessment of tree condition. Forestry Commission Field Book No. 12. HMSO, London, 96 pp.
14. Innes, J.L., Boswell, R.C., 1991. Monitoring of forest condition in Great Britain 1990. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 98. HMSO, London, 54 pp.
15. Innes, J.L., 1993. Forest health: Its assessment and status. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 677 pp.
16. Innes J.L., Landmann G., Mettendorf B. Consistency of observations of forest tree defoliation in three European countries. Environ. Monitoring Assess. 25:1993;29-40.
17. Landmann, G., Pierrat, J.-C., Nageleisen, L.-M., 1999. 1995-1997: Période de réadjustement à la hausse de la notation de l'état des cimes des arbres forestiers en France. Les Cahiers du DSF, 1-1999 (La santé des forêts (France) en 1998). Min. Agri Pêche (DERF), Paris, pp. 63-66.
18. Redfern, D.B., Boswell, R.C., Proudfoot, J.C., 1998. Forest condition 1997. Forestry Commission Information Note No. 4. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 6 pp.
19. Redfern, D.B., Boswell, R.C., Proudfoot, J.C., 2000. Forest condition 1999. Forestry Commission Information Note No. 33. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, 6 pp.
20. Solberg S. Crown density changes of Norway spruce and the influence from increased age on permanent monitoring plots in Norway during 1988-1997. Eur. J. For. Path. 29:1999;219-230.