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If a biphenyl takes a conformation in which the two benzene rings are nearly coplanar, then one would be able to specify its absolute conformation with a combination of descriptors for the sense of chirality (P or M) and descriptors of torsion angles (ap or sp), or Z and E, which are recommended by IUPAC for specifying the stereochemistry of partial-double-bond-containing isomers of classical s-cis and s-trans conformations. [9]Because of steric effects, however, the torsion angles in biaryls that bear substituents in ortho positions tend to be between 70 and 90°. [29]Thus, we illustrate in Scheme 17 models that have torsion angles in the sc and ac regions.
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