Urinary tract infections in infants and children: A comprehensive overview

Current Opinion in Pediatrics

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 85-88

  Wald, Ellen ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Urinary tract infection; Vesicoureteral reflux; Voiding cystourethrogram

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CEFALEXIN; CEFUROXIME AXETIL; COTRIMOXAZOLE; NALIDIXIC ACID; NITROFURANTOIN;

CHILD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HUMAN; IMAGING SYSTEM; INFANT; INFANT DISEASE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; INSTITUTIONAL CARE; KIDNEY SCAR; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MICTURITION DISORDER; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PYURIA; RANDOMIZATION; REINFECTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE CULTURE; VESICOURETERAL REFLUX;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CHILD; HUMANS; INFANT; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS; URINATION DISORDERS;

EID: 0842287111     PISSN: 10408703     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00008480-200402000-00016     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. Huicho L, Campos-Sanchez M, Alamo C: Metaanalysis of urine screening tests for determining the risk of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002, 21:1-11.
2. Gorelick MH, Shaw KN: Screening tests for urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis. Pediatric 1999, 104:e54.
3. Hoberman A, Wald ER, Reynolds EA, et al.: Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever. J Pediatr 1994, 124:513-519.
4. Lin DS, Huang FY, Chui NC, et al.: Comparison of hemocytometer leukocyte counts and standard urinalyses for predicting urinary tract infection in febrile infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:223-227.
5. Lin DS, Huang SH, Lin CC, et al.: Urinary tract infection in febrile infants younger than eight weeks of age. Pediatrics 2000, 105:E20.
6. Smolkin V, Koren A, Raz R, et al.: Procalcitonin as a marker of acute pyelonephritis in infants and children. Pediatr Nephrol 2002, 17:409-412. The sensitivity and specificity of procalcitonin in contrast to CRP as marker of acute pyelonephritis is determined.
7. Prat C, Dominguez J, Rodrigo D, et al.: Elevated serum procalcitonin values correlate with renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003, 22:438-442. Elevated PCT levels are correlated with renal scarring in children with urinary tract infection.
8. Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, et al.: Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348:195-202. This study describes the results and questions the value of the performance of imaging procedures in young children with their first febrile UTI.
9. Grmek M, Fettich J: The importance of follow-up of children with vesicoureteral reflux grade 1. Acta Paediatr 2003, 92:435-438. A single study of the degree of vesicoureteral reflux determined in children with UTI may overestimate or underestimate the degree of reflux.
10. Wheeler D, Vimalachandra D, Hodson EM, et al.: Antibiotics and surgery for vesicoureteric reflux: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:688-694. This study highlights the uncertainty of whether the identification and treatment of children with vesicoureteral reflux confers clinical benefit because there is no convincing data showing that the interventions of antimicrobial prophylaxis or surgery or both prevent renal scarring.
11. Gordon I, Barkovics M, Pindorai S, et al.: Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:739-744. The finding of vesicoureteral reflux in children with UTI does not necessarily predict parenchymal abnormalities as demonstrated by renal scintigrams.
12. Schwab CW, Wu H, Selman H, et al.: Spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux: a 15-year perspective. J Urol 2002, 168:2594-2599. Grades 1 through 3 vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed after UTI resolve at identical rates and significantly more rapidly than do grade 4 and 5.
13. Hoberman A, Wald ER, Hickey RW, et al.: Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Pediatrics 1999, 104:79-86.
14. Prais D, Straussberg R, Avitzur Y, et al.: Bacterial susceptibility to oral antibiotics in community acquired urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 2003, 88:215-218. The pattern of increasing antibiotic resistance in Israel is described.
15. Hodson MM, Craig EM, Martin S, et al.: Short versus standard duration oral antibiotic therapy for acute urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2003. A 2-to 4-day course of oral antibiotics appears to be as effective as 7 to 14 days in eradicating lower tract UTI in children.
16. Hellerstein S, Nickell E: Prophylactic antibiotics in children at risk for urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 2002, 17:506-510. The outcome of using prophylactic antibiotics in children considered at risk for UTI was studied, and factors leading to breakthrough infections were identified.
17. Williams GJ, Lee A, Craig JC: Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2003. Large, properly designed studies to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylaxis for children with UTI are not available and are needed.
18. Hellerstein S, Linebarger JS: Voidng dysfunction in pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr 2003, 42:43-49. This study describes the pattern of voiding disorders in children and highlights the importance of detrusor instability with various posturing maneuvers as a risk for recurrent UTI.