Genitalia and terminal abdominal segments of male basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): Morphology and evolution

Organisms Diversity and Evolution

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 253-279

  Schulmeister, Susanne ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^b DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Groundplan; Male genitalia; Sawflies; Symphyta

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTION; MORPHOLOGY;

HYMENOPTERA; INSECTA; SYMPHYTA;

EID: 0842280599     PISSN: 14396092     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1439-6092-00078     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Basibuyuk, H. H. & Quicke, D. L. J. (1995): Morphology of the antenna cleaner in the Hymenoptera with particular reference to non-aculeate families (Insecta). Zool. Scripta 24: 157-177.
2. Basibuyuk, H. H. & Quicke, D. L. J. (1997): Hamuli in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) and their phylogenetic implications. J. Nat. Hist. 31: 1563-1585.
3. Birket-Smith, S. J. R. (1981): The male genitalia of Hymenoptera - a review based on morphology in Dorylidae (Formicoidea). Ent. scand. Suppl. 15: 377-397.
4. Boulangé, H. (1924): Recherches sur l'appareil copulateur des Hyménoptères et spécialement des Chalastogastres. Mém. Trav. Fac. cathol. Lille 28: 1-444.
5. Crampton, G. C. (1919): The genitalia and terminal abdominal structures of males, and the terminal structures of the larvae of " chalastogastrous" Hymenoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 21: 129-151, 4 plts.
6. Gibson, G. A. P. (1985): Some pro-and mesothoracic structures important for phylogenetic analysis of Hymenoptera, with a review of terms used for the structures. Can. Ent. 117: 1395-1443.
7. Heraty, J. M., Woolley, J. B., & Darling, D. C. (1994): Phylogenetic implications of the mesofurca and mesopostnotum in Hymenoptera. J. Hym. Res. 3: 241-277.
8. Königsmann, E. (1976): Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 1: Einführung, Grundplanmerkmale, Schwestergruppe und Fossilfunde. Dt. Ent. Z., N. F. 23: 253-279.
9. Königsmann, E. (1977): Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 2: "Symphyta". Dt. Ent. Z., N. F. 24: 1-40.
10. Peck, O. (1937): The male genitalia in the Hymenoptera (Insecta), especially the family Ichneumonidae. Can. J. Res., Sect. D, Zool. Sci. 15: 221-274.
11. Quicke, D. L. J., Fitton, M. G., Tunstead, J. R., Ingram, S. N., & Gaitens, P. V. (1994): Ovipositor structure and relationships within the Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea. J. Nat. Hist. 28: 635-682.
12. Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1988): An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects. Oriental Insects 22: 115-145.
13. Ronquist, F., & Nordlander, G., (1989): Skeletal morphology of an archaic cynipoid, Ibalia rufipes (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). Ent. scand. Suppl. 33: 1-60.
14. Ronquist, F., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Roy, A., Eriksson, K., & Lindgren, M. (1999): Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: A cladistic reanalysis of Rasnitsyn's (1988) data. Zool. Scripta 28: 13-50.
15. Ross, H. H. (1945): Sawfly genitalia: terminology and study techniques. Ent. News 56: 261-265.
16. Schulmeister, S. (2001): Functional morphology of the male genitalia and copulation in lower Hymenoptera, with special emphasis on the Tenthredinoidea s. str. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, "Symphyta"). Acta Zool. 82: 331-349.
17. Schulmeister, S. (2003a): Review of morphological evidence on the phylogeny of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a discussion of the ordering of characters. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 203-243.
18. Schulmeister, S. (2003b): Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 79: 245-275.
19. Shinohara, A. (1983): Discovery of the families Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Blasticotomidae and Orussidae from Taiwan, with description of four new species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 85: 309-320.
20. Smith, E. L. (1969): Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 1. Origin and relationships to other appendages. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 62: 1051-1079.
21. Smith, E. L. (1970a): Evolutionary morphology of external insect genitalia. 2. Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 63: 1-27.
22. Smith, E. L. (1970b): Hymenoptera. In Tuxen, S. L. (ed.) Taxonomist's Glossary of Genitalia in Insects. 2nd Enlarged Edition. Munksgaard, Copenhagen.
23. Smith, E. L. (1972): Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. 3. External genitalia of Euura (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): sclerites, sensilla, musculature, development and oviposition behavior. Int. J. Insect Morph. Embr. 1: 321-365.
24. Snodgrass, R. E. (1941): The male genitalia of Hymenoptera. Smiths. Misc. Coll. 99 (14): 1-86, 33 plts.
25. Togashi, I. (1970): The comparative morphology of the internal reproductive organs of the Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Mushi 43, Suppl.: 1-114.
26. Vilhelmsen, L. (1996): The preoral cavity of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta): comparative morphology and phylogenetic significance. Zool. Scripta 25: 143-170.
27. Vilhelmsen, L. (1997a): Head capsule concavities accomodating the antennal bases in Hymenoptera pupating in wood: possible emergence-facilitating adaptations. Int. J. Insect Morph. Embr. 26: 129-138.
28. Vilhelmsen, L. (1997b): The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera, with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 35: 49-70.
29. Vilhelmsen, L. (1999): The occipital region in the basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): a reappraisal. Zool. Scripta 28: 75-85.
30. Vilhelmsen, L. (2000a): Cervical and prothoracic skeleto-musculature in the basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic implications. Zool. Anz. 239: 105-138.
31. Vilhelmsen, L. (2000b): Before the wasp-waist: comparative anatomy and phylogenetic implications of the skeleto-musculature of the thoraco-abdominal boundary region in basal Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoomorph. 119: 185-221.
32. Vilhelmsen, L. (2000c): The ovipositor apparatus of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): phylogenetic implications and functional morphology. Zool. Scripta 29: 319-345.
33. Vilhelmsen, L. (2001): Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 131: 393-442.
34. Whitfield, J. B., Johnson, N. F., & Hamerski, M. R. (1989): Identity and phylogenetic significance of the metapostnotum in nonaculeate Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. 82: 663-673.
35. Willmann, R. (1989): Evolution und phylogenetisches System der Mecoptera (Insecta: Holometabola). Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 544: 1-153.
36. Yuasa, H. (1922): A classification of the larvae of the Tenthredinoidea. Illinois Biol. Monogr. 7 (4): 1-172.