Income Inequality and Infant Mortality in New York City

Journal of Urban Health

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 650-657

  Sohler, Nancy L ^a,c   Arno, Peter S ^a   Chang, Chee Jen ^b   Fang, Jing ^a   Schechter, Clyde ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^c MONTEFIORE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Income inequality; Infant mortality; New York City; SES

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIRTH RATE; CITY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL ASPECT; UNITED STATES; URBAN AREA;

CENSUSES; HUMANS; INCOME; INFANT; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; NEW YORK CITY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 0742288324     PISSN: 10993460     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jurban/jtg071     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Jones AF Jr, Weinberg DH. The changing shape of the nation's income distribution. Current Population Reports. P60-204. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; June 2000.
2. DeNavas-Walt C, Cleveland RW. Money income in the United States, 2001. Current Population Reports. P60-218. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; September 2002.
3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Employment Outlook. Paris, France; July, 1996.
4. Atkinson A, Rainwater L, Smeeding T. Income distribution in advanced economies: evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study. Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; Working Paper No. 1120, October 1995.
5. Wolff EN. Top Heavy: A Study of the Increasing Inequality of Wealth in America. New York, NY: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995.
6. Wolff EN. Recent trends in wealth ownership. In: Shapiro TM, Wolff EN, eds. Assets for the Poor: The Benefits of Spreading Asset Ownership. New York, NY: Russell Sage Press; 2001.
7. Pappas G, Queen S, Hadden W, Fisher G. The increasing disparity in mortality between socioeconomic groups in the United States, 1960 and 1986. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:103-109.
8. Feldman JJ, Makuc DM, Kleinman JC, Cornoni-Huntley J. National trends in educational differentials in mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(5):919-933.
9. Tyroler HA, Wing S, Knowles MG. Increasing inequality in coronary heart disease mortality in relation to educational achievement profiles of places of residence, United States, 1962 to 1987. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3(suppl):S51-S54.
10. Duleep HO. Measuring socio-economic differentials over time. Demography 1989;26:345-351.
11. Rodgers GB. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross-section analysis. Popul Stud. 1979;33:343-351.
12. Flegg AT. Inequality of income, illiteracy and medical care as determinants of infant mortality in underdeveloped countries. Popul Stud. 1982;36:441-458.
13. LeGrand J. Inequalities in health: some international comparisons. Eur Econ Rev. 1987;31:182-191.
14. Waldman RJ. Income distribution and infant mortality. Q J Econ. 1992;107:1283-1302.
15. Wennemo I. Infant mortality, public policy and inequality: a comparison of 18 industrialized countries, 1950-1985. Sociol Health Illness. 1993;15:429-446.
16. Wilkinson RG. Income and mortality. In: Wilkinson RG, ed. Class and Health: Research and Longitudinal Data. London, England: Tavistock; 1986:88-114.
17. Wilkinson RG. Income distribution and life expectancy. BMJ. 1992;304:165-168.
18. Wilkinson RG. Health, redistribution and growth. In: Glyn A, Miliband D, eds. Paying for Inequality: The Economic Cost of Social Injustice. London, England: Rivers Oram Press; 1994:24-43.
19. Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynch JW, Cohen RD, Balfour JL. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways. BMJ. 1996;312:999-1003.
20. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow-Stith D. Income distribution and mortality: cross-sectional ecological study of the Robin-Hood index in the United States. BMJ. 1996;312:1004-1007.
21. Daly MC, Duncan GJ, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Macro-to-micro links in the relation between income inequality and mortality. Milbank Q. 1998;76:315-339.
22. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, et al. Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:1074-1080.
23. Stainstreet D, Scott-Samuel A, Bellis MA. Income inequality and mortality in England. J Public Health Med. 1999;48:733-744.
24. Szwarcwald CL, Andrade CL, Bastos FI. Income inequality, residential poverty clustering and infant mortality: a study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55:2083-2092.
25. Andes N. Institutional contexts and mortality: the case of Peru. Sociol Focus. 1992;25:295-309.
26. Bennett J. Correlates of child mortality in Pakistan: a hazards model analysis. Pak Dev Rev. 1999;38:85-118.
27. Fiscella K, Franks P. Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study. BMJ. 1997;314:1724-1728.
28. Sturm R, Gresenz CR. Relations of income inequality and family income to chronic medical conditions and mental health disorders: national survey. BMJ. 2002;324:20-23.
29. Mellor JM, Milyo J. Reexamining the evidence of an ecological association between income inequality and health. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2001;26:487-520.
30. Deaton A, Lubotsky D. Mortality, inequality and race in American cities and states. Soc Sci Med. 2003;56:1139-1154.
31. Mackenbach JP. Income inequality and population health. BMJ. 2002;324:1-2.
32. Lynch J, Davey Smith G. Commentary. Income inequality and health: the end of the story? Int J Epidemol. 2002;31:549-551.
33. Wilkinson R. Income inequality and population health (letter). BMJ. 2002;324:978.
34. Ross NA, Wolfson MC, Dunn JR, Berthelot J-M, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross-sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics. BMJ. 2000;320:898-902.
35. Soobader M-J, LeClere FB. Aggregation and the measurement of income inequality: effects on morbidity. Soc Sci Med. 1999;48:733-744.
36. Franzini L, Ribble J, Spears W. The effects of income inequality and income level on mortality vary by population size in Texas counties. J Health Soc Behav. 2001;42:373-387.
37. Blakely TA, Lochner K, Kawachi I. Metropolitan area income inequality and self-rated health-a multilevel study. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54:65-77.
38. StataCorp. 1999 Stata Statistical Software: Release 6.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
39. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Glass R, Prothrow-Stith D. Income distribution, socioeconomic status, and self rated health in the United States: multilevel analysis. BMJ. 1998;317:917-921.
40. Arno PS, Schechter C, House J, Sohler NL. The impact of income support programs on health: Social Security and the Earned Income Tax Credit. Paper presented at: Academy for Health Services Research and Health Policy Annual Meeting; June 23-25, 2002; Washington, DC.
41. Kawachi I, Kennedy BP. Income inequality and health: pathways and mechanisms. Health Serv Res. 1999;34(1):215-227.
42. Wilkinson RC. Commentary. Income inequality summarises the health burden of individual relative deprivation. BMJ. 1997;314:1727.
43. O'Neil H, Garcia K, Amerlynck V, Blum B. Policies affecting New York City's low-income families. National Center for Children in Poverty, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, October 2001.
44. House JS. Relating social inequalities in health and income. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2001;26(3):523-532.
45. Diez-Roux AV, Link BG, Northridge ME. A multilevel analysis of income inequality and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Soc Sci Med. 2000;50:673-687.
46. Waitzman NJ, Smith KR. Separate but lethal: the effects of economic segregation on mortality in metropolitan America. Milbank Q. 1998;76:341-373.
47. Daly MC, Duncan GJ, Kaplan GA, Lynch JW. Macro-to-micro links in the relation between income inequality and mortality. Milbank Q. 1998;76:315-339.
48. Krieger N, Waterman P, Chen JT, Soobader M-J, Subramanian SV, Carson R. Zip code caveat: bias due to spatiotemporal mismatches between zip codes and US census-defined geographic areas-the Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(7):1100-1101.
49. Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Soobader M-J, Subramanian SV, Carson R. Geocoding and monitoring of US socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and cancer incidence: does the choice of area-based measure and geographic level matter? The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(5):471-483.
50. Lin S, Fitzgerald E, Hwang SA, Munsie JP, Stark A. Asthma hospitalization rates and socioeconomic status in New York State (1987-1993). J Asthma. 1999;36(3):239-251.
51. Arno PS, Gourevitch MN, Drucker E, et al. Analysis of a population-based Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia index as an outcome measure of access and quality of care for the treatment of HIV disease. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(3):395-398.
52. Zhu CW, Kontos NJ, Oh S, Fahs MC. Psychosis hospitalization in New York City. Paper presented at The First International Conference on Inner City Health; October 3-6, 2002; Toronto, Ontario.
53. Racine AD, Joyce TJ, Li W, Chaisson MA. Recent declines in New York City infant mortality rates. Pediatrics. 1998;101(4):682-688.
54. Kalter HD, Na Y, O'Campo O. Decrease in infant mortality in New York City after 1989. Am J Public Health. 1998;88(5):816-820.