Piriformis syndrome and low back pain: A new classification and review of the literature

Orthopedic Clinics of North America

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 65-71

  Papadopoulos, Elias C ^a   Khan, Safdar N ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; MUSCLE RELAXANT AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ANAMNESIS; BUTTOCK; BUTTOCK PAIN; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; ELECTRODIAGNOSIS; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HIP; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; ISCHIALGIA; LOW BACK PAIN; MUSCLE SPASM; MUSCLE STRETCHING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SCIATIC NERVE;

EID: 0742285274     PISSN: 00305898     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0030-5898(03)00105-6     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Silver J.K., Leadbetter W.B. Piriformis syndrome: assessment of current practice and literature review [see comments]. Orthopedics. 21:1998;1133-1135.
2. Yeoman W. The relation of arthritis of the sacroiliac joint to sciatica, with an analysis of 100 cases. Lancet. 2:1928;1119-1122.
3. Freiberg A.H., Vinke T.H. Sciatica and the sacroiliac joint. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 16:1934;126-136.
4. Beaton L.E., Anson B. The sciatic nerve and the pyriformis muscle: their interrelation a possible cause of coccygodynia. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 20:1938;686-688.
5. Mixter W.J., Barr J.B. Rupture of intervertebral disc with involvement of spinal canal. N Engl J Med. 211:1934;210-215.
6. Freiberg A.H. The fascial elements in associated low-back and sciatic pain. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 23:1941;478-480.
7. Robinson D.R. Pyriformis syndrome in relation to sciatic pain. Am J Surg. 73:1947;335-358.
8. Henry A.K. Exposures in the lower limb. Extensile exposures. 1970;180-197 Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore (MD).
9. Warwick R., Williams P.L. Gray's anatomy. 1973;568 WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
10. Pecina M. Contribution to the etiological explanation of the piriformis syndrome. Acta Anat (Basel). 105:1979;181-187.
11. Pace J.B., Nagle D. Piriform syndrome. West J Med. 124:1976;435-439.
12. Foster M.R. Clinical trial for piriformis syndrome. Orthopedics 1999;99:561, 569.
13. Foster M.R. Piriformis syndrome. Orthopedics. 25:2002;821-825.
14. Chen W.S. Bipartite piriformis muscle: an unusual cause of sciatic nerve entrapment. Pain. 58:1994;269-272.
15. Beauchesne R.P., Schutzer S.F. Myositis ossificans of the piriformis muscle: an unusual cause of piriformis syndrome. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 79:1997;906-910.
16. Bernard T.N. Jr., Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain. Clin Orthop. 217:1987;266-280.
17. Sayson S.C., Ducey J.P., Maybrey J.B., Wesley R.L., Vermilion D. Sciatic entrapment neuropathy associated with an anomalous piriformis muscle. Pain. 59:1994;149-152.
18. Ozaki S., Hamabe T., Muro T. Piriformis syndrome resulting from an anomalous relationship between the sciatic nerve and piriformis muscle. Orthopedics. 22:1999;771-772.
19. Benson E.R., Schutzer S.F. Posttraumatic piriformis syndrome: diagnosis and results of operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 81:1999;941-949.
20. Levin S.M. Piriformis syndrome [letter]. Orthopedics. 23:2000;183-184.
21. McCrory P., Bell S. Nerve entrapment syndromes as a cause of pain in the hip, groin and buttock. Sports Med. 27:1999;261-274.
22. Geelen J.A., de Graaff R., Biemans R.G., Prevo R.L., Koch P.W. Sciatic nerve compression by an aneurysm of the internal iliac artery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 87:1985;219-222.
23. Merlo I.M., Poloni T.E., Alfonsi E., Messina A.L., Ceroni M. Sciatic pain in a young sportsman. Lancet. 349:1997;846.
24. Papadopoulos S.M., McGillicuddy J.E., Albers J.W. Unusual cause of 'piriformis muscle syndrome.'. Arch Neurol. 47:1990;1144-1146.
25. Hughes S.S., Goldstein M.N., Hicks D.G., Pellegrini V.D. Jr. Extrapelvic compression of the sciatic nerve. An unusual cause of pain about the hip: report of five cases [see comments]. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 74:1992;1553-1559.
26. Shinozaki T., Arita S., Watanabe H., Chigira M. Aneurysm of a persistent sciatic artery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 117:1998;167-169.
27. Vanneste J.A., Butzelaar R.M., Dicke H.W. Ischiadic nerve entrapment by an extra- and intrapelvic lipoma: a rare cause of sciatica. Neurology. 30:1980;532-534.
28. Bickels J., Kahanovitz N., Rubert C.K., Henshaw R.M., Moss D.P., Meeler I.et al. Extraspinal bone and soft-tissue tumors as a cause of sciatica. Clinical diagnosis and recommendations: analysis of 32 cases. Spine. 24:1999;1611-1616.
29. Takata K., Takahashi K. Cyclic sciatica. A case report. Spine. 19:1994;89-90.
30. Torkelson S.J., Lee R.A., Hildahl D.B. Endometriosis of the sciatic nerve: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol. 71:1988;473-477.
31. Chen W.S. Chronic sciatica caused by tuberculous sacroiliitis. A case report. Spine. 20:1995;1194-1196.
32. Birkbeck D., Watson J.T. Obturator internus pyomyositis. A case report. Clin Orthop. 316:1995;221-226.
33. Peh W.C., Reinus W.R. Piriformis bursitis causing sciatic neuropathy. Skeletal Radiol. 24:1995;474-476.
34. Servant C.T. An unusual cause of sciatica. A case report. Spine. 23:1998;2134-2136.
35. Uchio Y., Nishikawa U., Ochi M., Shu N., Takata K. Bilateral piriformis syndrome after total hip arthroplasty. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 117:1998;177-179.
36. Spinner R.J., Atkinson J.L., Wenger D.E., Stuart M.J. Tardy sciatic nerve palsy following apophyseal avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity. Case report. J Neurosurg. 89:1998;819-821.
37. Miller A., Stedman G.H., Beisaw N.E., Gross P.T. Sciatica caused by an avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 69:1987;143-145.
38. Mullin V., de Rosayro M. Caudal steroid injection for treatment of piriformis syndrome [see comments]. Anesth Analg. 71:1990;705-707.
39. Mullin V., de Rosayro M., Quint D. Mechanism of action caudal steroids for piriformis syndrome [letter; comment]. Anesth Analg. 86:1998;680.
40. Bonica J.J. Definitions and taxonomy of pain. The management of pain. 1990;18-27 Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
41. Parziale J.R., Hudgins T.H., Fishman L.M. The piriformis syndrome [see comments]. Am J Orthop. 25:1996;819-823.
42. Goldner J.L. Piriformis compression causing low back and lower extremity pain. Am J Orthop. 26:1997;316-318.
43. Beatty R.A. The piriformis muscle syndrome: a simple diagnostic maneuver [see comments]. Neurosurgery. 34:1994;512-514. discussion, 514.
44. Barton P.M. Piriformis syndrome: a rational approach to management. Pain. 47:1991;345-352.
45. Hanania M., Kitain E. Perisciatic injection of steroid for the treatment of sciatica due to piriformis syndrome. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 23:1998;223-228.
46. Brown J.A., Braun M.A., Namey T.C. Pyriformis syndrome in a 10-year-old boy as a complication of operation with the patient in the sitting position. Neurosurgery. 23:1988;117-119.
47. Carmody C., Prietto C. Entrapment of the sciatic nerve as a late sequela of injury to the hamstring muscles. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 77:1995;1100-1102.
48. Abram S.E. Pain mechanisms in lumbar radiculopathy. Anesth Analg. 67:1988;1135-1137.
49. Jankiewicz J.J., Hennrikus W.L., Houkom J.A. The appearance of the piriformis muscle syndrome in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. A case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop. 262:1991;205-209.
50. Solheim L.F., Siewers P., Paus B. The piriformis muscle syndrome. Sciatic nerve entrapment treated with section of the piriformis muscle. Acta Orthop Scand. 52:1981;73-75.
51. Vandertop W.P., Bosma N.J. The piriformis syndrome. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 73:1991;1095-1097.
52. Karl R.D. Jret al. Scintigraphic appearance of the piriformis muscle syndrome. Clin Nucl Med. 10:1985;361-363.
53. Fishman L.M., Zybert P.A. Electrophysiologic evidence of piriformis syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 73:1992;359-364.
54. Synek V.M. The pyriformis syndrome: review and case presentation. Clin Exp Neurol. 23:1987;31-37.
55. Synek V.M. Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with painful dysaesthesias in peripheral nerve lesions. Pain. 29:1987;49-58.
56. Hallin R.P. Sciatic pain and the piriformis muscle. Postgrad Med. 74:1983;69-72.
57. Simons D.G., Travell J.G. Myofascial origins of low back pain. Part 3. Pelvic and lower extremity muscles. Postgrad Med 1983;73:99-105, 108.