Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Retinal Pigment Epithelium Wound Healing

Molecular Neurobiology

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 177-194

  Sugino, Ilene K ^a   Wang, Hao ^a   Zarbin, Marco A ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY AND VISUAL SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

Age related macular degeneration; Bruch's membrane; Cell migration; Organ culture; Retinal pigment epithelium; Wound healing

Indexed keywords

BRUCH MEMBRANE; CELL CULTURE; CELL DENSITY; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CHOROID VASCULARIZATION; CHOROIDAL NEW VESSEL EXCISION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CULTURE MEDIUM; EXPLANT; HUMAN; MEMBRANE DAMAGE; NONHUMAN; ORGAN CULTURE; PHOTORECEPTOR; PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; REGENERATION; RETINA MACULA AGE RELATED DEGENERATION; RETINA ROD; SCAR FORMATION; SUBRETINAL NEOVASCULARIZATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SURGERY; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 0742269619     PISSN: 08937648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/MN:28:2:177     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (106)

1. Klein R., Klein B.E., and Linton K.L. (1992) Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 99, 933-943.
2. Ferris F.L., 3rd, Fine S.L., and Hyman L. (1984) Age-related macular degeneration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 102, 1640-1642.
3. Vingerling J.R., Dielemans I., Hofman A., Grobbee D.E., Hijmering M., Kramer C.F., et al. (1995) The prevalence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 102, 205-210.
4. Mitchell P., Smith W., Attebo K., and Wang J.J. (1995) Prevalence of age-related maculopathy in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 102, 1450-1460.
5. Klein R., Klein B.E., Jensen S.C., and Meuer S.M. (1997) The five-year incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 104, 7-21.
6. Freund K.B., Yannuzz i. L.A., and Sorenson J.A. (1993) Age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 115, 786-791.
7. Bressler N.M. (2001) Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study Group. Photodynamic therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration with verteporfin: two-year results of 2 randomized clinical trials-tap report 2. Arch. Ophthalmol. 119, 198-207.
8. Olsen T.W., Feng X., Kasper T., Rath P.P., and Steuer E.R. (2001) Exudative age-related macular degeneration: fluorescein angiographic subtype prevalence. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, S311.
9. (2001) Verteporfin therapy of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of a randomized clinical trial including lesions with occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization - verteporfin in photodynamic therapy report 2. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 131, 541-560.
10. (2000) Submacular surgery trials randomized pilot trial of laser photocoagulation versus surgery for recurrent choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration: I. Ophthalmic outcomes submacular surgery trials pilot study report number 1. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130, 387-407.
11. Merrill P.T., LoRusso F.J., Lomeo M.D., Saxe S.J., Khan M.M., and Lambert H.M. (1999) Surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 106, 782-789.
12. Thomas M.A., Dickinson J.D., Melberg N.S., Ibanez H.E., and Dhaliwal R.S. (1994) Visual results after surgical removal of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes. Ophthalmology 101, 1384-1396.
13. Nasir M.A., Sugino I., and Zarbin M.A. (1997) Decreased choriocapillaris perfusion following surgical excision of choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81, 481-489.
14. Grossniklaus H.E., Hutchinson A.K., Capone A., Jr., Woolfson J., and Lambert H.M. (1994) Clinicopathologic features of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes. Ophthalmology 101, 1099-1111.
15. Rosa R.H., Thomas M.A., and Green W.R. (1996) Clinicopathologic correlation of submacular membranectomy with retention of good vision in a patient with age-related macular degeneration. Arch. Ophthalmol. 114, 480-487.
16. Hsu J.K., Thomas M.A., Ibanez H., and Green W.R. (1995) Clinicopathologic studies of an eye after submacular membranectomy for choroidal neovascularization. Retina 15, 43-52.
17. Castellarin A.A., Nasir M.A., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (1998) Clinicopathological correlation of primary and recurrent choroidal neovascularisation following surgical excision in age related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 82, 480-487.
18. Korte G.E., Burns M.S., and Bellhorn R.W. (1989) Epithelium-capillary interactions in the eye: the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris. Int. Rev. Cytol. 114, 221-248.
19. Algvere P.V., Berglin L., Gouras P., Sheng Y., and Kopp E.D. (1997) Transplantation of RPE in age-related macular degeneration: observations in disciform lesions and dry RPE atrophy. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 235, 149-158.
20. Del Priore L., Kaplan H.J., Tezel T.H., and Berger A.S. (1998) Retinal pigment epithelium transplantation for subfoveal neovascularization in exudative age-related macular degeneration: A clinical trial. In: The Macula Society, Boca Raton, FL.
21. Gouras P. and Algvere P. (1996) Retinal cell transplantation in the macula: new techniques. Vision Res. 36, 4121-4125.
22. Algvere P.V., Berglin L., Gouras P., and Sheng Y. (1994) Transplantation of fetal retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal neovascularization. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232, 707-716.
23. Algvere P.V., Gouras P., and Dafgard Kopp E. (1999) Long-term outcome of RPE allografts in non-immunosuppressed patients with AMD. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 9, 217-230.
24. Del Priore L.V., Kaplan H.J., Tezel T.H., Hayashi N., Berger A.S., and Green W.R. (2001) Retinal pigment epithelial cell transplantation after subfoveal membranectomy in age-related macular degeneration: clinicopathologic correlation. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 131, 472-480
25. Tsukahara I., Ninomiya S., Castellarin A., Yagi F., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (2002) Early attachment of uncultured retinal pigment epithelium from aged donors onto Bruch's membrane explants. Exp. Eye Res. 74, 255-266.
26. Castellarin A.A., Sugino I.K., Vargas J.A., Parolini B., Lui G.M., and Zarbin M.A. (1998) In vitro transplantation of fetal human retinal pigment epithelial cells onto human cadaver Bruch's membrane. Exp. Eye Res. 66, 49-67.
27. Tezel T.H., Del Priore L.V., and Kaplan H.J. (1997) Reattachment of harvested retinal pigment epithelium to a substrate prevents apoptosis. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 235, 41-47.
28. Sheng Y., Gouras P., Cao H., Berglin L., Kjeldbye H., Lopez R., et al. (1995) Patch transplants of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium in rabbit and monkey retina. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36, 381-390.
29. Lai C.C., Gouras P., Doi K., Tsang S.H., Goff S.P., and Ashton P. (2000) Local immunosuppression prolongs survival of RPE xenografts labeled by retroviral gene transfer. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 3134-3141.
30. Wongpichedchai S., Weiter J.J., Weber P., and Dorey C.K. (1992) Comparison of external and internal approaches for transplantation of autologous retinal pigment epithelium. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 3341-3352.
31. el Dirini A.A., Wang H.M., Ogden T.E., and Ryan S.J. (1992) Retinal pigment epithelium implantation in the rabbit: technique and morphology. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 230, 292-300.
32. Gouras P., Flood M.T., Kjedbye H., Bilek M.K., and Eggers H. (1985) Transplantation of cultured human retinal epithelium to Bruch's membrane of the owl monkey's eye. Curr. Eye Res. 4, 253-265.
33. Gouras P., Lopez R., Brittis M., and Kjeldbye H. (1992) The ultrastructure of transplanted rabbit retinal epithelium. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 230, 468-475.
34. He S., Wang H.M., Ogden T.E., and Ryan S.J. (1993) Transplantation of cultured human retinal pigment epithelium into rabbit subretina. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 231, 737-742.
35. Lane C. and Boulton M. (1987) Retinal pigment epithelial transplantation: technique and possible applications. Adv. Biosci. 63, 125-137.
36. Li L.X. and Turner J.E. (1988) Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells to immature and adult rat hosts: short-and long-term survival characteristics. Exp. Eye Res. 47, 771-785.
37. Li L.X. and Turner J.E. (1988) Inherited retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat: prevention of photoreceptor degeneration by pigment epithelial cell transplantation. Exp. Eye Res. 47, 911-917.
38. Li L. and Turner J.E. (1991) Optimal conditions for long-term photoreceptor cell rescue in RCS rats: the necessity for healthy RPE transplants. Exp. Eye Res. 52, 669-679.
39. Little C.W., Castillo B., DiLoreto D.A., Cox C., Wyatt J., del Cerro C., et al. (1996) Transplantation of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium rescues photoreceptor cells from degeneration in the Royal College of Surgeons rat retina. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 37, 204-211.
40. Lopez R., Gouras P., Brittis M., and Kjeldbye H. (1987) Transplantation of cultured rabbit retinal epithelium to rabbit retina using a closed-eye method. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 28, 1131-1137.
41. Lopez R., Gouras P., Kjeldbye H., Sullivan B., Reppucci V., Brittis M., et al. (1989) Transplanted retinal pigment epithelium modifies the retinal degeneration in the RCS rat. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 30, 586-588.
42. Lai C.C., Gouras P., Doi K., Lu F., Kjeldbye H., Goff S.P., et al. (1999) Tracking RPE transplants labeled by retroviral gene transfer with green fluorescent protein. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 40, 2141-2146.
43. Wang H., Leonard D.S., Castellarin A.A., Tsukahara I., Ninomiya Y., Yagi F., et al. (2001) Short-term study of allogeneic retinal pigment epithelium transplants onto debrided bruch's membrane. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, 2990-2999.
44. Karwatowski W.S., Jeffries T.E., Duance V.C., Albon J., Bailey A.J., and Easty D.L. (1995) Preparation of bruch's membrane and analysis of the age-related changes in the structural collagens. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79, 944-952.
45. Pauleikhoff D., Harper C.A., Marshall J., and Bird A.C. (1990) Aging changes in Bruch's membrane. A histochemical and morphologic study. Ophthalmology 97, 171-178.
46. Zarbin M.A. (1998) Age-related macular degeneration: review of pathogenesis. [Review] [65 refs]. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 8, 199-206.
47. Abdelsalam A., Del Priore L., and Zarbin M.A. (1999) Drusen in age-related macular degeneration: pathogenesis, natural course, and laser photocoagulation-induced regression. [Review] [148 refs]. Surv. Ophthalmol. 44, 1-29.
48. Lopez P.F., Grossniklaus H.E., Lambert H.M., Aaberg T.M., Capone A., Jr., Sternberg P., Jr., et al. (1991) Pathologic features of surgically excised subretinal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 112, 647-656.
49. Ormerod L.D., Puklin J.E., and Frank R.N. (1994) Long-term outcomes after the surgical removal of advanced subfoveal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 101, 1201-1210.
50. Pollack J.S., Del Priore L.V., Smith M.E., Feiner M.A., and Kaplan H.J. (1996) Postoperative abnormalities of the choriocapillaris in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 80, 314-318.
51. Hudson H.L., Frambach D.A., and Lopez P.F. (1995) Relation of the functional and structural fundus changes after submacular surgery for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 79, 417-423.
52. Verstraeten T.C., Buzney S.M., Macdonald S.G., and Neufeld A.H. (1990) Retinal pigment epithelium wound closure in vitro. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 31, 481-488.
53. Kamei M., Lewis J.M., Hayashi A., Sakagami K., Ohji M., and Tano Y. (1996) A new wound healing model of retinal pigment epithelial cells in sheet culture. Curr. Eye Res. 15, 714-718.
54. Kaida M., Cao F., Skumatz C.M., Irving P.E., and Burke J.M. (2000) Time at confluence for human RPE cells: effects on the adherens junction and in vitro wound closure. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 3215-3224.
55. Grisanti S G.C. (1995) Transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36, 391-405.
56. Kamei M.K.A. and Tano Y (1998) Analysis of extracellular matrix synthesis during wound healing of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Microscopy Research and Technique 42, 311-316.
57. Velhagen K.H., Druegg A., and Rieck P. (1999) [Proliferation and wound healing of retinal pigment epithelium cells in vitro. Effect of human thrombocyte concentrate, serum and PDGF]. Ophthalmologe 96, 77-81.
58. Johnson D.A., Fields C., Fallon A., Fitzgerald M.E., Viar M.J., and Johnson L.R. (2002) Polyamine-dependent migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis Sci. 43, 1228-1233.
59. Verstraeten T., Hartzer M., Wilcox D.K., and Cheng M. (1992) Effects of vitamin A on retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 33, 2830-2838.
60. Han Q.H., Hui Y.N., Du H.J., Zhang W.J., Ma J.X., and Wang S.Y. (2001) Migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro modulated by monocyte chemotactic protein-1: enhancement and inhibition. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 239, 531-538.
61. Sakamoto T., Hinton D.R., Kimura H., Spee C., Gopalakrishna R., and Ryan S.J. (1996) Vitamin E succinate inhibits proliferation and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro: therapeutic implication for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 234, 186-192.
62. Murphy T.L., Sakamoto T., Hinton D.R., Spee C., Gundimeda U., Soriano D., et al. (1995) Migration of retinal pigment epithelium cells in vitro is regulated by protein kinase C. Exp. Eye Res. 60, 683-695.
63. Campochiaro P.A., Hackett S.F., Vinores S.A., Freund J., Csaky C., LaRochelle W., et al. (1994) Platelet-derived growth factor is an autocrine growth stimulator in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. J. Cell Sci. 107 (Pt 9), 2459-2469.
64. Matsumoto M Y.N. and Honda Y (1994) Increased production of transforming growth factor B2 from cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells by photocoagulation. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis.Sci. 35, 4245-4252.
65. Singh S., Zheng J.J., Peiper S.C., and McLaughlin B.J. (2001) Gene expression profile of ARPE-19 during repair of the monolayer. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 239, 946-951.
66. Hergott G.J. and Kalnins V.I. (1991) Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in migrating retinal pigment epithelial cells during wound healing in organ culture. Exp. Cell Res. 195, 307-314.
67. Hergott G.J., Nagai H., and Kalnins V.I. (1993) Inhibition of retinal pigment epithelial cell migration and proliferation with monoclonal antibodies against the beta I integrin subunit during wound healing in organ culture. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 2761-2768.
68. Hergott G.J., Sandig M., and Kalnins V.I. (1989) Cytoskeletal organization of migrating retinal pigment epithelial cells during wound healing in organ culture. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 13, 83-93.
69. Kalnins V.I., Sandig M., Hergott G.J., and Nagai H. (1995) Microfilament organization and wound repair in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem. Cell Biol. 73, 709-722.
70. Oganesian A., Bueno E., Yan Q., Spee C., Black J., Rao N.A., et al. (1997) Scanning and transmission electron microscopic findings during RPE wound healing in vivo. Int. Ophthalmol. 21, 165-175.
71. Lopez P.F., Yan Q., Kohen L., Rao N.A., Spee C., Black J., and Oganesian A. (1995) Retinal pigment epithelial wound healing in vivo. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 1437-1446.
72. Leonard D.S., Zhang X.G., Panozzo G., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (1997) Clinicopathologic correlation of localized retinal pigment epithelium debridement. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 38, 1094-1109.
73. Leonard D.S., Sugino I.K., Zhang X.-G., and Zarbin M.A. (in press) Ultrastructural analysis of localized hydraulic and abrasive retinal pigment epithelial cell debridements. Exp. Eye Res.
74. Valentino T L K.H.J., Del Priore L.V., Fang S.R., Berger A., and Silverman M.S. (1995) Retinal pigment epithelial repopulation in monkeys after submacular surgery. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 932-938.
75. Hayashi A., Majji A.B., Fujioka S., Kim H.C., Fukushima I., and de Juan E., Jr. (1999) Surgically induced degeneration and regeneration of the choriocapillaris in rabbit. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 237, 668-677.
76. Ozaki S., Kita M., Yamana T., Negi A., and Honda Y (1997) Influence of the sensory retina on healing of the rabbit retinal pigment epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 16, 349-358.
77. Del Priore L.V., Hornbeck R., Kaplan H.J., Jones Z., Valentino T.L., Mosinger-Ogilvie J., et al. (1995) Débridement of the pig retinal pigment epithelium in vivo. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 939-944.
78. Heriot W.J. and Machemer R. (1992) Pigment epithelial repair. Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 230, 91-100.
79. Kimizuka Y Y.T. and Tamai M. (1997) Quantitative study on regenerated retinal pigment epithelium and the effects of growth factor. Curr. Eye Res. 16, 1081-1087.
80. Rosa R.H., Jr., Glaser B.M., de la Cruz Z., and Green W.R. (1996) Clinicopathologic correlation of an untreated macular hole and a macular hole treated by vitrectomy, transforming growth factor-beta 2, and gas tamponade. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 122, 853-863.
81. Castellarin A.A., Nasir M.A., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (1998) Progressive presumed choriocapillaris atrophy after surgery for age-related macular degeneration. Retina 18, 143-149.
82. Grossniklaus H.E. and Green W.R. (1998) Histopathologic and ultrastructural findings of surgically excised choroidal neovascularization. Submacular Surgery Trials Research Group. Arch. Ophthalmol. 116, 745-749.
83. Berger A.S., Beaty C.A., and Bassnett S. (1998) Retinal pigment epithelial cell regeneration in organ culture. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39, S190.
84. Wang H., Ninomiya Y., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (in press) Retinal pigment epithelium wound healing on human Bruch's membrane explants. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
85. Belkin A.M. and Stepp M.A. (2000) Integrins as receptors for laminins. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51, 280-301.
86. Pytela R., Pierschbacher M.D., and Ruoslahti E. (1985) Identification and isolation of a 140 kd cell surface glycoprotein with properties expected of a fibronectin receptor. Cell 40, 191-198.
87. Busk M., Pytela R., and Sheppard D. (1992) Characterization of the integrin alpha v beta 6 as a fibronectin-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5790-5796.
88. Das A., Frank R.N., Zhang N.L., and Turczyn T.J. (1990) Ultrastructural localization of extracellular matrix components in human retinal vessels and Bruch's membrane. Arch. Ophthalmol. 108, 421-429.
89. Crabb J.W., Miyagi M., Gu X., Shadrach K., West K.A., Sakaguchi H., et al. (2002) Drusen proteome analysis: an approach to the etiology of age-related macular degeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 14,682-14,687.
90. Ishida M., Lui G.M., Yamani A., Sugino I.K., and Zarbin M.A. (1998) Culture of human retinal pigment epithelial cells from peripheral scleral flap biopsies. Curr. Eye Res. 17, 392-402.
91. McKay B.S. and Burke J.M. (1994) Separation of phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 213, 85-92.
92. Del Priore L.V., Glaser B.M., Quigley H.A., and Green W.R. (1989) Response of pig retinal pigment epithelium to laser photocoagulation in organ culture. Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 119-122.
93. MacDonald I.M., Peters C., and Chen M.H. (1996) Effects of retinoic acid on wound healing of laser burns to porcine retinal pigment epithelium. Can. J. Ophthalmol. 31, 175-178.
94. Nicolaissen B. (1988) Argon laser lesions in the human RPE in vitro. Acta Ophthalmologica 66, 277-285.
95. Burton T.C. (1982) Recovery of visual acuity after retinal detachment involving the macula. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 80, 475-497.
96. Machemer R. (1968) Experimental retinal detachment in the owl monkey. IV. The reattached retina. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 66, 1075-1091.
97. Anderson D.H., Guerin C.J., Erickson P.A., Stern W.H., and Fisher S.K. (1986) Morphological recovery in the reattached retina. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 27, 168-183.
98. Mervin K., Valter K., Maslim J., Lewis G., Fisher S., and Stone J. (1999) Limiting photoreceptor death and deconstruction during experimental retinal detachment: the value of oxygen supplementation. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 128, 155-164.
99. Erickson P.A., Fisher S.K., Anderson D.H., Sterm W.H., and Borgula G.A. (1983) Retinal detachment in the cat: the outer nuclear and outer plexiform layers. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 24, 927-942.
100. Fisher S.K., Stone J., Rex T.S., Linberg K.A., and Lewis G.P. (2001) Experimental retinal detachment: a paradigm for understanding the effects of induced photoreceptor degeneration. Prog. Br. Res. 131, 679-698.
101. Geller A.M. and Sieving P.A. (1993) Assessment of foveal cone photoreceptors in Stargardt's macular dystrophy using a small dot detection task. Vision Res. 33, 1509-1524.
102. Del Priore L.V., Kaplan H.J., Hornbeck R., Jones Z., and Swinn M. (1996) Retinal pigment epithelial debridement as a model for the pathogenesis and treatment of macular degeneration. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 122, 629-643.
103. Grierson I., Hiscott P., Hogg R, Robey H., Mazure A., and Larkin G. (1994) Development, repair and regeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye 8, 255-262.
104. Del Priore L., Glasser B., Quigley H., Dorman M., and Green W. (1988) Morphology of pig retinal pigment epithelium maintained in organ culture. Arch. Ophthalmol. 106, 1286-1290.
105. Opas M., Dziak E. (1994) bFGF-induced transdifferentiation of RPE to neuronal progenitors is regulated by the mechanical properties of the substratum. Dev. Biol. 161, 440-454.
106. Ninomiya Y., Sugino I., and Zarbin M.A. (2001) Effect of human retinal pigment epithelium basement menbrane on the ability of human retinal pigment epitheliun to repopulate a wound area. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42, S812.