Resisting a genetic identity: The black seminoles and genetic tests of ancestry

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 262-271

  Johnston, Josephine ^a,b  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CONFERENCE PAPER; ECONOMIC ASPECT; GENETIC SCREENING; GENETICS; HUMAN; INDIAN; LAND USE; MIGRATION; POPULATION GENETICS; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; UNITED STATES; AMERICAN INDIAN; DNA FINGERPRINTING; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; HISTORY; LEGAL APPROACH; LEGAL ASPECT; NEGRO; REVIEW; SOCIAL PROBLEM;

GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; LEGAL APPROACH;

AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; DNA FINGERPRINTING; FLORIDA; HISTORY, 17TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN; OKLAHOMA; SOCIAL PROBLEMS;

EID: 0642371806     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00087.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

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64. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
65. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
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67. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
68. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
69. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
70. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
71. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
72. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
73. Y. Qian et al., "Multiple Origins of Tibetan Y-Chromosomes," Human Genetics, 106 (2000): 453-54; P. Underhill et al., "Maori Origins, Y-Chromosome Haplotypes and Implications for Human History in the Pacific," Human Mutation, 17 (2001): 271-80; A. Arnaiz-Villena et al., "The Origin of Palestinians and Their Genetic Relatedness with Other Mediterranean Population," Journal of Human Immunology, 62 (2001): 889-900; D. Nebel et al., "High-Resolution Y Chromosome Haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs Reveal Geographic Substructure and Substantial Overlap with Haplotypes of Jews," Human Genetics, 107 (2000): 630-41; M.G. Thomas et al., "A Genetic Date for the Origin of Old Testament Priests," Nature, 394 (1998): 138-40; G. Passarino et al., "Different Genetic Components in the Ethiopian Population, Identified by mtDNA and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms," American Journal of Human Genetics, 62 (1998): 420-34; J.Y. Chu et al., "Genetic Relationship of Populations in China," PNAS, 95 (1998): 11763-68; D. Carvalho-Silva et al., "The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages," American Journal of Human Genetics, 68 (2000): 281-86; A. Redd and M. Stoneking, "Peopling of Sahul: mtDNA Variation in Aboriginal Australians and Papua New Guinean Populations," American Journal of Human Genetics, 65 (1999): 808-28; M. Richards et al., "Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool," American Journal of Human Genetics, 67 (2000): 1251-76; L. Chikhi et al., "Clines of Nuclear DNA Markers Suggest a Largely Neolithic Ancestry of the European Gene Pool," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95 (1998): 9053-58; B.A. Malyarchuk and M.V. Derenko, "Mitochondrial DNA Variability in Russians and Ukrainians: Implications to the Origin of the Eastern Slavs," Annals of Human Genetics, 65 (2001): 63-78.
74. F. Lebrun, "The Limits of Science, and of Sense," Times Union (Albany), March 6, 2000, at B1.
75. Telephone conversation between the author and Ronald Roberts, chief of the Western Mohegan tribe of the upper Hudson, December 2, 2001.
76. K. Tallbear, Genetics, Culture and Identity in Indian Country, paper presented at Seventh International Congress of Ethnobiology, Athens, Georgia, October, 23-27, 2000, available at 〈http://www.iiirm.org/publications/ Genetics/ISEPaper.pdf〉.
77. DNA Testing and Native Americans, H. 809, 1999-2000 Sess., Vermont Legislature.
78. N. Yona, "DNA Testing in Vermont," Abolitionist Examiner, April/May, 2001 (quoting Debra Harry), available at 〈http://www. multiracial.com/abolitionist/word/yona-parttwo.html〉.
79. D. Shovel, Down with the Maslack Proposal, formerly at 〈http://www.dickshovel.com/maslack.html〉 (last visited May 17, 2001). The petition is no longer operating.
80. See Tallbear, supra note 64, at 3.
81. See id. at 4.