Anisotropy Reversals in the Distant Magnetotail and Their Association with Magnetospheric Substorms

Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity

Volumn 48, Issue 42496, 1996, Pages 629-648

  Angelopoulos, V ^a,b   Lui, A T Y ^a   McEntire, R W ^a   Williams, D J ^a   Christon, S P ^c   Nakamura, M ^d   Kusaka, H ^d   Mukai, T ^e   Yamamoto, T ^e   Kokubun, S ^f   Reeves, G D ^g   Friis Christensen, E ^h   Hughes, W J ⁱ  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^e JAPAN AEROSPACE EXPLORATION AGENCY   (Japan)

^f NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^g LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^h DANISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Denmark)

ⁱ BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0642357864     PISSN: 00221392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5636/jgg.48.629     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Angelopoulos, V., C. F. Kennel, P. V. Coroniti, R. Pellat, M. G. Kivelson, R. J. Walker, C. T. Russell, W. Baurnjohann, W. C. Feldman, and J. T. Gosling, Statistical characteristics of bursty bulk flow events, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 21, 257-21, 280, 1994.
2. Angelopoulos, V., D. G. Mitchell, D. J. Williams, R. W. McEntire, A. T. Y. Lui, R. B. Decker, S. M. Krimigis, E. C. Roelof, S. P. Christon, S. Kokubun, T. Yamamoto, W. J. Hughes, J. C. Samson, E. Friis-Christensen, and K. Hayashi, Growth and evolution of a plasmoid associated with a small isolated substorm: IMP8-GEOTAIL measurements in the magnetotail, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3011-3014, 1995.
3. Angelopnulos, V., D. G. Mitchell, R. W. McEntire, D. J. Williams, A. T. Y. Lui, S. M. Krimigis, R. B. Decker, S. P. Christon, S. Kokubun, T. Yamamoto, Y. Saito, T. Mukai, F. S. Mozer, K. Tsuruda, G. Reeves, W. J. Hughes, E. Friis-Christensen, and O, Troshichev, Tailward progression of magnetotail acceleration centers: relationship to substorm current wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 1996 (in press).
4. Baker, D. N., P. R. Higbic, E. W. Hones, Jr., and R. D. Belian, High-resolution energetic particle measurements at 6.6RE, 3, Low energy electron anisotropics and short-term substorm predictions, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4863-4868, 1978.
5. Baker, D. N., S. J. Bame, R. D. Belian, W. C. Feldman, J. T. Gosling, P. R. Higbie, E. W. Hones Jr., D. J. McComas, and R. D. Zwickl, Correlated dynamical changes in the near-Earth and distant magnetotail regions: ISEE 3, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3855-3864, 1984.
6. Cattell, C. A. and F. S. Mozer, Electric field measured by ISEE-1 within and near the neutral sheet during quiet and active times, Geophys. Res. Lett., 9, 1041-1044, 1982.
7. Cattell, C. A. and F. S. Mozer, Substorm electric fields in the Earth's magnetotail, in Magnetic reconnection in Space and Laboratory Plasmas, Geophys. Monogr, Ser., Vol. 30, edited by E. W. Hones, Jr., pp. 208-215, AGU, Washington D. C., 1984.
8. Christon, S. P., G. Gloeckler, D. J. Williams, T. Mukai, R. W. McEntire, C. Jacquey, V. Angelopoulos, A. T. Y. Lui, S. Kokubun, D. H. Fairfield, M. Hirahara. and T. Yamamoto, Energetic and atomic molecular ions of ionospheric origin observed in distant magnetotail flow-reversal events, Geophys. Res. Lett, 21, 3023-3026. 1994.
9. Christon, S. P., D. G. Mitchell, D. J. Williams, L. A. Frank, C. Y. Huang, and T. E. Eastman, Energy spectra of plasma sheet ions and electrons from ~50 eV/e to ~1 MeV during plasma temperature transitions, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 2562-2572, 1988.
10. Christon, S. P., D. J. Williams, D. G. Mitchell, L. A. Frank, and C. Y. Huang, Spectral characteristics of plasma sheet ion and electron populations during undisturbed geomagnetic conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13, 409-13, 424, 1989.
11. Christon, S. P., D. J. Williams, D. G. Mitchell, C. Y. Huang, and L. A. Frank, Spectral characteristics of plasma sheet ion and electron populations during disturbed geomagnetic conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1-22, 1991.
12. Daly, P. W., T. R. Sanderson, and K.-P. Wenzel, Survey of energetic (E>35 keV) ion anisotropies in the deep geomagnetic tail, J. Geophys. Res, 89, 10, 733-10, 739, 1984.
13. Dmitrieva, N. P. and V. A. Sergeev, The spontaneous and induced onset of the explosive phase of a magnetospheric substorm and the duration of its preliminary phase, Geomagn. Aeronomy, (English edition) 23, 380-383, 1983.
14. Frank, L. A. and W. R. Paterson, Survey of electron and ion bulk flows in the distant magnetotail with the Geotail spacecraft, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2963-2966, 1994.
15. Forbes, T. G., E. W., Hones Jr., S. J. Bame, J. R. Asbridge, G. Paschmann, N. Sckopke, and C. T. Russell, Evidence for the tailward retreat of a magnetic neutral line in the magnetotail during substorm recovery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 261-264, 1981.
16. Hones, E. W., Jr., J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame, and S. Singer, Substorm variations in the magnetotail plasma sheet from Xgsm=-6RE to Xgsm=-60RE, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 109-132, 1973.
17. Hones, E. W., Jr., The magnetotail: Its generation and dissipation, in Physics of Solar Planetary Environments, edited by D. J. Williams, pp. 559-571, Washington, D. C., 1970.
18. Hones, E. W., Jr., Transient phenomena in the magnetotail and their relation to substorms, Space Sci. Rev., 23, 393-410, 1979.
19. Hones, E. W., Jr., D. N. Baker, S. J. Bame, W. C. Feldman, J. T. Gosling, D. J. McComas, R. D. Zwickl, J. A. Slavin, E. J. Smith, and B. T. Tsurutani, Structure of the magnetotail at 220RE and its response to geomagnetic activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 5-8, 1984.
20. Hones, E. W., Jr. and K. Schindler, Magnetotail plasma flow during substorms: A survey with IMP 6 and IMP 8, J Geophys. Res., 84. 7155-7169, 1979.
21. Jacquey, C., J. A. Sauvaud, and J. Dandouras, Location and propagation of the magnetotail current disruption during substorm expansion: Analysis and simulation of an ISEE multi-onset event., Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 389-392, 1991.
22. Jacquey, C., J. A. Sauvaud, J. Dandouras, and A. Korth, Tailward propagating cross-tail current disruption and dynamics of near-Earth tail: A multi-point measurement analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 983-986, 1993.
23. Jacquey, C., D. J. Williams, R. W. McEntire, A. T. Y. Lui, V. Angelopoulos, S. P. Christon, S. Kokubun, T. Yamamoto, G. D. Reeves, and R. D. Belian, Tailward energetic ion streams observed at ~100RE by GEOTAIL-EPIC associated with geomagnetic activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 3015-3018, 1994.
24. Kamei, T, M. Sugiura, and T. Araki, Auroral electrojet indices, WDC-C2 for Geomagnetism Data Book, 18, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 1989.
25. Kettmann, G., T. A. Fritz, and E. W. Hones Jr., CDAW 7 revisited: Further evidence for the creation of a near-Earth substorm neutral line, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 12, 317-12, 318, 1990.
26. Kokubun, S., T. Yamamoto, M. H. Acuña, K. Hayashi, K. Shiokawa, and H. Kawano, The GEOTAIL magnetic field experiment, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 46, 7-21, 1994.
27. Lin, N., R. L. McPherron, M. G. Kivelson, and R. J. Walker, Multipoint reconnection in the near-Earth magnetotail: CDAW 6 observations of energetic particles and magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19, 427-19, 440, 1991.
28. Lui, A. T., Y., A synthesis of magnetospheric substorm models, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 1849, 1991.
29. Lui, A. T. Y., P. H. Yoon, and C.-L. Chang, Quasi-linear analysis of ion Weibel instability, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 153-163, 1993.
30. Lynn, J. G., J. A. Fedder, and J. D. Huba, The effects of different resistivity models on magnetotail dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8057-8064, 1986.
31. Lyons, L. R., Substorms: Fundamental observational features, distinction from other disturbances, and external triggering, J. Geophys. Res., 1996 (in press).
32. Maynard, N. C., W. J. Burke, F. J. Rich, M. Nakamura, V. Angelopoulos, B. Jacodsen, A. Egeland, H. Luhr, A. Nishida, T. Mukai, T. Yamamoto, K. Tsuruda, and S. Kokubun, Dynamics of the high latitude boundary of the nightside aurora; a comparison of GEOTAIL and ground based observations, EOS Trans., 76, F467, 1995.
33. McPherrou, R. L., Physical processes producing magnetospheric substorms and magnetic storms, Geotnagnetism., 4, 593-793, 1991.
34. McPherrou, R. L., Magnetospheric substorms, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 17, 057, 1979.
35. McPherron, R. L., C. T. Russell, and M. Aubry, Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1978, 9. Phenomenological model for substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 3131-3149, 1973.
36. McPherron, R. L., T. Terasawa, and A. Nishida, Solar wind triggering of substorm onset, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 38, 1089-1108, 1986.
37. Moldwin, M. B. and W. J. Hughes, On the formation and evolution of plasmoids: A survey of ISEE 3 geotail data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19, 259-19, 282, 1992.
38. Moldwin, M. B. and W. J. Hughes, Geomagnetic substorm association of plasmoids, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 81-88, 1993.
39. Mukai, T., S. Machita, Y. Saito, M. Hirahara, T. Terasawa, N. Kaya, T. Obara, M. Ejiri, and A. Nishida, The low energy particle (LEP) experiment onboard the GEOTAIL satellite, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 46, 669-692, 1994.
40. Nishida, A. and N. Nagayama, Magnetic field observations in the low latitude magnetotail during substorms, Planet Space Sci., 23, 1119-1125, 1975.
41. Nishida, A., H. Hayakawa, and E. W. Hones Jr., Observed signatures of reconnection in the magnetotail, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 1436-1442, 1981.
42. Nishida, A., T. Mukai, Y. Saito, T. Yamamoto, H. Hayakawa, K. Maezawa, S. Machita, T. Terasawa, S. Kokubun, and T. Nagai, Transition from slow flow to fast tailward flow in the distant plasma sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2939-2942, 1994.
43. Nishida, A., T. Mukai, T. Yamamoto, Y. Saito, and S. Kokubun, GEOTAIL observations on the reconnection process in the distant tail in geomagnetically active times, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2453-2456, 1995
44. Nishida, A., T. Mukai, T. Yamamoto, Y. Saito, and S. Kokubun, Magnetotail convection in geomagnetically active times. 1. Distance to the neutral lines, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., this isaue, 1996.
45. Ogino, T., R, J. Walker, and M. Ashour-Abdalla, A global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the response of the magnetosphere to a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11, 027-11, 042, 1994.
46. Ohtani, S., S. Kokubun, and C. T. Russell, Radial expansion of the tail current disruption during substorms: A new approach to the substorm onset region, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3129-3136, 1992.
47. Paschmarm, G., N. Sckopke, and E. W. Hones, Jr., Magnetotail plasma observations during the 1054 UT substorm on March 22, 1979 (CDAW 6), J. Geophys. Res., 90, 1217-1229, 1985.
48. Richardson, I. G. and S. W. H. Cowley, Plasmoid-associated energetic ion bursts in the deep geomagnetic tail; Properties of the boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 12, 133-12, 158, 1985.
49. Richardson, I. G., C. J. Owen, S. W. H. Cowley, A. B. Calvin, T. R. Sanderson, M. Scholer, J, A. Slavin, and H. D. Zwickl, ISEE 3 observations during the CDAW 8 intervals: Case studies of the distant geomagnetic tail covering a wide range of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15, 189-15, 220, 1989.
50. Russell, C. T. and R. L. McPherron, The magnetotail and substorms, Space Sci. Rev., 15, 111-222, 1973.
51. Schindler, K., D. N. Baker, J. Birn, E. W. Hones, Jr., J. A. Slavin, and A. B. Galvin, Analysis of an extended period of Earthward plasma sheet flow at ~220 RE: CDAW 8, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15, 177-15, 188, 1989.
52. Scholer, M., D. Hovestadt, B. Klecker, G. Gloeckler, and F. M. Ipavich, Average flow between ~70 RE and ~220RE in the magnetotail, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 343-349, 1984.
53. Sergeev, V. A., V. Angelopoulos, D. G. Mitchell, and C. T. Russell, In situ observations of magnetotail reconnection prior to the onset of a small substorm,. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 19, 121-19, 133, 1995.
54. Slavin, J. A., D. N. Baker, J. D. Craven, R. C. Elphic, D. H. Fairfield, L. A. Frank, A. B. Galvin, W, J. Hughes, R. H. Manka, D. G. Mitchell, I. G. Richardson, T, R. Sanderson, D. J. Sibeck, E. J. Smith, and R. D. Zwickl, CDAW 8 observations of plasmoid signatures in the geomagnetic tail: An assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15, 153-15, 175, 1989.
55. Slavin, J. A., E. J. Smith, D. G. Sibeck, D. N. Baker, R. D. Zwickl, and S.-I. Akosofu, An ISEE 3 study of average and substorm conditions in the distant magnetotail, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 10, 875-10, 895, 1985.
56. Slavin, J. A., M. F. Smith, E. L. Mazur, D. N. Baker, T. Iyemori, H. J. Singer, and E. W. Greenstadt, ISEE 3 plasmoid and TCR observations during an extended interval of substorm activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 825, 1992.
57. Slavin, J. A., M. F. Smith, E. L. Mazur, D. M. Baker, E. W. Hones, Jr., T. Iyemori, and E. W. Greenstadt, ISEE 3 observations of traveling compression regions in the Earth's magnetotail, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 15, 425-15, 446, 1993.
58. Williams, D. J., Energetic ion beams at the edge of the plasma sheet: ISEE 1 observations plus a simple explanatory model, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 5507-5518, 1981.
59. Williams, D. J., R. W. McEntire, C. Schlemm II, A. T. Y. Lui, G. Gloeckler, S. P. Christon, and F. Gliem, GEOTAIL energetic particles and ion composition instrument, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 46, 39-57, 1994.
60. Yumoto, K., Y. Tanaka, T. Oguti, K. Shiokawa, Y. Yoshimura, A. Isono, B. J. Fraser, F. W. Menk, J. W. Lynn, M. Seto, and the 210 MM Magnetic Observation Group, Globally coordinated magnetic observations along the 210 deg magnetic meridian during the STEP period: 1. Preliminary results of low-latitude PC 3's, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 44. 261-276, 1992.
61. Zwickl, R. D., D. N. Baker, S. J. Bame, W. C. Feldman, J. T. Gosling, E. W. Hones, Jr., D. J. McComas, B. T. Tsurutani, and J. A. Slavin, Evolution of the earth's distant magnetotail: ISEE 3 electron plasma results, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11, 007-11, 012, 1984.