Mondays without dread: The trade union response to byssinosis in the Lancashire cotton industry in the twentieth century

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 79-95

  Bowden, Sue ^a   Tweedale, Geoffrey ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Byssinosis; Compensation; Cotton; Occupational health; Pneumoconiosis; Respiratory disease; Trade unions

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BYSSINOSIS; COTTON; HISTORY; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; TEXTILE INDUSTRY; TRADE UNION; UNITED KINGDOM;

BYSSINOSIS; COTTON FIBER; ENGLAND; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; LABOR UNIONS; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; TEXTILE INDUSTRY;

EID: 0642309276     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/16.1.79     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. C. A. C. Pickering, 'Byssinosis', in W. Raymond Parkes, Occupational Lung Disorders, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1994), 729-54.
2. In the mill, compressed cotton bales were first 'opened', then fed through machines to remove waste matter and range the raw fibres. Carding machines (or 'engines') consisted of a large cylinder with a surface of wires, which regularly needed stripping (cleaning) and re-sharpening (grinding) by specialist workers.
3. D. Rosner and G. Markowitz, Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Health in Twentieth Century America (Princeton, NJ, 1991).
4. A. Derickson, Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster (Ithaca, NY, 1998) ; R. Johnston and A. McIvor, Lethal Work: A History of the Asbestos Tragedy in Scotland (Glasgow, 2000); J. McCulloch, Asbestos Blues (London, 2002); G. Tweedale, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2001).
5. A. Derickson, Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster (Ithaca, NY, 1998) ; R. Johnston and A. McIvor, Lethal Work: A History of the Asbestos Tragedy in Scotland (Glasgow, 2000); J. McCulloch, Asbestos Blues (London, 2002); G. Tweedale, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2001).
6. A. Derickson, Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster (Ithaca, NY, 1998) ; R. Johnston and A. McIvor, Lethal Work: A History of the Asbestos Tragedy in Scotland (Glasgow, 2000); J. McCulloch, Asbestos Blues (London, 2002); G. Tweedale, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2001).
7. A. Derickson, Black Lung: Anatomy of a Public Health Disaster (Ithaca, NY, 1998) ; R. Johnston and A. McIvor, Lethal Work: A History of the Asbestos Tragedy in Scotland (Glasgow, 2000); J. McCulloch, Asbestos Blues (London, 2002); G. Tweedale, Magic Mineral to Killer Dust: Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard, 2nd edn (Oxford, 2001).
8. The best UK account is by an insurer, P. Neild, Byssinosis - 'The Lancashire Disease' (London, 1982). Historical background can also be found in C. I. C. Gill, 'Byssinosis in the Cotton Trade', British Journal of Industrial Mediane (hereinafter BJIM), 4 (1947), 48-55; J. A. Smiley, 'Background to Byssinosis in Ulster', BJIM, 18 (1961), 1-9.
9. The best UK account is by an insurer, P. Neild, Byssinosis - 'The Lancashire Disease' (London, 1982). Historical background can also be found in C. I. C. Gill, 'Byssinosis in the Cotton Trade', British Journal of Industrial Mediane (hereinafter BJIM), 4 (1947), 48-55; J. A. Smiley, 'Background to Byssinosis in Ulster', BJIM, 18 (1961), 1-9.
10. The best UK account is by an insurer, P. Neild, Byssinosis - 'The Lancashire Disease' (London, 1982). Historical background can also be found in C. I. C. Gill, 'Byssinosis in the Cotton Trade', British Journal of Industrial Mediane (hereinafter BJIM), 4 (1947), 48-55; J. A. Smiley, 'Background to Byssinosis in Ulster', BJIM, 18 (1961), 1-9.
11. R. E. Botsch, Organizing the Breathless: Cotton Dust, Southern Politics, and the Brown Lung Association (Lexington, 1993); J. K. Corn, 'Byssinosis - An Historical Perspective", American Journal of Industrial Medicine (hereinafter AJIM), 2 (1981), 331-52; C. Levenstein, G. F. DeLaurier, and M. L. Dunn, The Cotton Dust Papers: Science, Politics, and Power in the 'Discovery' of Byssinosis in the US (Amityville, NY, 2002).
12. R. E. Botsch, Organizing the Breathless: Cotton Dust, Southern Politics, and the Brown Lung Association (Lexington, 1993); J. K. Corn, 'Byssinosis - An Historical Perspective", American Journal of Industrial Medicine (hereinafter AJIM), 2 (1981), 331-52; C. Levenstein, G. F. DeLaurier, and M. L. Dunn, The Cotton Dust Papers: Science, Politics, and Power in the 'Discovery' of Byssinosis in the US (Amityville, NY, 2002).
13. R. E. Botsch, Organizing the Breathless: Cotton Dust, Southern Politics, and the Brown Lung Association (Lexington, 1993); J. K. Corn, 'Byssinosis - An Historical Perspective", American Journal of Industrial Medicine (hereinafter AJIM), 2 (1981), 331-52; C. Levenstein, G. F. DeLaurier, and M. L. Dunn, The Cotton Dust Papers: Science, Politics, and Power in the 'Discovery' of Byssinosis in the US (Amityville, NY, 2002).
14. See G. B. Rooke, 'Compensation for Byssinosis in Great Britain', Chest, 79 (1981), 124S-127S.
15. W. L. F. Felstiner and R. Dingwall, Asbestos Litigation in the United Kingdom: An Interim Report (Oxford, 1988) ; Judgement by Hon. Mr Justice Turner, British Coal Respiratory Disease Litigation between Griffiths and Others and British Coal Corporation, High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 23 January 1998.
16. W. L. F. Felstiner and R. Dingwall, Asbestos Litigation in the United Kingdom: An Interim Report (Oxford, 1988) ; Judgement by Hon. Mr Justice Turner, British Coal Respiratory Disease Litigation between Griffiths and Others and British Coal Corporation, High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, 23 January 1998.
17. A. J. McIvor, A History of Work in Britain, 1880-1950 (London, 2001), p. 142.
18. N. Wikeley, 'Turner & Newall: Early Organizational Responses to Litigation Risk', Journal of Law and Society, 24 (1997), 252-75.
19. T. Wyke, 'Mule Spinners' Cancer', in A. Fowler and T. Wyke (eds), The Barefoot Aristocrats; A History of the Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners (Littleborough, 1987), 184-96.
20. R. S. F. Schilling, A Challenging Life: Sixty Years in Occupational Health (London, 1998), p. 89.
21. A. McIvor, 'Health and Safety in the Cotton Industry: A Literature Review', Manchester Region History Review, 9 (1995), 50-7.
22. ACO records, Working Class Movement Library [WCML], Salford; ACS records, John Rylands Library [JRL], Deansgate, Manchester; TUC archive, Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick [MRCUW].
23. B. Ramazzini, Diseases of Workers. Translated from Latin text of 1713 by W. C. Wright (1964), pp. 257-9; C. T. Thackrah, The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, 2nd edn (1832), pp. 71-2.
24. B. Ramazzini, Diseases of Workers. Translated from Latin text of 1713 by W. C. Wright (1964), pp. 257-9; C. T. Thackrah, The Effects of Arts, Trades, and Professions, 2nd edn (1832), pp. 71-2.
25. J. P. Kay, 'Observations and Experiments Concerning Molecular Irritation of the Lungs as One Source of Tubercular Consumption; and on Spinners' Phthisis', North of England Medical and Surgical Journal, 1 Art. IX (1830-1), 348-63, p. 360.
26. Ibid., p. 359.
27. E. Gaskell, North and South (1855; Penguin edn, 1995), p. 102.
28. Third Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, P.P. 1861 (C. 161) XVI, 339, Appendix, pp. 145-52, 172-6; J. Leach, 'Surat Cotton, as It Bodily Affects Operatives in Cotton Mills', Lancet (5 December 1863), ii, 648-9.
29. Third Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, P.P. 1861 (C. 161) XVI, 339, Appendix, pp. 145-52, 172-6; J. Leach, 'Surat Cotton, as It Bodily Affects Operatives in Cotton Mills', Lancet (5 December 1863), ii, 648-9.
30. Third Report ... Privy Council, pp. 174-5. Monday/Tuesday symptoms in cotton workers had been recognized in France by 1845. See Pickering, 'Byssinosis', p. 729.
31. Third Report ... Privy Council, pp. 174-5. Monday/Tuesday symptoms in cotton workers had been recognized in France by 1845. See Pickering, 'Byssinosis', p. 729.
32. Quoted in R. S. F. Schilling, 'Byssinosis in the British Textile Industry', British Medical Bulletin, 7 (1950), 52-6, p. 52.
33. A. Massoud, 'The Origin of the Term "Byssinosis"', BJIM, 21 (1964), 162.
34. th Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England. Part II, P.P. 1897, (C. 8503) XXI, p. lxxii.
35. th Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England. Part II, P.P. 1897, (C. 8503) XXI, p. lxxii.
36. Annual Report of Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops ... for the Year 1908, P.P. 1908-9 (Cd. 4664) XXI, 343, pp. 203-5.
37. A. B. Hill, Sickness amongst Operatives in Lancashire Cotton Spinning Mills (With Special Reference to Workers in the Cardroom) (London, 1930); Home Office, Report of the Departmental Committee on Dust in Card Rooms in the Cotton Industry (London, 1932).
38. A. B. Hill, Sickness amongst Operatives in Lancashire Cotton Spinning Mills (With Special Reference to Workers in the Cardroom) (London, 1930); Home Office, Report of the Departmental Committee on Dust in Card Rooms in the Cotton Industry (London, 1932).
39. C. Prausnitz, Investigations on Respiratory Dust Disease in Operatives in the Cotton Industry. MRC Special Report Series 212 (London, 1936).
40. Home Office, Report of the Departmental Committee on Compensation for Card Room Workers (London, 1939).
41. In 1943, Medical Boards were reorganized as Pneumoconiosis Medical Panels.
42. See, for example, articles on byssinosis in the Far East, AJIM, 12 (1987), 647-797; in South Africa, AJIM, 21 (1992), 295-309; and in Cameroon, BJIM, 45 (1988), 803-9.
43. See, for example, articles on byssinosis in the Far East, AJIM, 12 (1987), 647-797; in South Africa, AJIM, 21 (1992), 295-309; and in Cameroon, BJIM, 45 (1988), 803-9.
44. See, for example, articles on byssinosis in the Far East, AJIM, 12 (1987), 647-797; in South Africa, AJIM, 21 (1992), 295-309; and in Cameroon, BJIM, 45 (1988), 803-9.
45. T. Legge, Industrial Maladies (Oxford, 1934), p. 197. Legge had been the first Chief Medical Inspector of Factories.
46. JRL OLD, 3/4/2. James Littlewood to Harold Cliff (Federation Secretary), 30 March 1927.
47. D. A. Farnie, 'The Cotton Towns of Greater Manchester', in M. Williams and D. A. Farnie (eds), Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester (Preston, 1992), 13-47, p. 17. See also J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry 1945-1970 (Oxford, 1991).
48. D. A. Farnie, 'The Cotton Towns of Greater Manchester', in M. Williams and D. A. Farnie (eds), Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester (Preston, 1992), 13-47, p. 17. See also J. Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap: The Cotton Industry 1945-1970 (Oxford, 1991).
49. Gill, 'Byssinosis', p. 48.
50. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops ... for 1948, P.P. 1948-9 (Cmd. 7839) XVI, 133, p. 13.
51. Public Record Office (PRO), PIN, 20/507: Letter to Senior Medical Officer of Pneumoconiosis Medical Panels, 23 April 1968; PRO, PIN, 20/507: File Note, 20 March 1968, p. 2.
52. Public Record Office (PRO), PIN, 20/507: Letter to Senior Medical Officer of Pneumoconiosis Medical Panels, 23 April 1968; PRO, PIN, 20/507: File Note, 20 March 1968, p. 2.
53. PRO, PIN, 20/358: IIAC, Report by the Industrial Disease Sub-Committee on ... whether Byssinosis should be Prescribed in Relation to Mule Room Workers in the Cotton Industry, 11 March 1960, para. 10, 3. PRO, PIN, 20/358: Ministry note, Review of IIAC Report, 1960, para. 4, 3. PRO, PIN, 39/9: Notes for the Minister, p. 4.
54. The families of workers who had died before 1941 were also unable to claim.
55. In the same period, there were 31 byssinosis deaths. Over 150 'old' workers (those who had left the industry by 1941) were also paid under the Benefit Scheme.
56. C. L. Sutherland, 'Legislation and Pneumoconiosis', Postgraduate Medical Journal, 25 (1949), 650-7. The wages of strippers and grinders increased from about £3 a week in 1932 to nearly £5 in the early 1940s. See T. Griffiths, The Lancashire Working Classes c. 1880-1930 (Oxford, 2001), p. 19.
57. C. L. Sutherland, 'Legislation and Pneumoconiosis', Postgraduate Medical Journal, 25 (1949), 650-7. The wages of strippers and grinders increased from about £3 a week in 1932 to nearly £5 in the early 1940s. See T. Griffiths, The Lancashire Working Classes c. 1880-1930 (Oxford, 2001), p. 19.
58. See G. Tweedale and P. Hansen, 'Protecting the Workers: The Medical Board and the Asbestos Industry, 1930s to 1960s', Medical History, 42 (1998), 439-57, for biases in the Medical Board/Panel system.
59. R. E. Lane, 'My Fifty Years in Industrial Medicine', Journal of the Society of Occupational Medicine, 28 (1978), 115-24.
60. Schilling left Manchester in 1956 for a post at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.
61. R. E. Lane, 'The Prescription of Industnal Disease', BJIM, 13 (1956), 223-5.
62. PRO, PIN, 39/9: Notes for the Minister. 1-2.
63. PRO, PIN, 39/9: File Note of 27 September 1962.
64. PRO, PIN, 39/9. Letter from Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel to the Senior Medical Officer of the Ministry of Pensions & National Insurance, 26 June 1962.
65. D. Honeybourne, D. S. Wales, and A. Watson, Byssinosis: Causative Agent and Clinical Aspects (A Literature Review) (Manchester, 1982).
66. J. M. Harrington (IIAC chairman), covering letter 31 May 1989 in Department of Social Security, Respiratory Diseases in Textile Workers (London, 1989), Cm. 778.
67. R. Rylander, R. S. F. Schilling, C. A. C. Pickering, G. B. Rooke, A. N. Dempsey, and R. R. Jacobs, 'Effects after Acute and Chronic Exposure to Cotton Dust: The Manchester Criteria', BMJ, 44 (1987), 577-9; P. C. Elwood, 'Cotton Workers and the Manchester Criteria' [letter], BMJ, 45 (1988), 431-2.
68. R. Rylander, R. S. F. Schilling, C. A. C. Pickering, G. B. Rooke, A. N. Dempsey, and R. R. Jacobs, 'Effects after Acute and Chronic Exposure to Cotton Dust: The Manchester Criteria', BMJ, 44 (1987), 577-9; P. C. Elwood, 'Cotton Workers and the Manchester Criteria' [letter], BMJ, 45 (1988), 431-2.
69. Schilling, Challenging Life, p. 115.
70. 'Rationing' involved unemployment, short-time working, and temporary stoppages. See S. Bowden and D. Higgins, 'Short Time Working and Price Maintenance: Collusive Tendencies in the Cotton Spinning Industry, 1919-1939', Economic History Review, 51 (1998), 319-43.
71. UTFWA, Report of Proceedings of the Annual Conference held in Blackpool, 25-26 July 1927, pp. 88-92.
72. Board of Trade, Census of Production Reports (1951), vol. 1, Table II.I, p. 35. Membership of the ACO Approved Society in 1920s was 8,000 men and 30,000 women. The ACS membership was entirely male.
73. In 1930, Thomas Legge at the TUC had told the ACO that discussion of byssinosis should be delayed 'in the present disturbed state of affairs of the cotton industry'. MRCUW MSS, 292/144.3/2. Summary of Cardroom Dust Events.
74. After 50 Years. The Amalgamated Association of Card, Blowing and Ring-Room Operatives. Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1886-1936 (1936); A. Bullen and A. Fowler, The Cardroom Workers' Union: A Centenary History of the Amalgamated Association of Card & Blowing Room Operatives (Manchester, 1986).
75. After 50 Years. The Amalgamated Association of Card, Blowing and Ring-Room Operatives. Golden Jubilee Souvenir, 1886-1936 (1936); A. Bullen and A. Fowler, The Cardroom Workers' Union: A Centenary History of the Amalgamated Association of Card & Blowing Room Operatives (Manchester, 1986).
76. ACO, Report. . .for Quarter Ending 23 September 1911, p. 4.
77. UTFWA, Report of Proceedings at the Annual Conference, Blackpool (1923), p. 59.
78. After 50 Years, p. 25; Oldham Textile Employers' Association records: JRL OLD 3/4/1. Papers relating to mill visits, 1924.
79. After 50 Years, p. 25; Oldham Textile Employers' Association records: JRL OLD 3/4/1. Papers relating to mill visits, 1924.
80. ACO, Report. . .for Quarter Ending 27 September, 1924, p. 5.
81. These were male and female operatives on whom the union was able to collect sickness data.
82. Hill, Sickness amongst Operatives, p. iv. See also Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Dust in Cardrooms: Report of Employers' Representatives on the Departmental Committee (Manchester, May 1932). Copy in JRL OLD/3/3/1.
83. Hill, Sickness amongst Operatives, p. iv. See also Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' Associations Ltd, Dust in Cardrooms: Report of Employers' Representatives on the Departmental Committee (Manchester, May 1932). Copy in JRL OLD/3/3/1.
84. ACO, Report . . .for Quarter Ending 28 December 1929, pp. 7-8.
85. A. Ormerod, An Industrial Odyssey. Memoirs of an Engineer and Textile Industrialist in a Career Extending from 193 6 to 1995 (Manchester, 1996), p. 5, which noted the high dust levels at one mill in the 1930s, where stripping and grinding reduced visibility to 3-4 rows of carding machines.
86. Ministry of Labour & National Service, Dust in Card Rooms: First/Second/Third/Fourth Interim/and Final Report of the Joint Advisory Committee of the Cotton Industry (London, 1946, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1961).
87. S. A. Roach and R. S. F. Schilling, 'A Clinical and Environmental Study of Byssinosis in the Lancashire Cotton Industry', BJIM, 17 (January 1960), 1-9, p. 8.
88. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops... for 1963 (P.P., 1963-4, Cmnd. 2540, XIII), p. 26.
89. PRO, PIN, 20/358. Letter from the Gen. Sec. ACO to Minister of National Insurance, 25 July 1960.
90. L. H. C. Tippett, A Portrait of the Lancashire Textile Industry (Oxford, 1969), pp. 83-4.
91. Department of Employment, Towards a Healthy Working Environment: First Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Health and Welfare in the Cotton and Allied Fibres Industry (London, 1974).
92. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops... for 1966, P.P. 1966-7 (Cmnd. 3358) XXXI, p. 56. See a similar message to the effect that the 'cotton industry and individual companies need to understand much more clearly their responsibilities and what these responsibilities entail in terms of practical action', in Health & Safety Executive, Cotton and Allied Fibres: Health and Safety, 1971-1977 (London, 1979), para. 80, p. 16.
93. Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops ... for 1966, P.P. 1966-7 (Cmnd. 3358) XXXI, p. 56. See a similar message to the effect that the 'cotton industry and individual companies need to understand much more clearly their responsibilities and what these responsibilities entail in terms of practical action', in Health & Safety Executive, Cotton and Allied Fibres: Health and Safety, 1971-1977 (London, 1979), para. 80, p. 16.
94. UTFWA, Report of Proceedings at the Annual Conference, Blackpool (1923), pp. 57-60.
95. The Home Office refusal in 1932 to introduce compensation was received by the ACO second-hand, via the TUC. Samuel Sanderson (ACO) complained: 'we have not been called into these discussions'. Sanderson to TUC, 1 July 1932. MRCUW MSS, 292/144.3/2.
96. ACO, Report...for Quarter Ending 24 December 1938, p. 4.
97. ACO, Report...for Quarter Ending 28 December 1940, p. 3.
98. ACO, Report...for Quarter Ending 23 February 1946, p. 6.
99. ACO told the TUC about John Delanty, a Bolton stripper and grinder, who was awarded byssinosis compensation in 1946. When he died, aged 63, in 1950, the inquest returned a verdict of death due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and the claim for death benefit was rejected. The ACO was infuriated when told by the government that it was 'an ordinary case of a man dying from bronchitis'. Correspondence in MRCUW MSS, 292/174.3/3.
100. The protests of the male-dominated ACO were hardly vociferous concerning the exclusion of women from compensation. However, the union did raise the issue with the TUC. See MRCUW MSS, 292/144.3/2. Letter from A. Roberts to J. Cook, 20 December 1944.
101. Ironically, the ACO, which eventually substantiated its case for byssinosis, had much more difficulty with epithelioma - a disease not scheduled for cardroom workers, even though cases occurred among them. The ACO, therefore, protested against the term 'spinners' cancer'.
102. WCML, ACO Executive Council Minute Book, 1903-12. Circular signed by W. Mullen, 21 November 1908.
103. ACO, Report...for Quarter Ending 28 December 1940, p. 4.
104. JRL, ACS/6/7/11. Robert Gregor to Charles Schofield, 18 July 1950.
105. JRL, ACS/6/7/12 (1). Schofield to Brockbank, 21 June 1950.
106. JRL, ACS/6/7/12 (1). Lane letter, 25 October 1951.
107. JRL, ACS/6/7/12 (1). Gregor to Schofield, 23 October 1953.
108. R. F. S. Schilling, J. P. W. Hughes, I. Dingwall-Fordyce, and J. C. Gilson, 'An Epidemiological Study of Byssinosis among Lancashire Cotton Workers', BJIM, 12 (1955), 217-27, p. 219.
109. Ministry of Pensions & National Insurance, Byssinosis: Report of the Industrial Injuries Advisory Council, P.P. 1955-6 (Cmd. 9673) XXII.
110. Ministry of Pensions & National Insurance, Byssinosis Review of Occupational Cover: Cotton Spinners, P.P. 1959-60 (Cmnd. 1095) XVII.
111. JRL, ACS, Annual Report, Executive Council meeting, 17 January 1963.
112. JRL, ACS/6/7/14. UTFWA, Annual Conference Report, Morecambe, 1966.
113. S. Mekky, S. A. Roach, and R. S. F. Schilling, 'Byssinosis among Winders in the Cotton Industry', BJIM, 24 (1967), 123-32, p. 126; M. K. B. Molyneux and J. B. L. Tombleson, 'An Epidemiological Study of Respiratory Symptoms in Lancashire Mills, 1963-66', BJIM, 27 (1970), 225-34.
114. S. Mekky, S. A. Roach, and R. S. F. Schilling, 'Byssinosis among Winders in the Cotton Industry', BJIM, 24 (1967), 123-32, p. 126; M. K. B. Molyneux and J. B. L. Tombleson, 'An Epidemiological Study of Respiratory Symptoms in Lancashire Mills, 1963-66', BJIM, 27 (1970), 225-34.
115. JRL, ACS/6/7/14. Richardson's typescript of IIAC meeting, 6 April 1971.
116. S. Bowden and G. Tweedale, 'Poisoned by the Fluff: Compensation and Litigation for Byssinosis in the Lancashire Cotton Industry', Journal of Law and Society, 29 (2002), 560-79.
117. ACO, Report. . .for Quarter Ending 25 March 1939, p. 12.
118. M. Bloor, 'The South Wales Miners Federation, Miners' Lung and the Instrumental Use of Expertise, 1900-1950', Social Studies of Science, 30 (2000), 125-40.
119. 'Dust to Dust', BBC2, 17 August 1982. Copy in North West Film Archive, Manchester Metropolitan University.
120. D. Berman, Death on the Job: Occupational Health and Safety Struggles in the United States (New York, 1978), pp. 15-24.
121. Levenstein et al., Cotton Dust Papers, p. 50.