A New Classification System for Facial Paralysis in the Clinical Setting

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 672-679

  Westin, Louise M ^a   Zuker, Ronald ^a  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Classification; Facial; Paralysis

Indexed keywords

CLASSIFICATION; FACIAL NERVE PARALYSIS; HEAD AND NECK TUMOR; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MAXILLOFACIAL INJURY; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; REVIEW; SYNDROME;

FACIAL PARALYSIS; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; SYNDROME;

EID: 0642280607     PISSN: 10492275     EISSN: 15363732     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200309000-00013     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. May M, Klein S. Differential diagnosis of facial nerve palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991; 24:613-644
2. Spector GJ. Classification of facial nerve disorders. Laryngoscope 1985; 95:100-103
3. Stedman's medical dictionary, 27th edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000
4. Carvalho GJ, Song CS, Vargervik K, et al. Auditory and facial nerve dysfunction in patients with hemifacial microsomia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125:209-212
5. Bassila MK, Goldberg R. The association of facial palsy and/or sensorineural hearing loss in patients with hemifacial microsomia. Cleft Palate J 1989; 26:287-291
6. Robinow M, Reynolds JF, FitzGerald J, et al. Hemifacial microsomia, ipsilateral facial palsy, and malformed auricle in two families: an autosomal dominant malformation. Am J Med Genet 1986; 2:129-133
7. Carr MM, Ross DA, Zuker RM. Cranial nerve defects in congenital facial palsy. J Otolaryngol 1997; 26:80-87
8. Rizos M, Negron RJ, Serman N. Mobius syndrome with dental involvement: a case report and literature review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1998; 35:262-268
9. Kumar D. Moebius syndrome. J Med Genet 1990; 27:122-126
10. Singh B, Shahwan SA, Singh P, et al. Mobius syndrome with basal ganglia calcification. Acta Neurol Scand 1992; 85:436-438
11. Sugarman GO, Stark HH. Mobius syndrome with Poland's anomaly. J Med Genet 1973; 10:192-196
12. Abramson DL, Cohen Jr, MM Mulliken JB. Mobius syndrome: classification and grading system. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:961-967
13. Legum C, Godel V, Nemet P. Heterogeneity and pleiotropism in the Mobius syndrome. Clin Genet 1981; 20:254-259
14. MacDermot KD, Winter RM, Taylor D, et al. Oculofacialbulbar palsy in mother and son: review of 26 reports of familial transmission within the “Mobius spectrum of defects.” J Med Genet 1990; 27:18-26
15. D'Cruz OF, Swisher CN, Jaradeh S, et al. Mobius syndrome: evidence for a vascular etiology. J Child Neurol 1993; 8:260-265
16. Miller MT, Stromland K. The Mobius sequence: a relook. J AAPOS 1999; 3:199-208
17. Tadokoro T, Kurata S, Terashi H, et al. Unilaterally ruptured depressor labii inferioris muscle. Ann Plast Surg 1998; 40:568-569
18. Nada Y, Sasaki K, Nozaki M, et al. Congenital partial absence of the facial muscles. Br J Plast Surg 1998; 51:138-141
19. Millen SJ, Baruah JK. Congenital hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle in the differential diagnosis of facial paralysis. Laryngoscope 1983; 93:1168-1170
20. Wormald PJ, Sellars SL, de Villiers JC. Bilateral facial nerve palsies: Groote Schuur Hospital experience. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105:625-627
21. Nosan DK, Benecke Jr, JE Murr AH. Current perspective on temporal bone trauma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117:67-71
22. Dahiya R, Keller JD, Litofsky NS, et al. Temporal bone fractures: otic capsule sparing versus otic capsule violating clinical and radiographic considerations. J Trauma 1999; 47:1079-1083
23. Lemke C, el Bably I. Synkinesis between facial nerve and oculomotor nerve. A case report. Anatomischer Anzeiger 1998; 180:339-342
24. Rubin DI, Matsumoto JY, Suarez GA, et al. Facial trigeminal synkinesis associated with a trigeminal schwannoma. Neurology 1999; 53:635-637
25. Friedman G. Facial nerve paralysis of dental origin in children. Pediatr Neurol 1996; 14:342-344
26. Magliulo G, Sepe C, Varacalli S, et al. Acoustic neuroma surgery and delayed facial palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1998; 255:124-126
27. Magliulo G, D'Amico R, Forino M. Results and complications of facial reanimation following cerebellopontine angle surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2001; 258:45-48
28. Koide C, Imai A, Nagaba A, et al. Pathological findings of the facial nerve in a case of facial nerve palsy associated with benign parotid tumor. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120:410-412
29. Cankaya H, Ugras S, Dilek I. Head and neck granulocytic sarcoma with acute myeloid leukemia: three rare cases. Ear Nose Throat J 2001; 80:224-226, 228-229
30. Lesser RW, Spector JG. Facial nerve palsy associated with Warthin's tumor. Arch Otolaryngol 1985; 111:548-549
31. Chinski A, Orfila D, Perata H, et al. Facial nerve neurinoma in a child. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997; 40:203-210
32. Andrews JC, Abemayor E, Alessi DM, et al. Parotitis and facial nerve dysfunction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989; 115:240-242
33. Adour KK. Medical management of idiopathic (Bell's) palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1991; 24:663-673
34. Jackson CG, von Doersten PG. The facial nerve. Current trends in diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation. Med Clin North Am 1999; 83:179-195
35. Adour KK, Byl FM, Hilsinger Jr, RL et al. The true nature of Bell's palsy: analysis of 1000 consecutive patients. Laryngoscope 1978; 88:787-811
36. Petruzzelli GJ, Hirsch BC. Bell's palsy: a diagnosis of exclusion. Postgrad Med 1991; 90:115-118
37. Pitts DB, Adour KK, Hilsinger RL. Recurrent Bell's palsy: analysis of 140 patients. Laryngoscope 1988; 98:535-540
38. Morgenlander JC. Bell's palsy: an eponym that often leads to confusion. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17:119
39. Ramsey KL, Kaseff LG. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of bilateral facial paralysis. Am J Otol 1993; 14:605-609
40. Ohtani F, Furuta Y, Horal P, et al. Rapid strip assay for detection of anti-herpes simplex virus antibodies: application to prediction of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in patients with acute peripheral facial palsy. J Med Virol 2000; 62:37-41
41. Furuta Y, Fukuda S, Chida E, et al. Reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 in patients with Bell's palsy. J Med Virol 1998; 54:162-166
42. Furuta Y, Ohtani F, Kawabata H, et al. High prevalence of varicella-zoster virus reactivation in herpes simplex virus-seronegative patients with acute peripheral facial palsy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:529-533
43. Wadlington WB, Riley Jr, HD Lowbeer L. The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Pediatrics 1984; 73:502-506
44. Kunstadter RH. Melkersson's syndrome: a case report of multiple recurrences of Bell's palsy and episodic facial edema. Am J Dis Child 1965; 110:559-561
45. Balevi B. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: review of the literature and case report of a 10-year misdiagnosis. Quintessence Int 1997; 28:265-269
46. Carr RD. Is the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome hereditary? Arch Dermatol 1965; 93:426-427
47. De S, Pfleiderer AG. An extreme and unusual variant of Ramsay Hunt syndrome. J Laryngol Otol 1999; 113:670-671
48. Muecke M, Amedee RG. Herpes zoster oticus: diagnosis and management. J La State Med Soc 1993; 145:333-335
49. Murakami S, Nakashiro Y, Mizobuchi M, et al. Varicella-zoster virus distribution in Ramsay Hunt syndrome revealed by polymerase chain reaction. Acta Otolaryngol 1998; 118:145-149
50. Sartoretti-Schefer S, Wichmann W, Valavanis A. Idiopathic, herpetic, and HIV-associated facial nerve palsies: abnormal MR enhancement patterns. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994; 15:479-485
51. Garcia-Mullin R, Daroff R. Electrophysiological investigation of cephalic tetanus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1973; 36:296-230
52. Schon F, O'Dowd L, White J, et al. Tetanus: delay in diagnosis in England and Wales. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57:1006-1007
53. Drachman DB. Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1797-1810
54. Fambrough DM, Drachman DB, Satyamurti S. Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: decreased acetylcholine receptors. Science 1973; 182:293-295