Decompression profile and bubble formation after dives with surface decompression: Experimental support for a dual phase model of decompression

Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 181-193

  Brubakk, A O ^a   Arntzen, A J ^b   Wienke, B R ^c   Koteng, S ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b Barotech as   (Norway)

^c LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Jugular vein; Pulmonary artery bubbles; Reduced Gradient Bubble Model; Surface decompression

Indexed keywords

OXYGEN; WATER;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; DECOMPRESSION; DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS; DIVING; FEMALE; JUGULAR VEIN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PULMONARY ARTERY; STANDARD; SWINE;

ANIMALS; DECOMPRESSION; DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS; DIVING; FEMALE; JUGULAR VEINS; MALE; MODELS, ANIMAL; OXYGEN; PULMONARY ARTERY; SWINE; WATER;

EID: 0642278613     PISSN: 10662936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Boycott, AE., Damant, CC., and Haldane, JS. The Prevention of Compressed - Air Illness. J Hyg, London 1908;8:342-443.
2. Berghage TE., Goehring, GS., and Donelson C. Pressure Reduction Limits for Rats Subjected to Various Time/Pressure Exposures. Undersea Biomedical Research. 1978;5(4):323-34.
3. Hills, BA. Vital Issues in Computing Decompression Schedules From Fundamentals. I. Critical Supersaturation Versus Phrase Equilibration. Int J Biometeror 1970;14(2):111-28.
4. Imbert, JP.; Bontoux, M. Diving data bank: A unique tool for diving procedures development 1988 Houston, Texas: 20th Annual OTC; 1988.
5. Shields, TG, Duff, PM, Lee, WB, and Wilcock, SE. Decompression sickness from commercial offshore air-diving operations on the UK continental shelf during 1982 to 1986. Aberdeen: Robert Gordon's institute of technology; 1989. Report No.: OT 0-89-029.
6. Eftedal, O and Brubakk, AO. Detecting Intravascular Gas Bubbles in Ultrasonic Images. Med. & Biol. Eng. & Comput. 1993;31:627-33.
7. Brubakk, AO.; Torp, H. Ultrasonic methods for monitoring decompression. Nashimoto, I. and Lanphier, EH. Decompression in surfaced-based diving. Bethesda, MD.: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Inc; 1987. pp.107-14.
8. Wienke, B. R. Reduced Gradient Bubble Model. Int. J. Biomed. Comput. 1990;26:237-56.
9. Wienke BR. Numerical Phase Algorithm for Decompression Computers and Applications. Comp Biol Med 1992;22:389-406.
10. Wienke BR. Bubble Number Saturation Curve and Asymptotics of Hypobaric and Hyperbaric Exposures. Int J Biomed Comp 1991;29:215-25.
11. Wienke BR., Technical diving in depth. Flagstaff: Best Publishing Company; 2001.
12. Yount DE. Skins of Varying Permeability: A Stabilization Mechanism for Gas Cavitation Nuclei. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1979;65(6):1429-39.
13. Yount DE. and Strauss RH. On the Evolution, Generation and Regeneration of Gas Cavitation Nuclei. J Acoust Soc Am 1982;65:1431-9.
14. Wienke BR. DECOMP: Computional Package for Transport Modeling in Tissues. Comp Phys Comm 1986;40:327-36.
15. Flook, V, Holmen, IM, Koteng, Ø, Koteng, S, Ustad, A-L, Eftedal, O, and Brubakk, AO. The effect of bottom time on inert gas washout and decompression bubbles in pigs. Trondheim, Norway: SINTEF; 1993. Report No.: STF23 F93024. (HADES project;vol.
16. Nishi RY. Doppler and ultrasonic bubble detection. Bennett, PB. and Elliott, DH. The physiology and medicine of diving. 4th ed. London: WB Saunders Company; 1993. pp.433-53.
17. Nishi RY. Doppler evaluation of decompression tables. Lin, YC. and Shida, KK. Man in the sea. San Pedre: Best Publishing Company; 1990. pp.297-316.
18. Spencer, MP. Decompression Limits for Compressed Air Determined by Ultrasonically Detected Blood Bubbles. J Appl Physiol 1976;40:229-35.
19. Gardette B. Correlation Between Decompression Sickness and Circulating Bubbles in 232 Divers. Undersea Biomed Res 1979;6(1):99-107.
20. Eckenhoff, RG., Olstad, CS., and Carrod, G. Human Dose-Response Relationship for Decompression and Endogenous Bubble Formation. J Appl Physiol 1990;69(3):914-8.
21. Hemmingsen EA. Nucleation of bubbles in vitro and in vivo. Brubakk, AO., Kanwisher, J., and Sundnes, G. Diving in animals and man. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers; 1986. pp.43-59.
22. Yount DE. Growth of bubbles from nuclei. Brubakk, AO., Kanwisher, J., and Sundnes, G. Diving in animals and man. Trondheim: Tapir Publishers; 1986. pp.131-64.
23. Francis TJR.; Gorman DF. Pathogenesis of the decompression disorders. Elliot, DH. and Bennett PB. The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. 4 ed. London: WB Saunders; 1993. pp.454-80.
24. Van Liew HD. and Burkard ME. Density of Decompression Bubbles and Competition for Gas Among Bubbles, Tissue, and Blood. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993;75(5):2293-301.
25. D'Aoust BG., Smith, K. H., and Swanson, H. T. Decompression-Induced Decrease in Nitrogen Elimination Rate in Awake Dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976;41(3):348-55.
26. Thalmann ED., Parker EC, Survanshi, S., and Weathersby PK. Improved Probabilistic Decompression Model Risk Predictions Using Linear- Exponential Kinetics. Undersea & Hyperbaric Med 1997;24(4):255-74.
27. Kindwall, EP., Baz, A., Lightfoot, E. N., Lanphier, E. H., and Seireg, A. Nitrogen Elimination in Man During Decompression. Undersea Biomed.Res. 1975;2(4):285-97.
28. Brubakk AO.; Eftedal, O. Evaluation of reverse dive profiles. Lang MA and Lehner CE. Reverse Dive Profiles. Washington: Smithsonian Institution; 2000. pp.111-21.
29. Medwin, H. Counting Bubbles Acoustically: a Review. Ultrasonics 1977;15:7-13.
30. Angelsen, BAJ. A Theoretical Study of the Scattering of Ultrasound From Blood. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1980;BME-27(2):61-7.
31. Spencer MP. and Johanson, DC. Investigation of new principles for human decompression schedules using the Doppler ultrasonic blood bubble detector. Seattle: Tech Report, Inst Environ Med and Physiol; 1974.
32. Nashimoto I.; Gotoh Y. Relationship between precordial Doppler ultrasound records and decompression sickness. Schilling CW. and Beckett MW. Underwater Physiology VI. Bethesda: Undersea Medical Society; 1978. pp.497-501.
33. Sawatzky, KD. The relationship between intravascular Doppler-detected gas bubbles and decompression sickness after bounce diving in humans. York University, Toronto; 1991.
34. Smith KH. and Spencer, MP. Doppler Indices of Decompression Sickness: Their Evaluation and Use. Aerospace Medicine 1970;41(12):1396-400.
35. Eftedal, O; Brubakk AO.; Nishi RY. Ultrasonic evaluation of decompression: The relationship between bubble grades and bubble numbers. Undersea & Hyperbaric Med 25[Suppl], 35-36. 1998.
36. Flook V and Brubakk AO. Designing Bubble Free Decompression Profiles - Impossible ? Underwater Technology 1993;19:23-9.
37. Reinertsen, R. E., Flook, V., Koteng, S., and Brubakk, A. O. Effect of Oxygen Tension and Rate of Pressure Reduction During Decompression on Central Gas Bubbles. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998;84(1):351-6.