Reforming organisation culture for quality: Some psycho-social dimensions

International Journal of Public Administration

Volumn 19, Issue 11-12, 1996, Pages 2095-2112

  Carr, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0442315702     PISSN: 01900692     EISSN: 15324265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01900699608525179     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Carr, A.N. 1991. Stress Amongst School Principals Manifested as Anxiety and Depression - An Exploratory Study Using a Psycho-Analytic Approach, 7Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University. unpublished PhD Thesis This dream, for those readers interested in the theories of anxiety, is an excellent example of Freud's tentative suggestion (see Freud, S. “Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety.” On Psychopathology 10, Harmondsworth, UK, 1983[1926], p. 328 that a phobia, for example--a fear of heights--is an exaggerated anxiety reaction where instinctual anxiety and realistic anxiety are added to one another
2. Carr, A.N. 1991. Stress Amongst School Principals Manifested as Anxiety and Depression - An Exploratory Study Using a Psycho-Analytic Approach, Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University. unpublished PhD Thesis
3. Peters, T.J, and Waterman, R.H. 1982. In Search of Excellence, Sydney: Harper and Row.
4. Trice, H.M., and Beyer, J.M., 1993. The Culture of Work Organizations, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
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10. Freud, S., 1988[1933]. New Introductory Lectures On Psycho-analysis, Vol. 2, Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. Also Freud, S. “An Outline of Psychoanalysis.” Historical and Expository Works on Psycho-analysis 15, Penguin Books, Great Britain, 1986[1940], pp. 371-443
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19. Carr, A.N., 1994. The Psychostructure of Work: Bend Me, Shape Me, Anyway You Want Me, As Long As You Love Me Its Alright. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 8 (6): 3–6. Also reprinted in Employee Counselling Today 6, 3 (1994): 7-10. In my original study, one Principal made the comment “I tend to identify with my work and I don't know what I can do about it--in the sense that my work and I become part of the same thing. Me is also my work. Now a threat to my work then becomes a threat to me” (Carr, A.N. Stress Amongst School Principals Manifested as Anxiety and Depression - An Exploratory Study Using a Psycho-Analytic Approach., unpublished PhD Thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 1991, p. 9). This lends considerable support to the argument advanced by Freud as to how the bonding occurs between the individual and the organisation
20. Schwartz, H.S. 1987. Anti-social Actions of Committed Organizational Participants: An Existential Psychoanalytic Perspective. Organization Studies, 8 (4): 333
21. Carr, A.N., 1991. Stress Amongst School Principals Manifested as Anxiety and Depression - An Exploratory Study Using a Psycho-analytic Approach, Geelong: Deakin University. PhD ThesisCarr, A.N. Doctrines of Public Administration: The Case of Schools, University of New South Wales, Public Sector Research Centre, 1992. Carr, A.N. “The Psychostructure of Work: Bend Me, Shape Me, Anyway You Want Me, As Long As You Love Me Its Alright.” Journal of Managerial Psychology 8, 6 (1994): 3-6. Also reprinted in Employee Counselling Today 6, 3 (1994): 7-10. Can, A.N. “Anxiety and Depression Amongst School Principals: Warning, Principal Ship can be Hazardous to Your Health.” Journal of Educational Administration 32, 3 (1994): 18-34
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23. Krug, S.E., and Cattell, R.B., 1980. Clinical Analysis Questionnaire Manual, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Inc. See also Krug, S.E. “The Development of a Validity Scale for the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire.” Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research 4, 4 (1979): 125-131
24. Krug, S.E., and Cattell, R.B., 1980. Clinical Analysis Questionnaire Manual, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Inc. Adapted from
25. Carr, A.N., 1991. Stress Amongst School Principals Manifested as Anxiety and Depression - An Exploratory Study Using a Psycho-analytic Approach, Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University. PhD Thesis
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29. The finding that those experiencing high levels of anxiety and depression also have a higher level of superego strength than both the general community and the rest of the sample is an extremely significant finding in view of the position that is argued by many that levels of anxiety and depression in the community have risen with the decay of institutions (e.g. family, church, the State etc.) responsible for the development of the superego. Writers such as Seligman “Boomer Blues.” Psychology Today (October, 1988): 50-55; Lowenfeld “Our Permissive Society and The Super-Ego.” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 39 (1970): 590-607; and Klerman “The Age of Melancholy?”, Psychology Today 12, 11 (1979): 36-42 all argue, in what Christopher Lasch called the “Party of the Super-Ego.” The Minimal Self: Psychic Survival In Troubled Times, Picador, London, GB, 1985, that the major crisis of contemporary culture is a crisis of the superego. They argue, in line with conservative and neoconservative political groups, that the cultural crisis is a breakdown of social control and self control and what is needed is to strengthen superego. The results of this study do not support such a contention and indeed as over 80 per cent of the sources of stress were work-related one can suggest that in looking for the sources of anxiety and depression in our society the world of work and how it is organised is a good place to begin!
30. 1992. Education Monitor Vol. 3, 17 Autumn
31. La Bier, D., 1986. Modern Madness, 194Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. emphasis added
32. La Bier, D., 1986. Modern Madness, 8Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley.
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