Multiple oscillatory modes of the global ocean circulation

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 33, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 2197-2213

  Weijer, Wilbert ^a   Dijkstra, Henk A ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS; BUOYANCY; CLIMATE CHANGE; EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS;

GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION; OCEAN BASINS;

OCEAN ENGINEERING;

FEEDBACK MECHANISM; GLOBAL OCEAN; OCEANIC GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; OSCILLATION; OVERTURN;

EID: 0442313088     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2197:MOMOTG>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Alley, R. B., S. Anandakrishnan, and P. Jung, 2001: Stochastic resonance in the North Atlantic. Paleoceanography. 16, 190-198.
2. Bond, G., and Coauthors, 1997: A pervasive millenial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science. 278, 1257-1266.
3. Bond, G., and Coauthors, 2001: Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science. 294, 2130-2136.
4. Broecker, W. S., 2000: Abrupt climate change: Causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record. Earth-Sci. Rev., 51, 137-154.
5. Broecker, W. S., D. M. Peteet, and D. Rind, 1985: Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature, 315, 21-26.
6. Broecker, W. S., and Coauthors, 1998: How much deep water is formed in the Southern Ocean? J. Geophys. Res., 103, 15 833-15 843.
7. Brunet, G., 1994: Empirical normal-mode analysis of atmospheric data. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 932-952.
8. Cessi, P., 1996: Convective adjustment and thermohaline excitability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 481-491.
9. Dewar, W. K., and R. X. Huang, 1995: Fluid flow in loops driven by freshwater and heat fluxes. J. Fluid Mech., 297, 153-191.
10. Dijkstra, H. A., 2000: Nonlinear Physical Oceanography. Kluwer Academic, 456 pp.
11. Dijkstra, H. A., and M. J. Molemaker, 1997: Symmetry breaking and overturning oscillations in thermohaline-driven flows. J. Fluid Mech., 331, 195-232.
12. Dijkstra, H. A., H. Öksüzoglu, F. W. Wubs, and E. F. F. Botta, 2001: A fully implicit model of the three-dimensional thermohaline ocean circulation. J. Comput. Phys., 173, 685-715.
13. Farrell, B. F., and A. M. Moore, 1992: An adjoint method for obtaining the most rapidly growing perturbation to oceanic flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 338-349.
14. Ganopolski, A., and S. Rahmstorf, 2002: Abrupt glacial climate changes due to stochastic resonance. Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.038501.
15. Ganopolski, A., and S. Rahmstorf, V. Petoukhov, and M. Claussen, 2001: Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model. Nature. 409, 153-158.
16. Griffies, S. M., and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453.
17. Huck, T., and G. K. Vallis, 2001: Linear stability analysis of the three-dimensional thermally-driven ocean circulation: Application to interdecadal oscillations. Tellus, 53A, 526-545.
18. Keller, H. B., 1977: Numerical solution of bifurcation and nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Applications of Bifurcation Theory, P. H. Rabinowitz, Ed., Academic Press, 359-384.
19. Kiefer, T., M. Sarntheim, H. Erlenkeuser, P. M. Grootes, and A. P. Roberts, 2001: North Pacific response to millennial-scale changes in ocean circulation over the last 60 kyr. Paleoceanography, 16, 179-189.
20. Levitus, S., and T. Boyer, 1994: Temperature. Vol. 4, World Ocean Atlas 1994. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pp.
21. Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. Boyer, 1994: Salinity. Vol. 3, World Ocean Atlas 1994, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 3, 99 pp.
22. Marotzke, J., 1989: Instabilities and multiple steady states of the thermohaline circulation. Oceanic Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics. D. L. T. Anderson and J. Willebrand, Eds., NATO ASI Series, Vol. 284, Springer-Verlag, 501-511.
23. Marotzke, J., and J. R. Scott, 1999: Convective mixing and the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 2962-2970.
24. Marotzke, J., P. Welander, and J. Willebrand, 1988: Instability and multiple steady states in a meridional-plane model of thermohaline circulation. Tellus. 40, 162-172.
25. Mayewski, P. A., L. D. Meeker, M. S. Twickler, S. Whitlow, Q. Yang, W. B. Lyons, and M. Prentice, 1997: Major features and forcing of high-latitude Northern Hemisphere atmosphere circulation using a 110,000-year-long glaciochemical series. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26 345-26 366.
26. Mikolajewicz, U., and E. Maier-Reimer, 1990: Internal secular variability in an ocean general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 4, 145-156.
27. Mysak, L., T. F. Stocker, and F. Huang, 1993: Century-scale variability in a randomly forced, two-dimensional thermohaline ocean circulation model. Climate Dyn., 8, 103-116.
28. Nowlin, W. D., and J. M. Klinck, 1986: The physics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Rev. Geophys., 24, 469-491.
29. Oppo, D. W., J. F. McManus, and J. L. Cullen, 1998: Abrupt climate events 500,000 to 340,000 years ago: Evidence from subpolar North Atlantic sediments. Science. 279, 1335-1338.
30. Osborn, T., 1997: Thermohaline oscillations in the LSG OGCM: Propagating anomalies and sensitivity to parameterizations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2233-2255.
31. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.
32. Pierce, D. W., T. P. Barnett, and U. Mikolajewicz, 1995: Competing roles of heat and freshwater flux in forcing thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2046-2064.
33. Quon, C., and M. Ghil, 1995: Multiple equilibria and stable oscillations in thermosolutal convection at small aspect ratio. J. Fluid Mech., 291, 33-56.
34. Sakai, K., and W. R. Peltier, 1995: A simple model of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation: Internal and forced variability with paleoclimatological implications. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13 455-13 479.
35. Sakai, K., and W. R. Peltier, 1996: A multibasin reduced model of the global thermohaline circulation: Paleoceanographic analyses of the origins of ice-age climate variability. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22 535-22 262.
36. Sakai, K., and W. R. Peltier, 1997: Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations in a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model. J. Climate. 10, 949-970.
37. Sakai, K., and W. R. Peltier, 1999: A dynamical systems model of the Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillation and the origin of the Bond cycle. J. Climate, 12, 2238-2255.
38. Schmidt, G. A., and L. A. Mysak, 1996: The stability of a zonally averaged thermohaline circulation model. Tellus, 48A, 158-178.
39. Scott, J., J. Marotzke, and P. H. Stone, 1999: Interhemispheric thermohaline circulation in a coupled box model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 29, 351-365.
40. Sirkes, Z., and E. Tziperman, 2001: Identifying a damped oscillatory thermohaline mode in a general circulation model using an adjoint method. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 2297-2306.
41. Sleijpen, G. L. G., and H. A. Van der Vorst, 1996: A Jacobi-Davidson iteration method for linear eigenvalue problems. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., 17, 410-425.
42. Stommel, H., 1961: Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus. 13, 244-230.
43. Te Raa, L. A., and H. A. Dijkstra, 2002: Instability of the thermohaline ocean circulation on interdecadal timescales. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 138-160.
44. Titz, S., T. Kuhlbrodt, S. Rahmstorf, and U. Feudel, 2002: On freshwater-dependent bifurcations in box models of the interhemispheric thermohaline circulation. Tellus, 54A, 89-98.
45. Trenberth, K. E., J. G. Olson, and W. G. Large, 1989: A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analyses. National Center for Atmospheric Research Tech. Note NCAR/ TN-338+STR. Boulder, CO, 93 pp.
46. Tziperman, E., J. R. Toggweiler, Y. Feliks, and K. Bryan, 1994: Instability of the thermohaline circulation with respect to mixed boundary conditions: Is it really a problem for realistic models? J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 217-232.
47. Vellinga, M., 1996: Instability of two-dimensional thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 305-319.
48. Weaver, A. J., and T. M. Hughes, 1994: Rapid interglacial climate fluctuations driven by North Atlantic ocean circulation. Nature, 367, 447-450.
49. Weijer, W., and H. A. Dijkstra, 2001: A bifurcation study of the three-dimensional thermohaline ocean circulation: The double hemispheric case. J. Mar. Res., 59, 599-631.
50. Weijer, W., and H. A. Dijkstra, H. Öksüzoglu, F. W. Wubs, and A. C. De Niet, 2003: A fully-implicit model of the global ocean circulation. J. Comput. Phys., in press.
51. Welander, P., 1982: A simple heat-salt oscillator. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans. 6, 233-242.
52. Welander, P., 1986: Thermohaline effects in the ocean circulation and related simple models. Large Scale Transport Processes in Oceans and Atmosphere, J. Willebrand and D. L. T. Anderson, Eds., D. Reidel, 163-200.
53. Winton, M., and E. S. Sarachik, 1993: Thermohaline oscillations induced by strong steady salinity forcing of ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1389-1410.