Producing Natural Gas from Coal

Oilfield Review

Volumn 15, Issue 3, 2003, Pages

  Anderson, John ^a   Simpson, Mike ^a,r   Basinski, Paul ^b,i   Beaton, Andrew ^c,j   Boyer, Charles ^d,k   Bulat, Daren ^d,l,m   Ray, Satyaki ^d,n   Reinheimer, Don ^d,n   Schlachter, Greg ^d,l,n   Colson, Leif ^d   Olsen, Tom ^d   John, Zachariah ^e   Khan, Riaz ^e   Low, Nick ^d,f   Ryan, Barry ^g   Schoderbek, David ^h,o,p,q  

^a CNOOC LTD   (China)

^b El Paso Production   (United States)

^c ALBERTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (Canada)

^d Schlumberger Data/Consult Services ^*  (United States)

^e SCHLUMBERGER   (United States)

^f SCHLUMBERGER   (France)

^g Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources   (Canada)

^h Smoky River Coal Company   (Canada)

ⁱ Coalbed Methane ^*

^j Schlumberger Well Services   (Canada)

^k Schlumberger   (United States)

^l SCHLUMBERGER   (Canada)

^m Canadian Fracmaster Ltd   (Canada)

ⁿ Meridian Oil   (United States)

^o Datalogger Inc

^p Burlington Resources Canada Ltd   (Canada)

^q Meridian Oil   (United States)

^r Meridian Oil   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLEAT SYSTEMS; COALBED METHANE RESERVOIRS (CMB);

COAL; DEWATERING; METHANE; NATURAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION; POROSITY;

NATURAL GAS;

EID: 0348252329     PISSN: 09231730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. For more on the history of coal exploitation (July 1, 2003): http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coal/coal_history.html and http://www.pitwork.net/history1.htm
2. Leach WH Jr: "New Technology for CBM Production," Opportunities in Coalbed Methane: A Supplement to Oil and Gas Investor, December 2002, Oil and Gas Investor/Hart Publications, Houston, Texas, USA. Schwochow SD: "CBM: Coming to a Basin Near You," Opportunities in Coalbed Methane: A Supplement to Oil and Gas Investor, December 2002, Oil and Gas Investor/Hart Publications, Houston, Texas, USA.
3. Leach WH Jr: "New Technology for CBM Production," Opportunities in Coalbed Methane: A Supplement to Oil and Gas Investor, December 2002, Oil and Gas Investor/Hart Publications, Houston, Texas, USA. Schwochow SD: "CBM: Coming to a Basin Near You," Opportunities in Coalbed Methane: A Supplement to Oil and Gas Investor, December 2002, Oil and Gas Investor/Hart Publications, Houston, Texas, USA.
4. Nuccio V: "Coal-Bed Methane: Potential and Concerns," U.S. Geological Survey, USGS Fact Sheet FS-123-00, October 2000. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs123-00/fs123-00.pdf
5. Olsen TN, Branize G and Frenzel T: "Improvement Processes for Coalbed Natural Gas Completion and Stimulation," paper SPE 84122, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5-8, 2003.
6. Zuber M and Boyer C: "Evaluation of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs," prepared for the University of Oviedo, Spain, Holditch-Reservoir Technologies Consulting Services, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, May 24-25, 2001.
7. Proximate analysis is the term used for the identification of the major fractions of the coal, taken as moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon and ash, These fractions have usually been determined by progressively heating and then burning crushed samples and observing the volume of the different fractions removed at each stage until nothing is left but ash. Proximate analysis is distinct from ultimate analysis, in which the weight percent of different elements is determined.
8. Ash is the inorganic constituent, derived from mineral matter, that remains after proximate analysis.
9. The theory of Langmuir relates the gas volume adsorbed on ash-free coal to pressure at a given temperature and to two factors that depend on temperature and coal rank. Various researchers have correlated these factors with the results of proximate analysis, so that the adsorbed gas volume can be estimated from logs. See Hawkins JM, Schraufnagel RA and Olszewski AJ: "Estimating Coalbed Gas Content and Sorption Isotherm Using Well Log Data," paper SPE 24905, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Washington, DC, USA, October 4-7, 1992.
10. Schoderbek D and Ray S: "Applications of Formation MicroImage Interpretation to Canadian Coalbed Methane Exploration," presented at the CSPG-CSES Annual Convention, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 2-6, 2003.
11. Bell JS and Bachu S: "In Situ Strass Magnitude and Orientation Estimates for Cretaceous Coal Bearing Strata Beneath the Plains Area of Central and Southern Alberta," Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 51, no. 1 (2003): 1-28.
12. Marchioni D and Kalkreuth WD: "Vitrinite Reflectance and Thermal Maturity in Cretaceous Strata of the Peace River Arch Region, West-Central Alberta and Adjacent British Columbia," Geological Survey of Canada, Open File Report 2576, 1992.
13. Bachu S: "In Situ Stress Regime in the Coal-Bearing Strata of the Northeastern Plains Area of British Columbia," Sigma H. Consultants Ltd. Invarmere BC, Report for the Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia, 2002.
14. Ali AHA, Brown T, Delgado R, Lee D, Plumb D, Smirnov N, Marsden R, Prado-Velarde E, Remsey L, Spoonar D, Stone T and Stouffer T: "Watching Rocks Change-Mechanical Earth Modeling," Oilfield Review 15, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 22-39.
15. LiteCRETE cement is a unique system based on the principle of trimodal particle sizes. At low cement densities, it exhibits compressive strength similar to normal density cements and maintains significantly lower permeabilities. For more on LiteCRETE slurry: Low N, Daccord G and Bedel J-P: "Designing Fibered Cement Slurries for Lost Circulation Applications: Case Histories," paper SPE 84617, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5-8, 2003. Junaidi E, Junaidi H, Abbas R and Malik BZ: "Fibers In Cement Form Network to Cure Lost Circulation," World Oil (June 2003): 48-50. Walton D, Ward E, Frenzel T and Dearing H: "Drilling Fluid and Cementing Improvements Reduced Per-Ft Drilling Costs by 10%," World Oil (April 2003): 39-47. Al-Suwaidi A, Hun C, Bustillos J, Guillot D, Rondeau J, Vigneaux P, Helou H, Martínez Ramírez JA and Reséndiz Robles JL: "Light as a Feather, Hard as a Rock," Oilfield Review 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 2-15.
16. LiteCRETE cement is a unique system based on the principle of trimodal particle sizes. At low cement densities, it exhibits compressive strength similar to normal density cements and maintains significantly lower permeabilities. For more on LiteCRETE slurry: Low N, Daccord G and Bedel J-P: "Designing Fibered Cement Slurries for Lost Circulation Applications: Case Histories," paper SPE 84617, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5-8, 2003. Junaidi E, Junaidi H, Abbas R and Malik BZ: "Fibers In Cement Form Network to Cure Lost Circulation," World Oil (June 2003): 48-50. Walton D, Ward E, Frenzel T and Dearing H: "Drilling Fluid and Cementing Improvements Reduced Per-Ft Drilling Costs by 10%," World Oil (April 2003): 39-47. Al-Suwaidi A, Hun C, Bustillos J, Guillot D, Rondeau J, Vigneaux P, Helou H, Martínez Ramírez JA and Reséndiz Robles JL: "Light as a Feather, Hard as a Rock," Oilfield Review 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 2-15.
17. LiteCRETE cement is a unique system based on the principle of trimodal particle sizes. At low cement densities, it exhibits compressive strength similar to normal density cements and maintains significantly lower permeabilities. For more on LiteCRETE slurry: Low N, Daccord G and Bedel J-P: "Designing Fibered Cement Slurries for Lost Circulation Applications: Case Histories," paper SPE 84617, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5-8, 2003. Junaidi E, Junaidi H, Abbas R and Malik BZ: "Fibers In Cement Form Network to Cure Lost Circulation," World Oil (June 2003): 48-50. Walton D, Ward E, Frenzel T and Dearing H: "Drilling Fluid and Cementing Improvements Reduced Per-Ft Drilling Costs by 10%," World Oil (April 2003): 39-47. Al-Suwaidi A, Hun C, Bustillos J, Guillot D, Rondeau J, Vigneaux P, Helou H, Martínez Ramírez JA and Reséndiz Robles JL: "Light as a Feather, Hard as a Rock," Oilfield Review 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 2-15.
18. LiteCRETE cement is a unique system based on the principle of trimodal particle sizes. At low cement densities, it exhibits compressive strength similar to normal density cements and maintains significantly lower permeabilities. For more on LiteCRETE slurry: Low N, Daccord G and Bedel J-P: "Designing Fibered Cement Slurries for Lost Circulation Applications: Case Histories," paper SPE 84617, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 5-8, 2003. Junaidi E, Junaidi H, Abbas R and Malik BZ: "Fibers In Cement Form Network to Cure Lost Circulation," World Oil (June 2003): 48-50. Walton D, Ward E, Frenzel T and Dearing H: "Drilling Fluid and Cementing Improvements Reduced Per-Ft Drilling Costs by 10%," World Oil (April 2003): 39-47. Al-Suwaidi A, Hun C, Bustillos J, Guillot D, Rondeau J, Vigneaux P, Helou H, Martínez Ramírez JA and Reséndiz Robles JL: "Light as a Feather, Hard as a Rock," Oilfield Review 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 2-15.
19. Chase B, Chmilowski W, Marcinew R, Mitchell C, Dang Y, Krauss K, Nelson E, Lantz T, Parham C and Plummer J: "Clear Fracturing Fluids for Increased Well Productivity," Oilfield Review 9, no. 3 (Autumn 1997): 20-33.
20. Degenhardt KF, Stevenson J, Gale B, Gonzalez D, Hall S, Marsh J and Zemlak W: "Isolate and Stimulate Individual Pay Zones," Oilfield Review 13, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 60-77.
21. Ross PR, Everett JR and Merin IS: "Potential Basin-Centered Gas Accumulation in Cretaceous Trinidad Sandstone, Raton Basin, Colorado," in Geology of Tight Gas Reservoirs, AAPG Special Publication. Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA: AAPG (1986): 111-128.
22. Flores RM and Bader LR: "A Summary of Tertiary Coal Resources of the Raton Basin, Colorado and New Mexico," in 1999 Resource Assessment of Selected Tertiary Coal Beds and Zones in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains Region, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1625-A.
23. Stevens SH, Lombardi IE, Kelso BS and Coats JM: "A Geologic Assessment of Natural Gas from Coal Seams in the Raton and Vermejo Formations, Raton Basin," Gas Research Institute Topical Report, GRI 92/0345, Contract No. 5091-214-2316, 1992.
24. Rautman CA, Cooper SP, Arnold BW, Basinski PM, Mroz TH and Lorenz JC: "Advantages and Limitations of Different Methods for Assessing Natural Fractures in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico," in Assessing Natural Fractures in the Raton Basin, June 2002.
25. The epithermal neutron measurement is based on the slowing down of neutrons between a source and one or more detectors that measure neutrons at the epithermal level, where their energy is above that of the surrounding matter. In air-filled boreholes, the lack of hydrogen dramatically changes the thermal neutron population near the detectors, invalidating the response of a standard thermal neutron log. The epithermal measurement is less affected by the borehole and by using an array of back-shielded detectors, as In the APS Accelerator Porosity Sonde device, can be calibrated to give porosity. Also, by measuring neutrons at the epithermal level, the effects of thermal neutron absorbers are avoided.
26. Armstrong P, Ireson D, Chmela B, Dodds K, Esmersoy C, Miller D, Hornby B, Sayers C, Schoenberg M, Leaney S and Lynn H: "The Promise of Elastic Anisotropy," Oilfield Review 6, no. 4 (October 1994): 36-47.
27. Olsen et al, reference 4.
28. Almaguer J, Manrique J, Wickramasuriya S, Habbtar A, López-de-Cárdenas J, May D, McNally AC and Sulbarán A: "Orienting Perforations in the Right Direction," Oilfield Review 14, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 16-31. Manriqus JF, Poe BD Jr and England K: Production Optimization and Practical Reservoir Management of Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs," peper SPE 67315, presented at the SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, March 26-29, 2001.
29. Almaguer J, Manrique J, Wickramasuriya S, Habbtar A, López-de-Cárdenas J, May D, McNally AC and Sulbarán A: "Orienting Perforations in the Right Direction," Oilfield Review 14, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 16-31. Manriqus JF, Poe BD Jr and England K: Production Optimization and Practical Reservoir Management of Coal Bed Methane Reservoirs," paper SPE 67315, presented at the SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, March 26-29, 2001.
30. Palmer ID, Purl R and King GE: "Damage to Coal Permeability During Hydraulic Fracturing," paper SPE 21813, presented at the SPE Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting and Low-Permeability Reservoirs Symposium, Denver, Colorado, USA, April 15-17, 1991.
31. Olsen et al, reference 4,
32. Gas lock is a condition sometimes encountered in a pumping well when dissolved gas, released from solution during the upstroke of the plunger, appears as free gas between the valves. On the downstroke, pressure inside a barrel completely filled with gas may never reach the pressure needed to open the traveling valve. In the upstroke, the pressure inside the barrel never decreases enough for the standing valve to open and allow liquid to enter the pump. Thus no fluid enters or leaves the pump, and the pump is locked. It does not cause equipment failure, but with a nonfunctional pump, the pumping system is useless. A decrease in pumping rate is accompanied by an increase of bottomhole pressure (or fluid level in the annulus). In many cases of gas lock, this increase in bottomhole pressure can exceed the pressure in the barrel and liquid can enter through the standing valve. After a few strokes, enough liquid enters the pump to break the gas lock, and the pump functions normally.
33. Schwochow, reference 2.
34. Albright J, Cassell B, Dangerfield J, Deflandre J-P, Johnstad S and Withers R: "Seismic Surveillance for Monitoring Reservoir Changes," Oilfield Review 6, no. 1 (January 1994): 4-14.