Structure of Globin Gene Domains in Mammals and Birds

Russian Journal of Genetics

Volumn 38, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 1343-1358

  Sjakste, N I ^a,b   Sjakste, T G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA   (Latvia)

^b LATVIAN INSTITUTE OF ORGANIC SYNTHESIS   (Latvia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AVES; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0348246016     PISSN: 10227954     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1021690403397     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Dillon, N. and Sabbatini, P., Functional Gene Expression Domains: Defining the Functional Unit of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, BioEssays, 2000, vol. 22, pp. 657-665.
2. Evans, T., Felsenfeld, G., and Reitman, M., Control of Globin Gene Transcription, Annu. Rev. Cell. Biol., 1990, vol. 6, pp. 95-124.
3. Felsenfeld, G., Chromatin Structure and the Expression of Globin-Encoding Genes, Gene, 1993, vol. 135, pp. 119-124.
4. Sjakste, N.I., Chromatin Structural Changes Associated with Erythroid Cell Differentiation, Tsitol. Genet., 1993, vol. 27, pp. 89-96.
5. Sjakste, N., DNA-Protein Interactions in Active and Inactive Chromatin, Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. B, 1992, vol. 46, pp. 53-57.
6. Sjakste, N.I. and Sjakste, T.G., Enzymatic Activities of the Nuclear Matrix, Biokhimiya, 1994, vol. 59, pp. 1663-1674.
7. Sjakste, N.I., DNA Association with the Nuclear Skeleton, Mol. Genet., Mikrobiol. Virusol., 1993, no. 3, pp. 8-12.
8. Sjakste, N.I., Specific Features of the Molecular Organization of Components of the Cell Nucleus at Various Stages of the Cell Cycle and in Resting Cells, Tsitologiya, 1992, vol. 34, pp. 3-16.
9. Sjakste, N.I., Changes in the Macromolecular Composition and Organization of the Cell Nucleus in Gametogenesis, Embryo Development, and Histogenesis, Ontogenez (Moscow), 1993, vol. 24, pp. 5-21.
10. Sjakste, N.I. and Sjakste, T.G., Differentiation-Dependent Features of the Molecular Organization of the Cell Nucleus in Leukocytes, Vestn. Rus. Akad. Med. Nauk, 1993, no. 4, pp. 56-63.
11. Sjakste, N.I. and Budylin, A.V., Aging-Associated Structural Changes in Chromatin at Various Levels of Its Organization, Ontogenez (Moscow), 1992, vol. 22, pp. 34-45.
12. Sjakste, N.I., Structural Changes in Chromatin and the Nuclear Matrix in Cell Malignant Transformation and Antitumor Therapy, Eksp. Onkol., 1992, vol. 14, pp. 19-23.
13. Sjakste, N.I., Structural Modifications of Chromatin and the Nuclear Matrix in Pathological Processes and the Possibility of Correction with Pharmacological Preparations, Sopr. Med. Khim., 1993, vol. 39, pp. 10-15.
14. Sjakste, T.G. and Sjakste, N.I., Specific Molecular Organization of the Plant Cell Nucleus and Its Ontogenetic Changes, Tsitologiya, 1993, vol. 34, pp. 3-16.
15. Sjakste, T., Sjakste, N., and Rashal, I., DNA Interactions with Nuclear Matrix Proteins in Higher Plant Cells: Applications of the Nucleoprotein Celite Chromatography Method, Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. B, 1995, vol. 49, pp. 97-104.
16. Chan, F., Robinson, J., Brownie, A., et al., Characterization of α- and β-Globin Genes in the Zebrafish, Blood, 1997, vol. 89, pp. 688-700.
17. Grosveld, F., van Assendelt, G.B., Greaves, D.K., and Kellias, B., Position-Independent High-Level Expression of the Human β-Globin Gene in Transgenic Mice, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1987, vol. 51, pp. 975-985.
18. Higgs, D.R., Wood, W.G., Jarman, A.P., et al., A Major Positive Regulatory Region Located Far Upstream of the Human β-Globin Gene Locus, Genes Dev., 1990, vol. 4, pp. 1588-1601.
19. Sharpe, J.A., Chan-Thomas, P.S., Lida, J., et al., Analysis of the Human β-Globin Upstream Regulatory Element (HS-40) in Transgenic Mice, EMBO J., 1992, vol. 11, pp. 5465-5472.
20. Vyas, P., Vickers, M.A., Picketts, D.J., and Higgs, D., Conservation of Position and Sequence of a Novel, Widely Expressed Gene Containing the Major Human α-Globin Regulatory Element, Genomics, 1995, vol. 29, pp. 679-689.
21. Kielman, M.F., Smits, R., Devi, T.S., et al., Homology of a 130-kb Region Enclosing the α-Globin Gene Cluster, the α-Locus Controlling Region, the Two Non-Globin Genes in Human and Mouse, Mamm. Genome, 1993, vol. 4, pp. 314-323.
22. Kielman, M.F., Smits, R., Hof, I., and Bernini, L.F., Characterization and Comparison of the Human and Mouse Dist1/α-Globin Complex Reveals a Tightly Packed Multiple Gene Cluster Containing Differentially Expressed Transcription Units, Genomics, 1996, vol. 32, pp. 341-351.
23. Gourdon, G., Sharpe, J.A., Higgs, D.R., and Wood, W.G., The Mouse α-Globin Locus Regulatory Element, Blood, 1995, vol. 86, pp. 766-775.
24. Kielman, M.F., Smits, R., and Bernini, L.F., Localization and Characterization of the Mouse α-Globin Locus Control Region, Genomics, 1994, vol. 21, pp. 431-433.
25. Higgs, D.R., Do LCR Open Chromatin Domains?, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1998, vol. 95, pp. 299-302.
26. Hardison, R., Hemoglobins from Bacteria to Man: Evolution of Different Patterns of Gene Expression, J. Exp. Biol., 1998, vol. 201, pp. 1099-1117.
27. Craddock, C.F., Vyas, P., Sharpe, J.A., et al., Contrasting Effects of α- and β-Globin Regulatory Elements on Chromatin Structure May be Related to Their Different Chromosomal Environments, EMBO J., 1995, vol. 14, pp. 1718-1726.
28. Gardiner-Garden, M., Ballesteros, M., Gordon, M., and Tam, P.P., Histone- and Protamine-DNA Association: Conservation of Different Patterns within the β-Globin Domain in Human Sperm, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1998, vol. 18, pp. 3350-3356.
29. Gribnau, J., Diderich, K., Pruzina, S., et al., Intergenic Transcription and Developmental Remodeling of Chromatin Subdomains in the Human α-Globin Locus, Mol. Cell, 2000, vol. 5, pp. 377-386.
30. Li, G., Lim, K.C., Engel, J.D., and Bungert, J., Individual LCR Hypersensitive Sites Cooperate to Generate an Open Chromatin Domain Spanning the Human β-Globin Locus, Genes Cells, 1998, vol. 7, pp. 415-429.
31. Jackson, J.D., Miller, W., and Hardison, R.C., Sequence within and Flanking Hypersensitive Sites 3 and 2 of the β-Globin Locus Control Region Required for Synergistic versus Additive Interaction with the ε Gene Promoter, Nucleic Acids Res., 1996, vol. 24, pp. 4327-4335.
32. Jackson, J.D., Petrykowska, H., Philipsen, S., et al., Role of DNA Sequences Outside the Cores of DNase Hypersensitive Sites (HSs) in Functions of the β-Globin Locus Control Region: Domain Opening and Synergism between HS2 and HS3, J. Biol. Chem., 1996, vol. 271, pp. 11871-11878.
33. Reik, A., Telling, A., Zitnik, G., et al., The Locus Control Region Is Necessary for Gene Expression in the Human β-Globin Locus but Not the Maintenance of an Open Chromatin Structure in Erythroid Cells, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1998, vol. 18, pp. 5992-6000.
34. Engel, J.D. and Tanimoto, K., Looping, Linking, and Chromatin Activity: New Insights into α-Globin Locus Regulation, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 2000, vol. 100, pp. 499-502.
35. Festenstein, R. and Kioussis, D., Locus Control Regions and Epigenetic Chromatin Modifiers, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 2000, vol. 10, pp. 199-203.
36. Grosveld, F., Activation by Locus Control Region?, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 1999, vol. 9, pp. 199-203.
37. Schübeler, D., Francastel, C., Cimbora, D.M., et al., Nuclear Localization and Histone Acetylation: A Pathway for Chromatin Opening and Transcriptional Activation of the Human α-Globin Locus, Genes Dev., 2000, vol. 14, pp. 940-950.
38. Igarashi, K., Hoshino, H., Muto, A., et al., Multivalent DNA-Binding Complex Generated by Small Maf and Bach1 as a Possible Biochemical Basis for β-Globin Locus Control Region Complex, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, vol. 273, pp. 11783-11790.
39. Pomerantz, O., Goodwin, A.J., Joyce, T., and Lowrey, C.H., Conserved Elements Containing NF-E2 and Tandem GATA-Binding Sites Are Required for Erythroid-Specific Chromatin Structure Reorganization within the Human β-Globin Locus Control Region, Nucleic Acids Res., 1998, vol. 26, pp. 5684-5691.
40. Gillemans, N., Tewari, R., Lindenboom, F., et al., Altered DNA-Binding Specificity Mutants of EKLF and Sp1 Show That EKLF Is an Activator of the α-Globin Locus Control Region in Vivo, Genes Dev., 1998, vol. 12, pp. 2863-2873.
41. Wijgerde, M., Grosveld, F., and Fraser, P., Transcription Complex Stability and Chromatin Dynamics in Vivo, Nature, 1995, vol. 377, pp. 209-213.
42. Bauchwitz, R. and Constantini, F., Developmentally Distinct Effects on Human α-, β- and ε-Globin Levels Caused by the Absence or Altered Position of the Human α-Globin Gene in YAC Transgenic Mice, Hum. Mol. Genet., 2000, vol. 9, pp. 561-574.
43. Langdon, S.D. and Kaufman, R.E., γ-Globin Gene Promoter Elements Required for Interaction with Globin Enhancers, Blood, 1998, vol. 91, pp. 309-318.
44. McDowell, J.C. and Dean, A., Structural and Functional Cross-Talk between a Distant Enhancer and the ε-Globin Gene Promoter Shows Interdependence of the Two Elements in Chromatin, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 7600-7609.
45. Rubin, J.E., Pasceri, P., Wu, X., et al., Locus Control Region Activity by 5′-HS3 Requires a Functional Interaction with α-Globin Gene Regulatory Elements: Expression of a Novel α/β-Globin Hybrid Transgenes, Blood, 2000, vol. 95, pp. 3242-4249.
46. Bungert, J., Tanimoto, K., Patel, S., et al., Hypersensitive Site 2 Specifies a Unique Function within the Human β-Globin Locus Region to Stimulate Globin Gene Transcription, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 3062-3072.
47. Onishi, Y., Wada-Kiyama, Y., and Kiyama, R., Expression-Dependent Perturbation of Nucleosomal Phases at HS-2 of the Human β-LCR: A Possible Correlation with Periodic Curvature DNA, J. Mol. Biol., 1998, vol. 284, pp. 989-1004.
48. Li, Q. and Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Hypersensitive Site 5 of the Human β Locus Control Region Functions as a Chromatin Insulator, Blood, 1994, vol. 84, pp. 1399-1401.
49. Bender, M.A., Reik, A., Close, J., et al., Description and Targeted Deletion of 5′ Hypersensitive Sites 5 and 6 of the Mouse β-Globin Locus Control Region, Blood, 1998, vol. 92, pp. 4394-4403.
50. Bulger, M., von Doorninck, J.H., Saitoh, N., et al., Conservation of Sequence and Structure Flanking the Mouse and Human α-Globin Loci: The α-Globin Genes Are Embedded within an Array of Odorant Receptor Genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, vol. 96, pp. 5129-5134.
51. Groudine, M., Kohwi-Shigematsu, T., Gelinas, R., et al., DNase Hypersensitive Sites in Human α-Globin Gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1983, vol. 80, pp. 7551-7555.
52. Zhu, J., Allan, M., and Paul, J., The Chromatin Structure of the Human α-Globin Gene: Nuclease Hypersensitive Sites Correlate with Multiple Initiation Sites of Transcription, Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, vol. 12, pp. 9191-9205.
53. Jarman, A.P. and Higgs, D.R., Nuclear Scaffold Attachment Sites in the Human Globin Gene Complexes, EMBO J., 1988, vol. 7, pp. 3337-3344.
54. Cunningham, J.M., Purucker, M.E., Jane, S.M., et al., The Regulatory Element 3′ to the a γ-Globin Gene Binds to the Nuclear Matrix and Interacts with Special AT-Rich Binding Protein 1 (SATB1), an SAR/MAR-Associating Region DNA-Binding Protein, Blood, 1994, vol. 84, pp. 1298-1308.
55. Yan, Z.Y. and Qian, R.L., The 5′-Cis-Acting Element of the Human ε-Globin Gene Associates with the Nuclear Matrix and Binds to the Nuclear Proteins, Cell Res., 1998, vol. 78, pp. 209-218.
56. Jackson, C.E., O'Neill, D., and Bank, A., Nuclear Factor-Binding Sites in Human β-Globin IVS2, J. Biol. Chem., 1995, vol. 270, pp. 28 448-28 456.
57. Bartjeliotou, A.J. and Dimitriadis, G.J., The Association of the Human ε-Globin Gene with the Nuclear Matrix: A Reconsideration, Mol. Cell Biochem., 1992, vol. 115, pp. 105-115.
58. Smith, R.A., Ho, P.J., Clegg, J.B., et al., Recombination Breakpoints in the Human β-Globin Gene Cluster, Blood, 1998, vol. 92, pp. 4415-4421.
59. Allan, M., Lanyon, W.G., and Paul, J., Multiple Origins of Transcription in the 4.5 kb Upstream of the α-Globin Gene, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1983, vol. 35, pp. 187-197.
60. Grindlay, G.J., Lanyon, W.G., Allan, M., and Paul, J., Alternative Sites of Transcription Initiation Upstream of the Canonical Cap Site in the Human γ-Globin and β-Globin Genes, Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, vol. 12, pp. 1811-1820.
61. Allan, M. and Paul, J., Transcription in vivo of an Alu Family Member Upstream from the Human ε-Globin Gene, Nucleic Acids Res., 1984, vol. 12, pp. 1193-1200.
62. Tuan, D., Kong, S., and Hu, K., Transcription of the Hypersensitive Site HS-2 Enhancer in Erythroid Cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992, vol. 89, pp. 11 219-11 223.
63. Ashe, H.L., Monks, J., Wijgerde, M., et al., Intergenic Transcription and Transinduction of the Human β-Globin Locus, Genes Dev., 1997, vol. 11, pp. 2497-2509.
64. Feingold, E.A., Penny, L.A., Nienhuis, A.W., and Forget, B.G., An Olfactory Receptor Gene Is Located in the Extended Human β-Globin Gene Cluster and Is Expressed in Erythroid Cells, Genomics, 1999, vol. 61, pp. 15-23.
65. Bulger, M., Bender, M.A., von Doorninck, J.H., et al., Comparative Structural and Functional Analysis of the Olfactory Receptor Genes Flanking the Human and Mouse β-Globin Clusters, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, vol. 97, pp. 14 560-14 565.
66. Bulger, M., von Doorninck, J.H., Saitoh, N., et al., Conservation of Sequence and Structure Flanking the Mouse and Human β-Globin Loci: The β-Globin Genes Are Embedded within an Array of Odorant Receptor Genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, vol. 96, pp. 5129-5134.
67. Smith, R.D., Yu, J., and Seale, R.L., Chromatin Structure of the β-Globin Gene Family in Murine Erythroleukemia Cells, Biochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 785-790.
68. Smith, R.D., Yu, J., Anunziato, A., and Seale, R.L., β-Globin Gene Family in Murine Erythroleukemia Cells Resides within Two Chromatin Domains Differing in Higher Order Structure, Biochemistry, 1984, vol. 23, pp. 2970-2976.
69. Bender, M.A., Bulger, M., Close, J., and Groudine, M., β-Globin Gene Switching and DNase I Sensitivity of the Endogenous β-Globin Locus in Mice Do Not Require the Locus Control Region, Mol. Cell, 2000, vol. 5, pp. 387-393.
70. Jimenez, G., Gale, K.B., and Enver, T., The Mouse β-Globin Locus Control Region: Hypersensitive Sites 3 and 4, Nucleic Acids Res., 1992, vol. 20, pp. 5797-5803.
71. Hug, B.A., Moon, A.M., and Ley, T.J., Structure and Function of the Murine β-Globin Locus Control Region 5′-HS-3, Nucleic Acids Res., 1992, vol. 20, pp. 5771-5778.
72. Farrel, C., Grinberg, A., Huang, S.P., et al., A Large Upstream Region Is Not Necessary for Gene Expression or Hypersensitive Site Formation at the Mouse β-Globin Locus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, vol. 97, pp. 14 554-14 559.
73. Epner, E., Reik, A., Cimbora, D., et al., The β-Globin LCR Is Not Necessary for an Open Chromatin Structure or Developmentally Regulated Transcription of the Native Mouse β-Globin Locus, Mol. Cell, 1998, vol. 4, pp. 447-455.
74. Bender, M.A., Mehaffey, M.G., Hug, B., et al., Independent Formation of DNase I Hypersensitive Sites in the Murine Globin Locus Control Region, Blood, 2000, vol. 95, pp. 3600-3604.
75. Forsberg, E.C., Downs, K.M., Christensen, H.M., et al., Developmentally Dynamic Histone Acetylation Pattern of a Tissue-Specific Chromatin Domain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, vol. 97, pp. 14494-14499.
76. Greenstein, R.J., Constitutive Attachment of Murine Erythroleukemia Cell Histone-Depleted DNA Loops to the Nuclear Scaffolding Is Found in the β-Major but Not the β-Globin Gene, DNA, 1988, vol. 7, pp. 601-607.
77. Welder, D.A. and Winikov, I., β-Globin Gene Transcripts Originating in the Promoter Region during Early Hexamethylene Bisacetamide and Dimethylsulfoxide Induction in Friend Erythroleukemia Cells, Mol. Cell Biochem., 1989, vol. 90, pp. 175-183.
78. Winicov, I., RNA Processing of β-Globin Transcripts and Structural Gene Sequences, Nucleic Acids Res., 1988, vol. 16, pp. 593-607.
79. Li, Q.L., Zhou, B., Powers, P., et al., Primary Structure of the Goat β-Globin Locus Control Region, Genomics, 1991, vol. 9, pp. 488-499.
80. Li, Q.L., Zhou, B., Powers, P., et al., β-Globin Locus Activation Regions: Conservation of Organization, Structure, and Function, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, vol. 87, pp. 8207-8211.
81. Hardison, R., Xu, J., Jackson, J., et al., Comparative Analysis of the Locus Control Region of the Rabbit betlike Gene Cluster: HS3 Increases Transient Expression of an Embryonic ε-Globin Gene, Nucleic Acids Res., 1993, vol. 21, pp. 1265-1272.
82. Slightom, J.L., Bock, J.H., Tagle, D. A., et al., The Complete Sequences of the Galago and Rabbit β-Globin Locus Control Regions: Extended Sequence and Functional Conservation Outside the Cores of DNase Hypersensitive Sites, Genomics, 1997, vol. 39, pp. 90-94.
83. Hardison, R. and Miller, W., Use of Long Sequence Alignments to Study the Evolution and Regulation of Mammalian Globin Gene Clusters, Mol. Biol. Evol., 1993, vol. 10, pp. 73-102.
84. Hardison, R., Slightom, J.L., Gumucio, D.L., et al., Locus Control Regions of Mammalian β-Globin Gene Clusters: Combining Phylogenetic Analyses and Experimental Results to Gain Functional Insights, Gene, 1997, vol. 205, pp. 73-94.
85. Villeponteau, B., Landes, G., Pankratz, M., and Martinson, H.G., The Chicken β-Globin Gene Region: Delineation of Transcription Units and Developmental Regulation of Interspersed DNA Repeats, J. Biol. Chem., 1982, vol. 257, pp. 11 015-11 023.
86. Reitman, M., Grasso, J.A., Blumenthal, R., and Lewit, P., Primary Sequence, Evolution, and Repetitive Elements of the Gallus gallus (Chicken) β-Globin Cluster, Genomics, 1993, vol. 18, pp. 616-626.
87. Moreau, J., Marcaud, L., Maschat, F., et al., A + T-Rich Linkers Define Functional Domains in Eukaryotic DNA, Nature, 1982, vol. 295, pp. 260-262.
88. Komaiko, W. and Felsenfeld, G., Solubility and Structure of Chicken Erythrocyte Chromatin Containing Transcriptionally Competent and Inactive Genes, Biochemistry, 1985, vol. 24, pp. 1186-1193.
89. Sun, Y.L., Xu, Y.Zh., Bellard, M., and Chambon, P., Digestion of the Chicken β-Globin Gene Chromatin with Micrococcal Nuclease Reveals the Presence of an Altered Nucleosomal Array Characterized by an Atypical Ladder of DNA Fragments, EMBO J., 1986, vol. 5, pp. 293-300.
90. Meyerhof, W. and Knochel, W., Red Blood Cell Chromatin Structures of Xenopus laevis β-Globin Genes, Hoppe-Seyler's Biol. Chem., 1986, vol. 367, suppl., p. 178.
91. Prioleau, M.N., Nony, P., Simpson, M., and Felsenfeld, G., An Insulator Element and Condensed Chromatin Region Separate the Chicken β-Globin Locus from an Independently Regulated Erythroid-Specific Folate Receptor Gene, EMBO J., 1999, vol. 18, pp. 4035-4048.
92. Saitoh, N., Bell, A.C., Recillas-Targa, F., et al., Structural and Functional Conservation at the Boundaries of the Chicken β-Globin Domain, EMBO J., 2000, vol. 19, pp. 2315-2322.
93. Stalder, J., Larsen, A., Engel, J.D., et al., Tissue-Specific DNA Cleavages in the Globin Chromatin Domain Introduced by DNase I, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1980, vol. 20, pp. 451-460.
94. Reitman, M. and Felsenfeld, G., Developmental Regulation of Topoisomerase II Sites and DNase I-Hypersensitive Sites in the Chicken β-Globin Locus, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1990, vol. 10, pp. 2774-2786.
95. Felsenfeld, G., Emerson, B., Jackson, D., et al., Modulation of Chromatin Structure during Development, Hoppe-Seyler's Biol. Chem., 1986, vol. 367, suppl., p. 45.
96. H-Globin Genes, Nucleic Acids Res., 1986, vol. 14, pp. 7675-7693.
97. Villeponteau, B. and Martinson, H.G., γ Rays and Bleomycin Nick DNA and Reverse the DNase I Sensitivity of β-Globin Gene Chromatin in Vivo, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1987, vol. 7, pp. 1917-1924.
98. Muller, M.T. and Mehta, V.B., DNase I Hypersensitivity Is Independent of Endogenous Topoisomerase II Activity during Chicken Erythrocyte Differentiation, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1988, vol. 8, pp. 3661-3669.
99. Delcuve, G.P. and Davie, J.R., Chromatin Structure of Erythroid-Specific Genes of Immature and Mature Chicken Erythrocytes, Biochem. J., 1989, vol. 263, pp. 176-186.
100. Hentzen, P., Rho, J., and Bekhor, I., Nuclear Matrix DNA from Chicken Erythrocytes Contains β-Globin Gene Sequences, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1984, vol. 81, pp. 304-307.
101. Zenk, D.W., Ginder, G.D., and Brotherton, T.W., A Nuclear Matrix Protein Binds Very Tightly to DNA in the Avian β-Globin Gene Enhancer, Biochemistry, 1990, vol. 29, pp. 5221-5226.
102. Brotherton, T., Zenk, D., Kahanic, S., and Reneker, J., Avian Nuclear Matrix Proteins Bind Very Tightly to Cellular DNA of the β-Globin Gene Enhancer in a Tissue-Specific Fashion, Biochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, pp. 5845-5850.
103. Kretsovali, A., Muller, M.M., Weber, F., et al., A Transcriptional Enhancer Located between Adult β-Globin and Embryonic ε-Globin Genes in Chicken and Duck, Gene, 1987, vol. 58, pp. 167-175.
104. Abruzzo, L.V. and Reitman, M., Enhancer Activity of Upstream Hypersensitive Site 2 of the Chicken β-Globin Cluster Is Mediated by GATA Sites, J. Biol. Chem., 1994, vol. 269, pp. 32 565-32 571.
105. A Globin Gene in Transgenic Mice, Nature, 1990, vol. 348, pp. 749-752.
106. Chung, J.H., Bell, A.C., and Felsenfeld, G., Characterization of the Chicken β-Globin Insulator, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, vol. 94, pp. 575-580.
107. Chung, J.H., Whiteley, M., and Felsenfeld, G., A 5′-Element of the Chicken β-Globin Domain Serves as an Insulator in Human Erythroid Cells and Protects against Position Effect in Drosophila, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1993, vol. 74, pp. 505-514.
108. Walters, M.C., Fiering, S., Bouhassira, E.E., et al., The Chicken β-Globin 5′-HS4 Boundary Element Blocks Enhancer-Mediated Suppression of Silencing, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1999, vol. 19, pp. 3714-3726.
109. Pikaart, M.J., Recillas-Targa, F., and Felsenfeld, G., Loss of Transcriptional Activity of a Transgene Is Accompanied by DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation and Is Prevented by Insulators, Genes Dev., 1998, vol. 12, pp. 2852-2862.
110. H-Globin Gene, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1988, vol. 8, pp. 5369-5377.
111. Kretsovali, A., Marcaud, L., Moreau, J., and Scherrer, K., Conservation and Variation in the Large Scale Organization of the Globin Gene Domains of Duck and Chicken, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1986, vol. 203, pp. 193-201.
112. A Promoter, Gene, 1995, vol. 156, pp. 277-281.
113. A-Globin Enhancer, Gene, 1991, vol. 103, pp. 253-257.
114. Vyas, P., Vickers, M.A., Simmons, D.L., et al., Cis-Acting Sequences Regulating Expression of the Human α-Globin Cluster Lie within Constitutively Open Chromatin, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1992, vol. 69, pp. 781-793.
115. Bernet, S., Sabatier, S., Picketts, D.J., et al., Targeted Inactivation of the Major Positive Regulatory Element (HS-40) of the Human α-Globin Gene Locus, Blood, 1995, vol. 86, pp. 1202-1211.
116. Chen, H., Lowrey, C.H., and Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Analysis of the Enhancer Function of the HS-40 Core Sequence of the Human α-Globin Cluster, Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, vol. 25, pp. 2917-2922.
117. Jarman, A.P., Wood, W.G., Sharpe, J.A., et al., Characterization of the Major Regulatory Element Upstream of the Human α-Globin Gene Cluster, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1991, vol. 11, pp. 4679-4689.
118. Hess, J., Perez-Stable, C., Deisseroth, A., and Shen, C.K., Characterization of an Unique RNA Initiated Immediately Upstream from the Human α1-Globin Gene in vivo and in vitro: Polymerase II Dependence, Tissue Specificity and Subcellular Location, Nucleic Acids Res., 1985, vol. 13, pp. 6059-6074.
119. Kirov, N., Tsaneva, I., and Tsanev, R., Presence of Nucleosomal Repeat in the Transcribed Region of α-Globin Genes of Induced Murine Erythroleukemia Cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1985, vol. 130, pp. 367-371.
120. Avramova, Z. and Paneva, E., Matrix Attachment Sites in the Murine α-Globin Gene, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1992, vol. 182, pp. 78-85.
121. Razin, S.V., Shen, K., Ioudinkova, E., and Scherrer, K., Functional Analysis of DNA Sequences Located within a Cluster of DNase I Hypersensitive Sites Colocalizing with a MAR Element at the Upstream Border of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, J. Cell Biochem., 1999, vol. 74, pp. 38-49.
122. Razin, S.V., de Moura Gallo, C.V., and Scherrer, K., Characterization of the Chromatin Structure in the Upstream Area of the Chicken a-Globin Gene Domain, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1994, vol. 242, pp. 649-652.
123. Reculas Targa, F., Razin, S.V., de Moura Gallo, C.V., and Scherrer, K., Excision Close to Matrix Attachment Regions of the Whole Domain of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain by Nuclease S1 and Characterization of the Framing Structures, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, vol. 91, pp. 4422-4426.
124. De Moura Gallo, C.V., Vassetzky, Y.S., Huesca, M., and Scherrer, K., A Transcription-Dependent DNase I-Hypersensitive Site in a Far Upstream Segment of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain Coincides with a Matrix Attachment Region, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1992, vol. 184, pp. 1181-1189.
125. Farache, G., Razin, S.V., Recillas Targa, F., and Scherrer, K., Organization of the 3′-Boundary of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain and Characterization of a CR1-Specific Protein Binding Site, Nucleic Acids Res., 1990, vol. 18, pp. 401-409.
126. Engel, J.D. and Dodgson, J.B., Analysis of the Closely Linked Adult Chicken α-Globin Genes in Recombinant DNAs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1980, vol. 77, pp. 2596-2600.
127. Kalandadze, A.G., Bushara, S.A., Vassetzky, Y.S., Jr., and Razin, S.V., Characterization of DNA Pattern in the Site of Permanent Attachment to the Nuclear Matrix Located in the Vicinity of Replication Origin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1990, vol. 168, pp. 9-15.
128. Krajewski, W.A. and Razin, S.V., Organization of Specific DNA Sequence Elements in the Region of the Replication Origin and Matrix Attachment Site in the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1992, vol. 235, pp. 381-388.
129. Boulikas, T., Transcription Factor Binding Sites in the Matrix Attachment Region (MAR) of the Chicken α-Globin Gene, J. Cell Biochem., 1994, vol. 55, pp. 513-529.
130. Boulikas, T., Chromatin Domains and Prediction of MAR Sequences, Int. Rev. Cytol., 1995, vol. 162, pp. 279-388.
131. Sjakste, N.I., Sjakste, T.G., and Sherrer, K., Primary Sequence Analysis of the 5′ Region of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, Tsitologiya, 1997, vol. 39, p. 108.
132. Sjakste, N., Iarovaia, O., Linares-Cruz, G., et al., Transcription of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, Abstracts Wilhelm Bernhard Workshop, 15th Int. Workshop on the Cell Nucleus, Lac-Delage (Canada), 1998, pp. 58-59.
133. Weintraub, H., Larsen, A., and Groudine, M., α-Globin Gene Switching during the Development of Chicken Embryos: Expression and Chromosome Structure, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1981, vol. 24, pp. 333-344.
134. Larsen, A. and Weintraub, H., An Altered DNA Conformation Detected by S1 Nuclease Occurs at Specific Regions in Active Chick Globin Chromatin, Cell (Cambridge, Mass.), 1982, vol. 29, pp. 609-622.
135. Farache, G., Razin, S.V., Rzeszowska-Wolny, J., et al., Mapping of Structural and Transcription-Related Matrix Attachment Sites in the α-Globin Gene Domain of Avian Erythroblasts and Erythrocytes, Mol. Cell. Biol., 1990, vol. 10, pp. 5349-5358.
136. Pietrowska, M., Rusin, M., Widlak, P., et al., Characterization of DNA Sequence Localized 11 to 17 kb Upstream of the Chicken Embryonic π-Gene, Acta Biochim. Pol., 1999, vol. 46, pp. 777-784.
137. Razin, S.V., Chernokhvostov, V.V., Vassetzky, E.S., et al., The Distribution of Tightly Bound Proteins along the DNA Chain Reflects the Type of Cell Differentiation, Nucleic Acids Res., 1988, vol. 16, pp. 3617-3633.
138. Sjakste, N., Sjakste, T., Stacey, G., et al., Distribution of Tightly-Bound Proteins along the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci. B, 1999, vol. 53, pp. 5-11.
139. Razin, S.V., Petrov, P., and Hancock, R., Precise Localization of the α-Globin Gene Cluster within One of the 20- to 300-Kilobase DNA Fragments Released by Cleavage of Chicken Chromosomal DNA at Topoisomerase II Sites in vivo: Evidence That the Fragments Are DNA Loops or Domains, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, vol. 88, pp. 8515-8519.
140. A-Globin and Human c-Ha-ras Genes by Two Molecular Forms of Calf Thymus Topoisomerase I, Mol. Cell Biochem., 1991, vol. 101, pp. 115-124.
141. Recillas-Targa, F., de Moura Gallo, C.V., Huesca, M., et al., Silencer and Enhancer Elements Located at the 3′-Side of the Chicken and Duck α-Globin-Encoding Gene Domains, Gene, 1993, vol. 129, pp. 229-237.
142. Razin, S.V., Vassetzky, Y.S., Jr., Kvartskhava, A.I., et al., Transcriptional Enhancer in the Vicinity of a Replication Origin within the 5′-Region of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, J. Mol. Biol., 1991, vol. 217, pp. 595-598.
143. D Gene Region, Nucleic Acids Res., 1991, vol. 19, pp. 5321-5329.
144. Razin, S.V., Ioudinkova, E.S., and Scherrer, K., Extensive Methylation of a Part of CpG Island Located 3.0-4.5 kb Upstream to the Chicken α-Globin Gene Cluster May Contribute to Silencing the Globin Genes in Non-Erythroid Cells, J. Mol. Biol., 2000, vol. 299, pp. 845-852.
145. Razin, S.V., Kekelidze, M.G., Lukanidin, E.M., and Scherrer, K., Replication Origins Are Attached to the Nuclear Skeleton, Nucleic Acids Res., 1986, vol. 14, pp. 8189-8207.
146. Vassetzky, Y.S., de Moura Gallo, C.V., Bogdanova, A.N., et al., The Sequence-Specific Nuclear Matrix-Binding Factor F6 Is a Chicken GATA-like Protein, Mol. Gen. Genet., 1993, vol. 238, pp. 309-314.
147. Recillas-Targa, F., Huesca, M., and Scherrer, K., Preliminary Characterization of a Nuclear Factor Interacting with the Silencer Element at the 3′-Side of the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1992, vol. 188, pp. 416-423.
148. D, and β-Globin mRNAs, FEBS Lett., 1982, vol. 142, pp. 12-16.
149. Broders, F., Zahraoui, A., and Scherrer, K., The Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain Is Transcribed into a 17-Kilobase Polycistronic RNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, vol. 87, pp. 503-507.
150. Yarovaya, O.V., Sjakste, N.I., and Razin, S.V., Expression Regulation of the Globin Genes in the Course of Erythroid Cell Differentiation, Dokl. Akad. Nauk, 1999, vol. 368, pp. 120-121.
151. Sjakste, N., Iarovaia, O., Razin, S.V., and Scherrer, K., Globin, "NIK" and "ggPRX" Transcription in the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain, The Wilhelm Bernhard's Workshop: 16th Int. Workshop on the Cell Nucleus, Prague, 1999, abstract 81.
152. Sjakste, N., Iarovaia, O., Razin, S., et al., A Novel Gene Is Transcribed in the Chicken α-Globin Gene Domain in the Direction Opposite to the Globin Genes, Mol. Gen. Genet., 2000, vol. 262, pp. 1012-1021.
153. D-Globin Gene, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, vol. 234, pp. 450-453.
154. Iarovaia, O., Razin, S.V., Linares-Cruz, G., et al., In Chicken Leukemia Cells Globin Genes Are Fully Transcribed but Their RNAs Are Retained in the Perinucleolar Area, Exp. Cell Res., 2001, vol. 270, pp. 159-165.
155. Scherrer, K., de Conto, F., Ferraglia, F., et al., Control of Globin Gene Expression and the Nuclear Phase of the Prosome-Proteasome System, The Wilhelm Bernhard's Workshop: 17th Int. Workshop on the Cell Nucleus, Arcachon, France, 2001, abstract 59.