Behind the ballot box: Electoral engineering in the Arab world

Middle East Report

Volumn 28, Issue 209, 1998, Pages

  Posusney, Marsha Pripstein ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DESIGN; ELECTION; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0348238899     PISSN: 08992851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3012726     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Ghassan-Salame, "Introduction: Where are the Democrats?"
2. and John Waterbury, "Democracy without Democrats? The Potential for Political Liberalization in the Middle East," in Salame, ed., Democracy Without Democrats: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World (New York: I. B. Taurus, 1994).
3. Augustus Richard Norton, ed., Civil Society in the Middle East (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995)
4. and Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Overview," in Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany and Paul Noble, eds., (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
5. Mark Cooper, The Transformation of Egypt (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982) 204-234.
6. Many independents were Fatah activists who had not been selected for the Fatah slate in their district. Jerusalem Post, January 23, 1996;
7. Deutsche-Press-Agentur, January 22, 1996;
8. As'ad Ghanem, "Founding Elections in a Transitional Period: The First Palestinian General Elections," Middle East Journal 50/4 (Fall 1996).
9. Ghanem, Middle East Journal op cit;
10. Jerusalem Post, June 16,1995, December 7, 1995, and January 19, 1996.
11. On Jordan's 1989 and 1993 elections, see: Middle East Magazine, October 10, 1989;
12. Kamel S. Abu Jaber and Schirin H. Fathi, "The 1989 Jordanian parliamentary elections," Orient 31 (1990);
13. Andrew Reynolds and Jorgen Elkit, "Jordan: Electoral System Design in the Arab World," in The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design (Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 1997);
14. "Jordan: The Rise of the Fundamentalists," Middle East Economic Digest, November 24, 1989;
15. Timothy Piro, "Parliament, Politics, and Pluralism in Jordan," Middle East Insight, July-October 1992;
16. Tim H. Reidel, "The 1993 Parliamentary Elections in Jordan," Orient 35 (1994), p. 53;
17. Ben Wederman, "Democracy in Jordan," Middle East Insight, November-December 1993, p. 11;
18. and MEED November 19, 1993.
19. Reported in United Press International, November 9, 1993.
20. New York Times, November 10, 1993.
21. Another aspect of the law designed to disadvantage small parties required them to nominate enough candidates to fill every available seat, as well as designating alternates who could replace an elected official in the case of death or resignation; the total number of candidates needed was 690. See Fauzi Najjar, "Elections and Democracy in Egypt," American-Arab Affairs (Summer 1989),
22. and Bertus Hendriks, "Egypt's Elections, Mubarak's Bind," MERIP Reports 129 (January 1985).
23. 1987 election information from Erika Post, "Egypt's Elections," Middle East Report 147 (July-August 1987), and personal observation.
24. 1990 election information from Gehad Auda,"Egypt's Uneasy Party Politics," Journal of Democracy 2/2 (Spring, 1991);
25. Africa Economic Digest, May 28,1990;
26. Middle East Economic Digest, September 28 and October 12, 1990;
27. The Guardian, November 29, 1990; and an interview with Ahmad Abdalla, April, 1993.
28. On the 1995 elections, see Mona Makram-Ebeid, "Egypt's 1995 Elections: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back?" Middle East Policy 4/3 (March, 1996);
29. Al Ahram Weekly, December 7-13 and December 14-20, 1995;
30. Reuters, UPI, and Deutsche Presse-Agentur, November-December, 1995; and Reuters, October 4, 1996.
31. Eberhard Kienle, "More than a Response to Islamism: The Political Deliberalization of Egypt in the 1990s," Middle East Journal 52/2 (Spring, 1998).