The tension between Aristotle's theories and uses of metaphor

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 123-139

  Marcos, Alfredo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VALLADOLID   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348237451     PISSN: 00393681     EISSN: 18792510     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-3681(96)00010-6     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
2. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
3. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
4. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
5. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
6. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
7. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
8. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
9. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
10. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
11. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
12. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
13. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
14. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
15. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
16. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
17. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
18. See, for instance, E. Bustos, 'Las metáforas cientificas y el realismo semántico', Arbor 542 (1991), 69-82; G. Corradi, The Metaphoric Process (London: Routledge, 1995); F. Fernández Buey, La ilusión del método (Barcelona: Crítica, 1992), pp. 152-179; M. Hesse, Models and Analogies in Science (Nôtre Dame University Press, 1965); M. Hesse, 'The Cognitive Claims of Metaphor', Journal of Speculative Philosophy 2 (1988), 1-16; M. Hesse, 'Theories, Family-Resemblance and Analogy', in D. H. Helman (ed.), Analogical Reasoning (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988), pp. 317-340; M. Hesse, 'Models, Metaphors and Truth', in Z. Radman (ed.), From a Metaphoric Point of View. A Multidisciplinary Approach To the Cognitive Content of Metaphor (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 351-372; J. Hintikka (ed.), Aspects of Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994); G. Holton, 'Metaphors in Science and Education', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 259-288; K. Knorr Cetina, 'Metaphors in the Scientific Laboratory: Why Are They There and What Do They Do?', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 329-349; S. Maasen, P. Weingart and E. Mendelsohn (eds), Biology as Society, Society as Biology: Metaphors (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1995); A. Marcos, 'Biología, realismo y metáfora', Agora (forthcoming); J. Martin Soskice and R. Harré, 'Metaphor in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 289-307; E. Montuschi, 'What is Wrong with Talking of Metaphors in Science', in Z. Radman (ed.), op. cit., pp. 309-327; A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1979); E. C. Way, Knowledge, Representation and Metaphor (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1991); and F. Suppe, The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism (Urbana: Illinois University Press, 1989). This author thinks that the language of science is not literal, but that science does aim at objective truth (see Suppe, op. cit., p. 23).
19. From the field of linguistics see B. Indukhya, Metaphor and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992); M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press, 1980); E. R. MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
20. From the field of linguistics see B. Indukhya, Metaphor and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992); M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press, 1980); E. R. MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
21. From the field of linguistics see B. Indukhya, Metaphor and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992); M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press, 1980); E. R. MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
22. From the field of linguistics see B. Indukhya, Metaphor and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992); M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press, 1980); E. R. MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
23. From the field of linguistics see B. Indukhya, Metaphor and Cognition (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992); M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (University of Chicago Press, 1980); E. R. MacCormac, A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985).
24. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
25. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
26. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
27. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
28. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
29. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
30. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
31. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
32. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
33. See, for instance, R. Barthes, Le degré zéro de l'écriture (Paris: du Seuil, 1953); G. Genette, Figures III (Paris: du Seuil, 1972); Groupe μ, Rhétorique générale (Paris: Laruosse, 1970); P. Ricoeur, La Métaphore vive (Paris: du Seuil, 1975); H. White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978); H. White, The Content of the Form (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); and specially on rhetoric and science see B. Roland, 'Science versus literature', in M. Lane (ed.), Introduction to Structuralism (New York: Basic Books, 1970), pp. 410-416; O. Gal, 'Tropes and Topics in Scientific Discourse: Galileo's De Motu', Science in Context 7 (1994), 25-52; A. Gross, The Rhetoric of Science (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); D. Locke, Science as Writing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
34. From now on, I will quote Aristotelian works using the following abbreviations: HA: Historia Animalium; PA: De Partibus Animalium, GA: De Generatione Animalium; DA: De Anima; MA: De Motu Animalium; PN: Parva Naturalia; D Cael: De Caelo; Meta: Metaphysica; Mete: Meteorologica; APo: Analitica Posteriora; EN: Ethica Nichomachea; EE: Ethica Eudemia; Pol: Politica; SE: Sophistici Elenchi; Rhet: Rhetorica; Poet: Poetica; Top: Topica. I take Aristotelian texts in their English translation from W. D. Ross and J. A. Smith (eds), The Works of Aristotle Translated into English (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1952).
35. However, some authors have reduced the cognitive value of metaphorical language in Aristotelian science on theoretical as well as on practical grounds. So, for instance, Pierre Louis downgrades the scope of metaphors in biology acknowledging only a secondary role in explanation (P. Louis, 'Introduction', in Aristote, Les parties des animaux (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1956), pp. V-XL, see pp. XXIX and XXX). He exhibits a position very similar to the post-positivism of his age (see Bustos, op. cit., note 1, pp. 69-72). M. Vegetti, in turn, stresses the rhetorical function of metaphorical figures in Aristotelian biology (M. Vegetti, 'Quand la science parle à vide: procédés dialectiques et métaphoriques chez Aristote', in V. Coorebyter, Rhétoriques de la science (Paris: PUF. 1994), pp. 7-32, see pp. 18 ff).
36. However, some authors have reduced the cognitive value of metaphorical language in Aristotelian science on theoretical as well as on practical grounds. So, for instance, Pierre Louis downgrades the scope of metaphors in biology acknowledging only a secondary role in explanation (P. Louis, 'Introduction', in Aristote, Les parties des animaux (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1956), pp. V-XL, see pp. XXIX and XXX). He exhibits a position very similar to the post-positivism of his age (see Bustos, op. cit., note 1, pp. 69-72). M. Vegetti, in turn, stresses the rhetorical function of metaphorical figures in Aristotelian biology (M. Vegetti, 'Quand la science parle à vide: procédés dialectiques et métaphoriques chez Aristote', in V. Coorebyter, Rhétoriques de la science (Paris: PUF. 1994), pp. 7-32, see pp. 18 ff).
37. However, some authors have reduced the cognitive value of metaphorical language in Aristotelian science on theoretical as well as on practical grounds. So, for instance, Pierre Louis downgrades the scope of metaphors in biology acknowledging only a secondary role in explanation (P. Louis, 'Introduction', in Aristote, Les parties des animaux (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1956), pp. V-XL, see pp. XXIX and XXX). He exhibits a position very similar to the post-positivism of his age (see Bustos, op. cit., note 1, pp. 69-72). M. Vegetti, in turn, stresses the rhetorical function of metaphorical figures in Aristotelian biology (M. Vegetti, 'Quand la science parle à vide: procédés dialectiques et métaphoriques chez Aristote', in V. Coorebyter, Rhétoriques de la science (Paris: PUF. 1994), pp. 7-32, see pp. 18 ff).
38. Mete 357a 24 ff.
39. For example in GA 777a 7 ff.
40. Top 127a 17 ff; GA 747a 34 ff; PN 347b 9 ff; P A 652b 7.
41. Top 127a 17 ff; GA 747a 34 ff; PN 347b 9 ff; P A 652b 7.
42. Top 127a 17 ff; GA 747a 34 ff; PN 347b 9 ff; P A 652b 7.
43. Top 127a 17 ff; GA 747a 34 ff; PN 347b 9 ff; P A 652b 7.
44. Meta 991a 20, 1079b 24; Pol 1264b 4 ff, 1265b 18 ff.
45. Meta 991a 20, 1079b 24; Pol 1264b 4 ff, 1265b 18 ff.
46. Meta 991a 20, 1079b 24; Pol 1264b 4 ff, 1265b 18 ff.
47. Meta 991a 20, 1079b 24; Pol 1264b 4 ff, 1265b 18 ff.
48. G. E. R. Lloyd, The Revolution of Wisdom: Studies in the Claims and Practice of Ancient Greek Science (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), see pp. 183-187.
49. We can find another unqualified refusal of metaphoric figures in Top: 'For a metaphorical expression is always obscure' (139b 32 ff).
50. APo 97b 37-39.
51. See, as an explanation of this process, P. Ricoeur, op. cit., note 3, pp. 63-86; see, specially, pp. 66-67.
52. E. Bustos, 'La teoria aristotélica sobre la metáfora', in D. Sánchez Meca y J. Domínguez Caparrós (eds), Historia de la relación filosofía-literatura en sus textes, Suplementos de Anthropos, Vol. 32 (Barcelona: Anthropos, 1992), pp. 17-21, see pp. 19-21.
53. For a clear characterization of these theories see I. Scheffler, Beyond the Letter (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979).
54. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
55. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
56. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
57. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
58. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
59. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
60. See G. E. R. Lloyd, Polarity and Analogy (Cambridge University Press, 1966); E. Montuschi, Le Metafore Scientifiche (Milano: Franco Angeli, 1993); E. Martino, Aristoteles, el alma y la comparación (Madrid: Gredos, 1975); M. Vegetti, op. cit., note 5, pp. 7-32; G. A. Luccheta, Scienza e Retorica in Aristotele (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1990); A. M. Battegazzore, Dimostrazione, Argumentazione dialetica e argomentazione retorica nelpensiero antico (Genova: Sagep, 1993); G. S. Bordoni, Linguaggio e Realtá in Aristotele (Bari: Laterza, 1994).
61. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
62. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
63. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
64. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
65. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
66. PA 650a 32, 650b 8, 665b 12, 666a 18, 667a 26; cf. Timaeus 73d.
67. PA 668a 13, 27, 35; cf. Timaeus 77cd, 79a.
68. PA 668a 13, 27, 35; cf. Timaeus 77cd, 79a.
69. PA 650a 19; cf. Timaeus 70e.
70. PA 650a 19; cf. Timaeus 70e.
71. PA 670a 25-26; cf. Timaeus 70a. Mario Vegetti analyzes the functions of some of these similes. For example, a broad analysis of the heard-acropolis-fireplace and body-polis-home comparisons can be seen in Vegetti, op, cit. note 5, pp. 19 ff.
72. PA 670a 25-26; cf. Timaeus 70a. Mario Vegetti analyzes the functions of some of these similes. For example, a broad analysis of the heard-acropolis-fireplace and body-polis-home comparisons can be seen in Vegetti, op, cit. note 5, pp. 19 ff.
73. PA 670a 25-26; cf. Timaeus 70a. Mario Vegetti analyzes the functions of some of these similes. For example, a broad analysis of the heard-acropolis-fireplace and body-polis-home comparisons can be seen in Vegetti, op, cit. note 5, pp. 19 ff.
74. 'Originally used of the ripening of fruit, then of cooking and digestion it came to be applied to a wide range of physiological processes', G. E. R. Lloyd, op. cit., note 10, pp. 204-205.
75. P. Louis, op. cit., note 5, see pp. XXIX and XXX.
76. See, in this sense, Luccheta, op. cit., note 16.
77. GA 716a 15 ff.
78. GA 730b 5 ff.
79. See GA 743b 11 ff; MA 701 b 2 ff.
80. See GA 743b 11 ff; MA 701 b 2 ff.
81. PA, 655a 11, 23, 25.
82. PA 683b 1 and HA 535b 12.
83. PA 683b 1 and HA 535b 12.
84. PA 684a 3.
85. PA 659a 2.
86. PA 693a 23.
87. In fact, we can find more interesting comparisons throughout Aristotelian treatises. See, for instance, in PA 653a 3 ff, 653a 21 ff, 654a 7 ff, .... We could also quote, mainly in virtue of its evocative force, the resemblance supposed to exist between plants and little babes sleeping all the time (EE, 1216a 3-9 and EN, 1176a 34-35).
88. In fact, we can find more interesting comparisons throughout Aristotelian treatises. See, for instance, in PA 653a 3 ff, 653a 21 ff, 654a 7 ff, .... We could also quote, mainly in virtue of its evocative force, the resemblance supposed to exist between plants and little babes sleeping all the time (EE, 1216a 3-9 and EN, 1176a 34-35).
89. In fact, we can find more interesting comparisons throughout Aristotelian treatises. See, for instance, in PA 653a 3 ff, 653a 21 ff, 654a 7 ff, .... We could also quote, mainly in virtue of its evocative force, the resemblance supposed to exist between plants and little babes sleeping all the time (EE, 1216a 3-9 and EN, 1176a 34-35).
90. In fact, we can find more interesting comparisons throughout Aristotelian treatises. See, for instance, in PA 653a 3 ff, 653a 21 ff, 654a 7 ff, .... We could also quote, mainly in virtue of its evocative force, the resemblance supposed to exist between plants and little babes sleeping all the time (EE, 1216a 3-9 and EN, 1176a 34-35).
91. See Martino, op. cit., note 16.
92. CM 403a 11-16.
93. DA 412b 6-9.
94. DA 412b 9 ff.
95. DA 430a 10 ff.
96. DA 429b 29 ff.
97. PA 654b 29 ff; GA 730b 27 ff.
98. PA 654b 29 ff; GA 730b 27 ff.
99. PA 668a 16.
100. GA 743b 20 ff, 764b 30 ff.
101. GA 743b 20 ff, 764b 30 ff.
102. Mela 1048a 35 ff.
103. HA, 1, 6, 491a 19-23.
104. See PA, 1, 5, 644b 22-645a 36.
105. Rhet, 1406b 20 ff.
106. Rhet, 1410b 17-19.
107. Rhet, 1405a 8.
108. Poet, 1457b 6-9.
109. See Bustos, op. cit., note 14, pp. 19-20.
110. Poet, 1457b 16 ff.
111. Poet, 1457b 20-25; see also EN 1131a 29-30.
112. Poet, 1457b 20-25; see also EN 1131a 29-30.
113. Rhet, 1410b 36 and f; see also Montuschi, op. cit., note 16, p. 31.
114. Rhet, 1410b 36 and f; see also Montuschi, op. cit., note 16, p. 31.
115. G. Lakoff, 'Cognitive Semantics', in U. Eco et al. (eds), Meaning and Mental Representation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 119-154; B. Indukhya, op. cit., note 2.
116. G. Lakoff, 'Cognitive Semantics', in U. Eco et al. (eds), Meaning and Mental Representation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), 119-154; B. Indukhya, op. cit., note 2.
117. See M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
118. See M. Johnson, The Body in the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987); G. Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
119. See G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Aristotle's Zoology and his Metaphysics. The status quaestionis. A Critical Review of Some Recent Theories', in D. Devereux and P. Pellegrin (eds), Biologie, Logique et Métaphysique chez Aristote (Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1990), pp. 7-35; P. Pellegrin, 'Taxinomie, mériologie, division: réponses à G. E. R. Lloyd', ibid., pp. 37-47.
120. See G. E. R. Lloyd, 'Aristotle's Zoology and his Metaphysics. The status quaestionis. A Critical Review of Some Recent Theories', in D. Devereux and P. Pellegrin (eds), Biologie, Logique et Métaphysique chez Aristote (Paris: Éditions du CNRS, 1990), pp. 7-35; P. Pellegrin, 'Taxinomie, mériologie, division: réponses à G. E. R. Lloyd', ibid., pp. 37-47.
121. Indurkhya, op. cit., note 2, pp. 26 ff.
122. Indurkhya, op. cit., note 2, p. 13.
123. Poet, 1457b 7.
124. SE 165a 13 and f.
125. Let me sketch out a remark here, mainly in the light of an acute observation made by an anonymous referee: I am not trying even to suggest that metaphorical figures belong to the 'context of discovery', while APo is the correct methodology in relation to the 'context of justification'. In APo, and generally in traditional methodology (there are traces even in Mill or in the first Carnap), justification comes hand in hand with some assumed method of discovery, the 'right' one for each author. I think, of course, that no particular method of discovery is sufficient to guarantee justification. My concern here is to explain how some metaphors are the expression of a creative discovery, and how they could help, with a new point of view or new heuristic trends, to obtain new discoveries. But we can only obtain a provisional and pragmatical justification by following the suggestions of metaphor and contrasting them with experience. This is not, of course, the tenor of APo.
126. Rhel 1410b 10-19.
127. Rhet 1371b 4-5.
128. S. Mas Torres, 'Platón y Aristoteles: sobre filosofía y poesía', in D. Sánchez Meca and J. Dominguez Caparros (eds), Hisloria de la relation filosofía-literatura en sus textos, Suplementos de Anthropos, no. 32 (Barcelona: Anthropos, 1992), pp. 5-10, see p. 8.
129. Poet, 1457b 6 ff.
130. take the expression 'creative discovery' from M. C. Haley, The Semiosis of Poetic Metaphor (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), where a Peircian theory of poetic metaphor is explained.
131. Even our natural ability to catch surface similarities has phylogenetically evolved by means of creative activity and corrections, as authors like Popper or Quine have pointed out. See, for instance, K. Popper, A World of Propensities (Bristol: Thoemmes, 1990); W. V. Quine, 'Natural Kinds', in W. V. Quine, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 114-138.
132. Even our natural ability to catch surface similarities has phylogenetically evolved by means of creative activity and corrections, as authors like Popper or Quine have pointed out. See, for instance, K. Popper, A World of Propensities (Bristol: Thoemmes, 1990); W. V. Quine, 'Natural Kinds', in W. V. Quine, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), pp. 114-138.
133. Rhet 1412a 10 ff.
134. Poet 1459a 5 ff. See also PN (464b 5 ff), where Aristotle wrote a beautiful passage on resemblance in dreams in the same purport as the previously quoted ones (it even contains a metaphor full of suggestions).
135. In this sense, Scaltsas affirms that 'similarity between substances cannot consist in the presence of a distinct (abstract) component in different substances. Rather, it consists in the derivation of the same distinct entity out of different substances', in T. Scaltsas, Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 197-198.
136. See Rhet 1405a 8 ff.
137. See Rhel 141 1a 25 ff.
138. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
139. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
140. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
141. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
142. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
143. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
144. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
145. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
146. Rhet 141 1b 24-26. The author is stressing the sensitive aspects of understanding in this passage. Others exist in the same direction, for instance, those that establish the cognitive relevance of images: Aristotle affirms that we take delight in our senses, 'and above all others the sense of sight' (Meta 980a 21-2 f), and that never does the soul think without an image (DA 431a 14-17; PN 450a 1-2 f). Understanding is compared to the soul's sight (EN 1096b 29) and, specially, active understanding to the light (DA 430a 14-17). With regard to wise and prudent persons (phrónimos) we can read: 'for because experience has given them an eye they see aright' (EN 1143b 11-13). On cognitive functions of imagination for Aristotle, see also M. V. Wedin, Mind and Imagination in Aristotle (London: Yale University Press, 1988); on perception, D. K. W. Modrak, Aristotle: The Power of Perception (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
147. See P. Ricoeur, op. cit., note 3, pp. 13-61 and 310-311.
148. Poet 1451a 37.
149. According to E. Montuschi, metaphor 'institutes a sort of symbiosis between the logical and categorial apparatus of philosophy, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the transgressing effects that analogy systematically pursues', Montuschi, op. cit., note 16, p. 30.
150. Meta 1048a 35-1048b 1. See also P. Ricoeur, op. cit., note 3, pp. 325-399.
151. Meta 1048a 35-1048b 1. See also P. Ricoeur, op. cit., note 3, pp. 325-399.
152. Meta 1039b 28-30.
153. Meta 997a 31-33.
154. GA 742b 32-3.
155. GA 747b 27-748a 10. M. Vegetti (op. cit., note 5, p. 8) has recently commented on this passage in a different sense. This author believes that 'apódeixis logike' is criticized because of its dialectical character. However, in my opinion, this text has nothing to do with the dialectics vs science distinction. Logical demonstration or explanation is criticized precisely for its generality, for its lack of empiric charge, for its emptiness, i.e. for an excess of abstraction (as the next fragment on MA confirms). But all that relates it more to strict episteme than to dialectics. In addition, the commonly acknowledged opinions (éndoxa) are not necessarily very abstract or general; there exist also reputed views on concrete subjects.
156. GA 747b 27-748a 10. M. Vegetti (op. cit., note 5, p. 8) has recently commented on this passage in a different sense. This author believes that 'apódeixis logike' is criticized because of its dialectical character. However, in my opinion, this text has nothing to do with the dialectics vs science distinction. Logical demonstration or explanation is criticized precisely for its generality, for its lack of empiric charge, for its emptiness, i.e. for an excess of abstraction (as the next fragment on MA confirms). But all that relates it more to strict episteme than to dialectics. In addition, the commonly acknowledged opinions (éndoxa) are not necessarily very abstract or general; there exist also reputed views on concrete subjects.
157. MA 698a 11-14.
158. See Lloyd, op. cit., note 10, p. 198.
159. See Lloyd, op. cit., note 10, p. 191.
160. Not to mention the insoluble metalinguistic issue, because words, of course, are objects.
161. See SE 165a 6-14 (see above in note 59).
162. See G. E. R. Lloyd, The Theories and Practices of Demonstration in Aristotle', in J. J. Clearly and D. C. Shartin (eds), The Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy, Vol. VI (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990), pp. 371-401.
163. Lloyd, op. cit., note 10, p. 210.
164. De Cael 279b 9-12. See also P. Aubenque, La Prudence chez Aristote (Paris: PUF, 1963 (reprint 1993)), p. 39.
165. De Cael 279b 9-12. See also P. Aubenque, La Prudence chez Aristote (Paris: PUF, 1963 (reprint 1993)), p. 39.
166. See Poet cap. 21; see also note 61.
167. See E. Bustos, 'La polémica del significado literal', in E. Bustos, J. Echeverría, E. Pérez Sedeño, E. Sánchez and M. I. Balmaseda (eds), Actas del I Congreso de la Sociedadde Lógica, Metodología y Filosofía de la Ciencia en España (Madrid: UNED, 1993), pp. 160-163.
168. See F. Nietzsche, 'Ueber Wahrheit und Lüge im aussermoralischen Sinne', in G. Colli and M. Montinari (eds) Sämtliche Werke. Kritische Studienausgabe (München: de Gruyter, 1980), Vol. 1, pp. 873-890.
169. See P A I 5.
170. And this despite the fact that we never can reach a full certainty about that, as Peirce stated. With regard to Peircean fallibilism see C. S. Peirce, 'The Scientific Attitude and Fallibilims', in J. Buchler (ed.), Philosophical Writings of Peirce (New York: Dover Publications, 1955), pp. 42-59; on Popperian fallibilism see, for instance, K. Popper, op. cit., note 66, pp. 29-51.
171. And this despite the fact that we never can reach a full certainty about that, as Peirce stated. With regard to Peircean fallibilism see C. S. Peirce, 'The Scientific Attitude and Fallibilims', in J. Buchler (ed.), Philosophical Writings of Peirce (New York: Dover Publications, 1955), pp. 42-59; on Popperian fallibilism see, for instance, K. Popper, op. cit., note 66, pp. 29-51.