Race, Nation and Authenticity of Identity: Interrogating the 'Everywhere' Man (Michael Jordan) and the 'Nowhere' Man (Ben Johnson)

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 82-102

  Jackson, Steven J ^a   Andrews, David L ^b   Cole, Cheryl ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348226981     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1998.9974930     Document Type: Article

References (97)

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3. See R. Equinas, Michael and Me: Our Gambling Addiction, My Cry for Help (San Diego, 1993); B. Greene, Hang time: Days and Dreams with Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); B. Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York, 1995); J. Naughton, Taking to the Air: The rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); S. Smith, Second Coming: The Strange Odyssey of Michael Jordan from Courtside to Home Plate and Back Again (New York, 1995).
4. See R. Equinas, Michael and Me: Our Gambling Addiction, My Cry for Help (San Diego, 1993); B. Greene, Hang time: Days and Dreams with Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); B. Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York, 1995); J. Naughton, Taking to the Air: The rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); S. Smith, Second Coming: The Strange Odyssey of Michael Jordan from Courtside to Home Plate and Back Again (New York, 1995).
5. See R. Equinas, Michael and Me: Our Gambling Addiction, My Cry for Help (San Diego, 1993); B. Greene, Hang time: Days and Dreams with Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); B. Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York, 1995); J. Naughton, Taking to the Air: The rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); S. Smith, Second Coming: The Strange Odyssey of Michael Jordan from Courtside to Home Plate and Back Again (New York, 1995).
6. See R. Equinas, Michael and Me: Our Gambling Addiction, My Cry for Help (San Diego, 1993); B. Greene, Hang time: Days and Dreams with Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); B. Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York, 1995); J. Naughton, Taking to the Air: The rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992); S. Smith, Second Coming: The Strange Odyssey of Michael Jordan from Courtside to Home Plate and Back Again (New York, 1995).
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8. D.L. Andrews, 'Deconstructing Michael Jordan: Reconstructing Postindustrial America', Sociology of Sport Journal, Vol.13. No.4 (1996), pp.315-18; M.G. McDonald, 'Michael Jordan's Family Values: Marketing, Meaning, and Post-Reagan America', Sociology of Sport Journal, Vol.13, No.4 (1996), pp.344-65.
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32. From Ronald Reagan's inaugural speech, January 1981, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1981 (Washington, DC, 1982), pp.1-2.
33. Reinerman and Levine, 'The Crack Attack', p.127.
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35. See J. Clarke, New Times and Old Enemies: Essays on Cultural Studies and America (London, 1991); S. Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York, 1995); J.L. Reeves and R. Campbell, Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (Durham, NC, 1994); L.J.D. Wacquant, 'The New Urban Color Line: The State and Fate of the Ghetto in Postfordist America', in C. Calhoun (ed.), Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford, 1994), pp.231-76.
36. See J. Clarke, New Times and Old Enemies: Essays on Cultural Studies and America (London, 1991); S. Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York, 1995); J.L. Reeves and R. Campbell, Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (Durham, NC, 1994); L.J.D. Wacquant, 'The New Urban Color Line: The State and Fate of the Ghetto in Postfordist America', in C. Calhoun (ed.), Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford, 1994), pp.231-76.
37. See J. Clarke, New Times and Old Enemies: Essays on Cultural Studies and America (London, 1991); S. Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York, 1995); J.L. Reeves and R. Campbell, Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (Durham, NC, 1994); L.J.D. Wacquant, 'The New Urban Color Line: The State and Fate of the Ghetto in Postfordist America', in C. Calhoun (ed.), Social Theory and the Politics of Identity (Oxford, 1994), pp.231-76.
38. E. M. Swift, 'Reach Out and Touch Someone: Some black Superstars Cash in Big on an Ability to Shed Their Racial Identity', Sports Illustrated (1991), pp.54-8.
39. K.W. Crenshaw, 'Color-Blind Dreams and Racial Nightmares: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era', in T. Morrison and C.B. Lacour (eds.), Birth of a Nation'hood : Gaze, Script, and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Case (New York, 1997), pp.97-168.
40. L. Johnson and D. Roediger, '"Hertz, Don't It?" Becoming Colorless and Staying Black in the Crossover of O.J. Simpson', in T. Morrison and C.B. Lacour (eds.), Birth of a Nation'hood: Gaze, pp.197-239.
41. Swift, 'Reach Out and Touch Someone', pp.54-8.
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43. J. Clarke, New Times and Old Enemies: Essays on Cultural Studies and America (London, 1991).
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45. New York Times Magazine, 17 Nov. 1996.
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55. Ibid., p.93, quote by David Falk.
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58. Berlant, 'America, "Fat", the Fetus', p.156.
59. J. Derrida, Positions (A. Bass, trans.), (Chicago, IL, 1981), p.26.
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63. Johnson and Roediger, 'Hertz, Don't It?', p.201.
64. S. Willis, A Primer for Daily Life (London, 1991).
65. Ibid.
66. Marvin Bressler quoted in Swift, 'Reach Out and Touch Someone', p.58.
67. Jack Christ quoted in Snider, 'Michael Jordan's Bigger Than Basketball', p.3d.
68. J.R. Christie, Ben Johnson: The Fastest Man on Earth (Toronto, 1988).
69. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
70. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
71. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
72. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
73. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
74. G. Smith, Canada and the Canadian Question (Toronto, 1971); S.E. Moffett, The Americanization of Canada (Toronto, 1972); J.W. Holmes, Life with Uncle (Toronto, 1981); L. Merchant (ed.), Neighbors Taken for Granted (New York, 1966); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony, (Lindsay, Ont., 1988); J.F. Lisee, In the Eye of the Eagle (Toronto, 1990).
75. M. Bowker, On Guard for Thee: An Independent Review of the Free Trade Agreement (Hull, 1988); R. Davies, 'Signing Away Canada's Soul: Culture, Identity, and the Free Trade Agreement', Harper's, Vol.278 (1989), pp.43-7; L. Lapierre, If You Love This Country: Facts and Feelings on Free Trade (Toronto, 1987); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony (Lindsay, Ont., 1988).
76. M. Bowker, On Guard for Thee: An Independent Review of the Free Trade Agreement (Hull, 1988); R. Davies, 'Signing Away Canada's Soul: Culture, Identity, and the Free Trade Agreement', Harper's, Vol.278 (1989), pp.43-7; L. Lapierre, If You Love This Country: Facts and Feelings on Free Trade (Toronto, 1987); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony (Lindsay, Ont., 1988).
77. M. Bowker, On Guard for Thee: An Independent Review of the Free Trade Agreement (Hull, 1988); R. Davies, 'Signing Away Canada's Soul: Culture, Identity, and the Free Trade Agreement', Harper's, Vol.278 (1989), pp.43-7; L. Lapierre, If You Love This Country: Facts and Feelings on Free Trade (Toronto, 1987); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony (Lindsay, Ont., 1988).
78. M. Bowker, On Guard for Thee: An Independent Review of the Free Trade Agreement (Hull, 1988); R. Davies, 'Signing Away Canada's Soul: Culture, Identity, and the Free Trade Agreement', Harper's, Vol.278 (1989), pp.43-7; L. Lapierre, If You Love This Country: Facts and Feelings on Free Trade (Toronto, 1987); M. Scott, From Nation to Colony (Lindsay, Ont., 1988).
79. D. Macintosh, T. Bedecki and C.E.S. Franks, Sport and Politics in Canada (Kingston, 1987), p.186.
80. Ibid., p.174.
81. S.J. Jackson, 'Gretzky, Crisis and Canadian Identity in 1988: Rearticulating the Americanization of Culture Debate', Sociology of Sport Journal, Vol.11 (1994), pp.428-46.
82. J. Longman, The Philadelphia Inquirer, 26 Feb. 1989, p.D-1.
83. 'Truth at the Finish Line', Editorial in The Globe and Mail, 28 Sept. 1988, p.A-6.
84. R. Miles, Racism (London, 1989), p.121.
85. S.J. Jackson, 'Disjunctural Ethnoscapes: Ben Johnson and the Canadian Crisis of Racial and National Identity', Paper presented at the Crossroads International Cultural Studies Conference, July 1-4, 1996, Tampere, Finland.
86. C. Foster, 'Captain Canada: But Will Media Allow Bailey to Escape Johnson's Shadow?', The Toronto Star, 10 July 1996, p.D-3.
87. A. Fotheringham, 'The Johnson Saga in Perspective', Maclean's, 10 Oct. 1988, p.64; B. Levin, C. Wood, H. Quinn, J. Bierman, N. Underwood, A. Finlayson, T. Tedesco, M. Clark, and M. Stuart-Huarle, 'The Steroid Scandal', Maclean's, Vol.101, No.42 (1988). pp.50-3; M. Janofsky, 'Johnson Loses His Gold to Lewis After a Drug Test', The New York Times, 27 Sept. 1988, p.D31.
88. A. Fotheringham, 'The Johnson Saga in Perspective', Maclean's, 10 Oct. 1988, p.64; B. Levin, C. Wood, H. Quinn, J. Bierman, N. Underwood, A. Finlayson, T. Tedesco, M. Clark, and M. Stuart-Huarle, 'The Steroid Scandal', Maclean's, Vol.101, No.42 (1988). pp.50-3; M. Janofsky, 'Johnson Loses His Gold to Lewis After a Drug Test', The New York Times, 27 Sept. 1988, p.D31.
89. A. Fotheringham, 'The Johnson Saga in Perspective', Maclean's, 10 Oct. 1988, p.64; B. Levin, C. Wood, H. Quinn, J. Bierman, N. Underwood, A. Finlayson, T. Tedesco, M. Clark, and M. Stuart-Huarle, 'The Steroid Scandal', Maclean's, Vol.101, No.42 (1988). pp.50-3; M. Janofsky, 'Johnson Loses His Gold to Lewis After a Drug Test', The New York Times, 27 Sept. 1988, p.D31.
90. L. Siegel, 'Ben Johnson Case Questions Validity of IQ Tests', Toronto Star, 20 June 1989, p.A-15.
91. D. Boyd, 'Canada Waits for Ben to Say It Ain't So After Steroid Controversy', The Vancouver Sun, 27 Sept. 1988, p.A-3.
92. A. Hampson, 'Press Made Poor Showing in Johnson Affair', The Financial Post Daily, Vol. 1, No.148 (1988), p.16.
93. M. Levine, 'What If He'd Kept the Gold?', The Globe and Mail, 13 Oct. 1988, p.A-7; M. Levine, 'Canadians Secretly Relieved at Johnson's Fall', New Statesman and Society, Vol.1, 7 Oct. 1988, p.8.
94. M. Levine, 'What If He'd Kept the Gold?', The Globe and Mail, 13 Oct. 1988, p.A-7; M. Levine, 'Canadians Secretly Relieved at Johnson's Fall', New Statesman and Society, Vol.1, 7 Oct. 1988, p.8.
95. Sue Wilson, quoted in Christie, Ben Johnson, p.144.
96. S. Hall, 'Introduction: Who needs identity?', in S. Hall and P. DuGay (eds.), Questions of Cultural Identity (London, 1996), pp.1-17.
97. Ibid., p.4.