Lattice QCD at Finite Density - An Introductory Review

Progress of Theoretical Physics

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 615-668

  Muroya, Shin ^a   Nakamura, Atsushi ^b   Nonaka, Chiho ^c   Takaishi, Tetsuya ^d  

^a Tokuyama Women's College   (Japan)

^b HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d HIROSHIMA UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0348162346     PISSN: 0033068X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1143/PTP.110.615     Document Type: Review

References (150)

1. I. M. Barbour, S. E. Morrison, E. G. Klepfish, J. B. Kogut and M.-P. Lombardo, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 60(1-2) (1998), 220, hep-lat/9705042.
2. S. Hands, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 106 (2002), 142, hep-lat/0109034.
3. J. B. Kogut, hep-lat/0208077, to appear in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl).
4. M.-P. Lombardo, hep-lat/0210040.
5. F. Karsch and E. Laermann, hep-lat/0305025, to appear in Quark-Gluon Plasma III, ed. R. Hwa.
6. B. C. Barrois, Nucl. Phys. B 129 (1977), 390. D. Bailin and A. Love, Phys. Rep. 107 (1984), 325. M. Iwasaki and T. Iwado, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995), 163.
7. B. C. Barrois, Nucl. Phys. B 129 (1977), 390. D. Bailin and A. Love, Phys. Rep. 107 (1984), 325. M. Iwasaki and T. Iwado, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995), 163.
8. B. C. Barrois, Nucl. Phys. B 129 (1977), 390. D. Bailin and A. Love, Phys. Rep. 107 (1984), 325. M. Iwasaki and T. Iwado, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995), 163.
9. M. Aflord, K. Rajagopal and F. Wilczek, Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998), 247.
10. R. Rapp, T. Schaefer, E. V. Shuryak and M. Velkovsky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998), 53.
11. M. Kitazawa, T. Koide, T. Kunihiro and Y. Nemoto, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 091504, nucl-th/0111022.
12. M. Alford, K. Rajagopal and F. Wilczek, Nucl. Phys. B 537 (1999), 443.
13. M. Alford, J. Bowers and K. Rajagopal, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001), 074016, hep-ph/0008208.
14. D. T. Son, Phys. Rev. D 59 (1999), 094019.
15. K. Rajagopal and F. Wilczek, in At the frontier of Particle Physics - Handbook of QCD, ed. M. Shifman, Vol. 4, Chap. 35 (World Scientific, 2002), hep-ph/0011333.
16. M. G. Alford, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 51 (2001), 131, hep-ph/0102047.
17. R. D. Pisarski and D. H. Rischke, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999), 094013, nucl-th/9903023.
18. R. D. Pisarski, Phys. Lett. B 110 (1982), 155.
19. CERES/NA44 Collaboration, G. Agakichiev et al., Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998), 405; nucl-ex/9712008. H. Appelshaeuser, talk at "Compressed Baryonic Matter Workshop, 2002". J. P. Wessels, talk at Quark Matter 2002, nucl-ex/0212015. See also R. Rapp and J. Wambach, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 25 (2000), hep-ph/9909229.
20. CERES/NA44 Collaboration, G. Agakichiev et al., Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998), 405; nucl-ex/9712008. H. Appelshaeuser, talk at "Compressed Baryonic Matter Workshop, 2002". J. P. Wessels, talk at Quark Matter 2002, nucl-ex/0212015. See also R. Rapp and J. Wambach, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 25 (2000), hep-ph/9909229.
21. CERES/NA44 Collaboration, G. Agakichiev et al., Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998), 405; nucl-ex/9712008. H. Appelshaeuser, talk at "Compressed Baryonic Matter Workshop, 2002". J. P. Wessels, talk at Quark Matter 2002, nucl-ex/0212015. See also R. Rapp and J. Wambach, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 25 (2000), hep-ph/9909229.
22. CERES/NA44 Collaboration, G. Agakichiev et al., Phys. Lett. B 422 (1998), 405; nucl-ex/9712008. H. Appelshaeuser, talk at "Compressed Baryonic Matter Workshop, 2002". J. P. Wessels, talk at Quark Matter 2002, nucl-ex/0212015. See also R. Rapp and J. Wambach, Adv. Nucl. Phys. 25 (2000), hep-ph/9909229.
23. K. Ozawa et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001), 5019, nucl-ex/0011013.
24. P. Fachini (STAR Collaboration), Nucl. Phys. A 715 (2003), 462, nucl-ex/0211001.
25. Suzuki et al., nucl-ex/0211023.
26. T. Kunihiro, in Hadron Spectroscopy - Ninth International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy, Protovino Russia, 25 August - 1 September 2001, ed. D. Amelin and A. M. Zaitsev, AIP conference proceedings, vol. 619 (Melville, New York, 2002), hep-ph/0111121.
27. M. Lutz, S. Klimt and W. Weise, Nucl. Phys. A 542 (1992), 521.
28. R. Hagedorn, Suppl. Nuovo Cim. 3 (1956), 147.
29. R. Hagedron and J. Rafelski, Phys. Lett. B 97 (1980), 136.
30. N. Cabbibo and G. Parisi, Phys. Lett. B 59 (1975), 67.
31. L. D. McLerran and B. Svetitsky, Phys. Lett. B 98 (1981), 195; Phys. Rev. D 24 (1981), 450.
32. L. D. McLerran and B. Svetitsky, Phys. Lett. B 98 (1981), 195; Phys. Rev. D 24 (1981), 450.
33. J. Kuti, J. Polonyi and K. Szlachanyi, Phys. Lett. B 98 (1981), 199.
34. K. Kanaya, Nucl. Phys. A 715 (2003), 233, hep-ph/0209116.
35. A. Nakamura, Phys. Lett. B 149 (1984), 391.
36. S. Morrison and S. Hands, hep-lat/9902012.
37. S. Hands, J. B. Kogut, M.-P. Lombardo and S. E. Morrison, Nucl. Phys. B 558 (1999), 327, hep-lat/9902034.
38. I. Barbour, N. E. Behilil, E. Dagotto, F. Karsch, A. Moreo, A. Stone and H. W. Wyld, Nucl. Phys. B 275 (1986), 296.
39. M. A. Stephanov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996), 4472.
40. D. J. Gross, R. D. Pisarski and L. G. Yaffe, Rev. Mod. Phys. 53 (1981), 43.
41. P. Hasenfratz and F. Karsch, Phys. Lett. B 125 (1983), 308.
42. R. V. Gavai, Phys. Rev. D 32 (1985), 519.
43. M. Creutz, hep-lat/9905024.
44. X.-Q. Luo, E. B. Gregory, S.-H. Guo and H. Kroger, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nonperturbative Methods and Lattice QCD (World Scientific, 2001), p. 138, hep-ph/0011120.
45. A. Nakamura, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 17 (1990), 395.
46. D. Toussaint, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 17 (1990), 539.
47. A. Hasenfratz and D. Toussaint, Nucl. Phys. B 371 (1992), 539.
48. S. Gottlieb et al., Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997), 6852, hep-lat/9612020.
49. QCD-TARO Collaboration: S. Choe, Ph. de Forcrand, M. Garcia Perez, S. Hioki, Y. Liu, H. Matsufuru, O. Miyamura, A. Nakamura, I.-O. Stamatescu, T. Takaishi and T. Umeda, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 054501.
50. Z. Fodor and S. D. Katz, J. High Energy Phys. 03 (2002), 014, hep-lat/0106002.
51. Z. Fodor and S. D. Katz, Phys. Lett. B 534 (2002), 87, hep-lat/0104001.
52. Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz and K. K. Szabo, hep-lat/0208078.
53. C. R. Allton, S. Ejiri, S. J. Hands, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch, E. Laermann, Ch. Schmidt and L. Scorzato (Bielefeld-Swansea), Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002), 074507, hep-lat/0204010.
54. C. R. Allton, S. Ejiri, S. J. Hands, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch, E. Laermann and Ch. Schmidt (Bielefeld-Swansea), Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003), 014507, hep-lat/0305007.
55. M. D'Elia and M. P. Lombardo, Proceedings of the GISELDA Meeting held in Frascati, Italy, 14-18 January 2002, hep-lat/0205022.
56. Ph. de Forcrand and O. Philipsen, Nucl. Phys. B 642 (2002), 290, hep-lat/0205016.
57. F. Csikor, G. I. Egri, Z. Fodor, S. D. Katz, K. K. Szabo and A. I. Toth, hep-lat/0301027; hep-lat/0209114.
58. B. Müller, Nucl. Phys. A 702 (2002), 281.
59. V. Koch, M. Bleicher and S. Jeon, Nucl. Phys. A 702 (2002), 291.
60. R. V. Gavai, Nucl. Phys. A 702 (2002), 299.
61. N. Sasaki, O. Miyamura, S. Muroya and C. Nonaka, Europhys. Lett. 54 (2001), 38.
62. R. V. Gavai, J. Potvin and S. Sanielevici, Phys. Rev. D 40 (1989), 2743.
63. R. V. Gavai and S. Gupta, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001), 074506; Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 094515.
64. R. V. Gavai and S. Gupta, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001), 074506; Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 094515.
65. R. V. Gavai, S. Gupta and P. Majumdar, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 054506.
66. C. Bernard et al., hep-lat/0209079.
67. R. V. Gavai and S. Gupta, hep-lat/0303013.
68. For example, see K. Morita, S. Muroya, C. Nonaka and T. Hirano, Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002), 054904, nucl-th/0205040.
69. P. Huovinen, nucl-th/0305064
70. I. M. Barbour, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 60(1-2) (1998), 229.
71. P. E. Gibbs, Phys. Lett. B 172 (1986), 53.
72. S. Ejiri, hep-lat/0212022.
73. Ph. de Forcrand, S. Kim and T. Takaishi, hep-lat/0209126.
74. A. Roberge and N. Weiss, Nucl. Phys. B 275 (1986), 734.
75. M.-P. Lombardo, hep-lat/9907025.
76. R. Aloisio, V. Azcoiti, G. Di Carlo, A. Galante and A. F. Grillo, Phys. Lett. B 493 (2000), 189, hep-lat/0009034.
77. J. B. Kogut, D. Toublan and D. K. Sinclair, Phys. Lett. B 514 (2001), 77, hep-lat/0104010.
78. J. B. Kogut, D. K. Sinclair, S. J. Hands and S. E. Morrison, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001), 094505, hep-lat/0105026.
79. J. B. Kogut, D. Toublan and D. K. Sinclair, Nucl. Phys. B 642 (2002), 181, hep-lat/0205019.
80. S. Muroya, A. Nakamura and C. Nonaka, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 94 (2001), 469, hep-lat/001007.
81. S. Muroya, A. Nakamura and C. Nonaka, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 106 (2002), 453, hep-lat/0111032; hep-lat/0208006.
82. Y. Liu, O. Miyamura, A. Nakamura and T. Takaishi, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nonperturbative Methods and Lattice QCD, Guangzhou, China, hep-lat/0009009.
83. J. B. Kogut, M. A. Stephanov and D. Toublan, Phys. Lett. B 464 (1999), 183.
84. J. B. Kogut, M. A. Stephanov, D. Toublan, J. J. M. Verbaarschot and A. Zhitnitsky, Nucl. Phys. B 582 (2000), 477, hep-ph/0001171.
85. S. Hands, I. Montvay, S. Morrison, M. Oevers, L. Scorzato and J. Skullerud, Eur. Phys. J. C 17 (2000), 285, hep-lat/0006018.
86. G. E. Brown and M. Rho, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991), 2720.
87. T. Hatsuda and S. H. Lee, Phys. Rev. C 46 (1992), R34.
88. M. Harada, Y. Kim and M. Rho, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002), 016003, hep-ph/0111120.
89. K. Yokokawa, T. Hatsuda, A. Hayashigaki and T. Kunihiro, Phys. Rev. C 66 (2002), 022201, hep-ph/0204163.
90. S. Muroya, A. Nakamura and C. Nonaka, Phys. Lett. B 551 (2003), 305, hep-lat/0211010.
91. S. Hands, J. B. Kogut, C. G. Strouthos and T. N. Tran, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003), 016005, hep-lat/0302021.
92. N. Bilic and K. Demeterfi, Phys. Lett. B 212 (1988), 83.
93. D. J. Gross and A. Neveu, Phys. Rev. D 10 (1974), 3235.
94. S. Coleman, Aspects of Symmetry (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985).
95. A. B. Zamolodchikov and A. B. Zamolodchikov, Ann. of Phys. 120 (1979), 253.
96. A. Chodos, H. Minakata, F. Cooper, A. Singh and W. Mao, hep-ph/0009019.
97. U. Wolff, Phys. Lett. B 157 (1985), 303.
98. T. Inagaki, K. Kouno and T. Muta, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 10 (1995), 2241.
99. F. Karsch, J. Kogut and H. W. Wyld, Nucl. Phys. B 280 (1987), 289.
100. T. Izubuchi, J. Noaki and A. Ukawa, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998), 114507, hep-lat/9805019.
101. S. Hands and D. H. Walters, Phys. Lett. B 548 (2002), 196.
102. S. J. Hands, B. Lucini and S. E. Morrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001), 753; Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 036004.
103. S. J. Hands, B. Lucini and S. E. Morrison, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001), 753; Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002), 036004.
104. E.-M. Ilgenfritz and J. Kripfganz, Z. Phys. C 29 (1985), 79.
105. P. H. Damgaard, D. Hocheberg and N. Kawamoto Phys. Lett. B 158 (1985), 239.
106. N. Bilić, K. Demeterfi and B. Petersson, Nucl. Phys. B 377 (1992) 615.
107. E. Dagotto, F. Karsch and A. Moreo, Phys. Lett. B 169 (1986), 421.
108. Y. Nishida, K. Fukushima and T. Hatsuda, hep-ph/0306066, to appear in the Hidenaga Yamagishi Commemorative volume of Physics Reports, ed. E. Witten and I. Zahed.
109. P. Rossi and U. Wolff, Nucl. Phys. B 248 (1984), 105.
110. F. Karsch and K. H. Mütter, Nucl. Phys. B 313 (1989), 541.
111. R. Aloisi, V. Azcoiti, G. Di Carlo, A. Galante and A. F. Grillo. Nucl. Phys. B 564 (2000), 489, hep-lat/9910015.
112. I. M. Barbour, S. E. Morrison, E. G. Klepfish, J. B. Kogut and M.-P. Lombardo, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997), 7063, hep-lat/9705038.
113. S. Chandrasekharan, Phys. Lett. B 536 (2002), 72, hep-lat/0203020.
114. D. E. Miller and K. Redlich, Phys. Rev. D 35 (1987), 2524.
115. J. Engels, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch and E. Laermann, Nucl. Phys. B 558 (1999), 307, hep-lat/9903030. O. Kaczmarek, Understanding Deconfinement in QCD, ECT* Trento, March 1999, hep-lat/9905022.
116. J. Engels, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch and E. Laermann, Nucl. Phys. B 558 (1999), 307, hep-lat/9903030. O. Kaczmarek, Understanding Deconfinement in QCD, ECT* Trento, March 1999, hep-lat/9905022.
117. X. Q. Luo, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 16 (2001), 1615.
118. A. Gocksch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988), 2054.
119. K. N. Anagnostopoulos and J. Niahimura, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002), 106008, hep-th/0108041.
120. J. Ambjorn, K. N. Anagnostopoulos, J. Nishimura and J. J. M. Verbaarschot, J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2002), 062, hep-lat/0208025.
121. V. Azcoite, G. Di Carlo and A. F. Grillo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990), 2239.
122. S. Gottlieb et al., Phys. Rev. D 35 (1987), 2531.
123. G. Bhanot, K. Bitar and R. Salvador, Phys. Lett. B 187 (1987), 381; Phys. Lett. B 188 (1987), 246. M. Karliner, S. R. Sharpe and Y. F. Chang, Nucl. Phys. B 302 (1988), 204.
124. G. Bhanot, K. Bitar and R. Salvador, Phys. Lett. B 187 (1987), 381; Phys. Lett. B 188 (1987), 246. M. Karliner, S. R. Sharpe and Y. F. Chang, Nucl. Phys. B 302 (1988), 204.
125. G. Bhanot, K. Bitar and R. Salvador, Phys. Lett. B 187 (1987), 381; Phys. Lett. B 188 (1987), 246. M. Karliner, S. R. Sharpe and Y. F. Chang, Nucl. Phys. B 302 (1988), 204.
126. T. Takaishi, in preparation.
127. M. Namiki, Stochastic Quantization (Spriger Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992).
128. G. Parisi, Phys. Lett. B 131 (1983), 393.
129. J. R. Klauder, Phys. Rev. A 29 (1984), 2036.
130. L. R. Klauder and W. P. Petersen, J. Stat. Phys. 39 (1985), 53.
131. F. Karsch and H. Wyld, Phys. Rev. Lett. 21 (1985), 2242.
132. T. Matsui and A. Nakamura, Phys. Lett. B 194 (1987), 262.
133. N. Namiki and K. Okano, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. No. 111 (1993), 1.
134. K. Okano, L. Schülke and B. Zheng, Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. No. 111 (1993), 313.
135. H. Okamoto, K. Okano, L. Schülke and S. Tanaka, Nucl. Phys. B 324 (1989), 684.
136. K. Okano, L. Schülke and B. Zheng, Phys. Lett. B 258 (1991), 42. K. Fujimura, K. Okano, L. Schülke, K. Yamagishi and B. Zheng, Nucl. Phys. B 424 (1994), 675.
137. K. Okano, L. Schülke and B. Zheng, Phys. Lett. B 258 (1991), 42. K. Fujimura, K. Okano, L. Schülke, K. Yamagishi and B. Zheng, Nucl. Phys. B 424 (1994), 675.
138. D. T. Son and M. A. Stephanov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001), 592.
139. J. B. Kogut and D. K. Sinclair, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002), 034505, hep-lat/0209054.
140. J. B. Kogut and D. K. Sinclair, Phys. Rev. D 66 (2002), 014508, hep-lat/0201017.
141. S. Gupta, hep-lat/0202005.
142. R. Aloisio, V. Azcoiti, G. Di Carlo, A. Galante and A. F. Grillo, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Nonperturbative Methods and Lattice QCD (World Scientific, 2001), hep-lat/0007018.
143. E. B. Gregory, S. Guo, H. Kroger and X.-Q. Luo, Phys. Rev. D 62 (2000), 054508, hep-lat/9912054.
144. G. Aarts, O. Kaczmarek, F. Karsch and I. O. Stamatescu, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 106 (2002), 456, hep-lat/0110145.
145. S. Chandrasekharan and U. J. Wiese, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999), 3116, cond-mat/9902128.
146. J. Cox, C. Gattringer, K. Holland, B. Scarlet and U. J. Wiese, Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 83 (2000), 777, hep-lat/9909119.
147. M. G. Alford, S. Chandrasekharan, J. Cox and U. J. Wiese, Nucl. Phys. B 602 (2001), 61, hep-lat/0101012.
148. R. H. Swendesn and J. S. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987), 86.
149. U. Wolff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62 (1989), 361.
150. T. C. Blum, J. E. Hetrick and D. Toussaint, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996), 1019, hep-lat/9509002.