Journalists, political elites and the post-communist public: The case of Slovakia

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 61-81

  Školkay, Andrej ^a  

^a Faculty of Natural Sciences   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0348112026     PISSN: 13523279     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13523279608415323     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. See Jozef Borísek, 'Straníckosť a sloboda tlače v socialistickej spoločnosti', in Otázky Žurnalistiky, Vol.21, No.2 (1978), p.4; Juraj Vojtek, V.I.Lenin a tisk noveho typu (Praha: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Novinář, 1986) p.7.
2. See Jozef Borísek, 'Straníckosť a sloboda tlače v socialistickej spoločnosti', in Otázky Žurnalistiky, Vol.21, No.2 (1978), p.4; Juraj Vojtek, V.I.Lenin a tisk noveho typu (Praha: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství Novinář, 1986) p.7.
3. See Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1948-1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961).
4. Frank L. Kaplan, Winter Into Spring: The Czechoslovak Press and the Reform Movement, 1963-1968 (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1977) p.22.
5. The precise data chronicling this decline vary. For instance Dušan Tomášek writes that there was a decline from 37 dailies in 1947 to 11 in 1953. Kaplan notes a decline from 18 dailies (although from what initial date is unclear) to 11 by 1952, with altogether 350 publications suppressed during that period. Taborsky offers an interesting comparison from the precommunist era: by 1958 there were only 17 dailies in the whole of Czechoslovakia, whereas in 1940 there were some 55 published in the Czech provinces alone. It should also be noted, however, that following this decline there was again a slow increase in the number of dailies published from 1953 onwards. This reflected an increased feeling of security with the firm establishment of censorship mechanisms, and thus a modest expansion of the press was no longer considered a direct threat. See Dušan Tomášek, Pozor cenzurováno! aneb zo Života soudružíky cenzury (Praha: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství MV ČR 1994), p.8; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p. 18; and Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, p.560.
6. The precise data chronicling this decline vary. For instance Dušan Tomášek writes that there was a decline from 37 dailies in 1947 to 11 in 1953. Kaplan notes a decline from 18 dailies (although from what initial date is unclear) to 11 by 1952, with altogether 350 publications suppressed during that period. Taborsky offers an interesting comparison from the precommunist era: by 1958 there were only 17 dailies in the whole of Czechoslovakia, whereas in 1940 there were some 55 published in the Czech provinces alone. It should also be noted, however, that following this decline there was again a slow increase in the number of dailies published from 1953 onwards. This reflected an increased feeling of security with the firm establishment of censorship mechanisms, and thus a modest expansion of the press was no longer considered a direct threat. See Dušan Tomášek, Pozor cenzurováno! aneb zo Života soudružíky cenzury (Praha: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství MV ČR 1994), p.8; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p. 18; and Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, p.560.
7. The precise data chronicling this decline vary. For instance Dušan Tomášek writes that there was a decline from 37 dailies in 1947 to 11 in 1953. Kaplan notes a decline from 18 dailies (although from what initial date is unclear) to 11 by 1952, with altogether 350 publications suppressed during that period. Taborsky offers an interesting comparison from the precommunist era: by 1958 there were only 17 dailies in the whole of Czechoslovakia, whereas in 1940 there were some 55 published in the Czech provinces alone. It should also be noted, however, that following this decline there was again a slow increase in the number of dailies published from 1953 onwards. This reflected an increased feeling of security with the firm establishment of censorship mechanisms, and thus a modest expansion of the press was no longer considered a direct threat. See Dušan Tomášek, Pozor cenzurováno! aneb zo Života soudružíky cenzury (Praha: Vydavatelství a nakladatelství MV ČR 1994), p.8; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p. 18; and Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia, p.560.
8. Tomášek, Pozor cenzurováno!, p.8.
9. See George Schöpflin, Censorship and Political Communication in Eastern Europe: A Collection of Documents (London: Pinter, 1977), p. 14; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p.79; and Luboš Šefčák, 'O poslednej novelizácii tlačového zakona', Otázky žurnalistiky, Vol.33, No.1 (1991), p.16.
10. See George Schöpflin, Censorship and Political Communication in Eastern Europe: A Collection of Documents (London: Pinter, 1977), p. 14; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p.79; and Luboš Šefčák, 'O poslednej novelizácii tlačového zakona', Otázky žurnalistiky, Vol.33, No.1 (1991), p.16.
11. See George Schöpflin, Censorship and Political Communication in Eastern Europe: A Collection of Documents (London: Pinter, 1977), p. 14; Kaplan, Winter into Spring, p.79; and Luboš Šefčák, 'O poslednej novelizácii tlačového zakona', Otázky žurnalistiky, Vol.33, No.1 (1991), p.16.
12. Tomášek, Pozor cenzurováno! p.78.
13. Dušan Hamšík, Writers Against Rulers (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p.18.
14. Jiři Hochman, 'Words and Tanks: The Revival, The Struggle, The Agony and Defeat (1968-1968)', in Jiři Pehe (ed.), The Prague Spring: A Mixed Legacy (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 1988), p.27.
15. Juraj Fabian, 'O zložitej ceste k slobode tlače', interview in Praca, 8 Jan. 1991, pp.1-3.
16. With perhaps one exception: the daily newspaper Smena.
17. The number of listeners to Western radio stations in Czechoslovakia increased dramatically during the last year of communism. Thus, from 1982 to 1989 the Voice of America saw an increase of its audience from 20 to 32 per cent, Radio Free Europe from 16 to 29 per cent, and the BBC from 10 to 15 per cent: Oskar Krejčí, 'Prečo to prasklo', Pravda na nedelu, 25 Jan. 1991, p.5.
18. Shortly before elections in 1992 two companies were awarded a licence to operate the third channel jointly, although they were unable to reach an agreement.
19. Eva Vrbicka, 'Česta spat nemožna', Práca, 31 March 1990, p.6.
20. 'Programové vhylásenie vlady 'ČSFR', Práca, 4 July 1990, p.3.
21. Sharon Fisher, 'Šlovak Media Under Pressure', Transition, 6 Oct. 1995, pp.7-9.
22. For further details see Andrej Školkay, 'Slovak Broadcasting Tightens its Grip on the Airwaves', Transition Vol.2, No.8 (19 April 1996), pp.18-21.
23. Vladimír Holina, 'Zmeny v masových médiách na Slovensku', Parlamentný kuriér, No.2 (1994), pp.29-30.
24. Ivo Grycz, 'Česko-Slovensko očami porazených', Slobodný piatok, 1994, No.44, p.9; Ladislav Snopko, 'Slovensko medzi baranom a baránkom', Slovenské listy, 1995, No.5, p.17.
25. Ivo Grycz, 'Česko-Slovensko očami porazených', Slobodný piatok, 1994, No.44, p.9; Ladislav Snopko, 'Slovensko medzi baranom a baránkom', Slovenské listy, 1995, No.5, p.17.
26. Peter Schutz, 'Kde leži bieda slovenskej Darmovízie', Domino efekt, 1995, No.6, p.2.
27. Fisher, 'Slovak Media Under Pressure', p.9.
28. Jan Drgonec, 'Čas slobody prejavu v plienkach', KMIT, 1995, No.5, p.19.
29. David Webster, Building Democracy: New Broadcasting Laws in East and Central Europe (Washington, DC: Annenberg Washington Programme, 1992), p.10.
30. For details see Owen Johnson, 'Whose Voice? Freedom of Speech and the Media in Central Europe', in Al Hester and Kristina White (eds.), Creating a Free Press in Eastern Europe (Athens, GA: The James M. Cox, Jr. Center for International Mass Communication Training and Research, 1991), pp.25-6.
31. Ibid., pp.34-5.
32. Webster, Building Democracy, p.14.
33. Malcolm F. Mallette (ed.), Přírućka pro novinaře střední a východní Evropy (Washington, DC: World Press Freedom Committee, 1995).
34. Ibid., pp.44, 74-5.
35. George Frajkor, , 'REPLY: Russian Media Theory: Does it Exist?', in EEMEDIA , 4 Sept. 1995.