Phytoplankton and iron: Validation of a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemical model

Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

Volumn 50, Issue 22-26, 2003, Pages 3143-3169

  Gregg, Watson W ^a   Ginoux, Paul ^b   Schopf, Paul S ^c   Casey, Nancy W ^d  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^c GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d SCIENCE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS INC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; CATCHMENTS; CHLOROPHYLL; COMPUTER SIMULATION; IRON; OCEAN CURRENTS; REMOTE SENSING; STATISTICAL METHODS; TURBULENCE;

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; REMINERALIZATION;

MARINE BIOLOGY;

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; IRON; MODEL VALIDATION; PHYTOPLANKTON; THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING;

ALGAE; BACILLARIOPHYTA; CHLOROPHYTA; CYANOBACTERIA; HAPTOPHYCEAE;

EID: 0348077442     PISSN: 09670645     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2003.07.013     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Agawin, N.S.R., Duarte, C.M., Agusti, S., 1998. Growth and abundance of Synechococcus sp. in a Mediterranean Bay: seasonality and relationship with temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 170, 45-53.
2. Agawin, N.S.R., Duarte, C.M., Agusti, S., 2000. Nutrient and temperature control of the contribution of picoplankton to phytoplankton biomass and production. Limnology and Oceanography 45, 591-600.
3. Agusti, S., Duarte, C.M., Vaque, D., Hein, M., Gasol, J.M., Vidai, M., 2001. Food-web structure and elemental (C, N and P) fluxes in the eastern tropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 2295-2321.
4. Andersen, R.A., Bidigare, R.R., Keller, M.D., Latasa, M., 1996. A comparison of HPLC pigment signatures and electron microscopic observations for oligotrophic waters of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Research II 43, 517-537.
5. Anning, T., MacIntyre, H.L., Pratt, S.M., Sammes, P.J., Gibb, S., Geider, R.J., 2000. Photoacclimation in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Limnology and Oceanography 45, 1807-1817.
6. Archer, D.E., Johnson, K., 2000. A model of the iron cycle in the ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 269-279.
7. Barlow, R.G., Alberte, R.S., 1985. Photosynthetic characteristics of phycoerythrin-containing marine Synechococcus spp. Marine Biology 86, 63-74.
8. Barlow, R.G., Mantoura, R.F.C., Gough, M.A., Fileman, T.W., 1993. Pigment signatures of the phytoplankton composition in the northeastern Atlantic during the 1990 spring bloom. Deep-Sea Research II 40, 459-477.
9. Barlow, R.G., Mantoura, R.F.C., Cummings, D., 1999. Monsoonal influences in the distribution of phytoplankton pigments in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 46, 677-699.
10. Bates, S.S., Platt, T., 1984. Fluorescence induction as a measure of photosynthetic capacity in marine phytoplankton: response of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Bacillariophyceae) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyceae). Marine Ecology Progress Series 18, 67-77.
11. Bathmann, U.V., Scharek, R., Klaas, C., Dubischar, C.D., Smetacek, V., 1997. Spring development of phytoplankton biomass and composition in major water masses of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 44, 51-67.
12. Bidigare, R.R., Morrow, J.H., Kiefer, D.A., 1989. Derivative analysis of spectral absorption by photosynthetic pigments in the western Sargasso Sea. Journal of Marine Research 47, 323-341.
13. Blanchot, J., Andre, J.-M., Navarette, C., Neveux, J., Radenac, M.-H., 2001. Picophytoplankton in the equatorial Pacific: Vertical distributions in the warm pool and in the high nutrient low chlorophyll conditions. Deep-Sea Research I 48, 297-314.
14. Bowie, A.R., Whitworth, D.J., Achterberg, E.P., Fauzi, R., Mantoura, C., Worsfold, P.J., 2002. Biogeochemistry of Fe and other trace elements (Al, Co, Ni) in the upper Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 605-636.
15. Boyd, P., Pomroy, A., Bury, S., Savidge, G., Joint, I., 1997. Micro-algal carbon and nitrogen uptake in post-coccolithophore bloom conditions in the northeast Atlantic, July, 1991. Deep-Sea Research I 44, 1497-1517.
16. Boyd, P.W. and 34 others, 2000. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 407, 695-702.
17. Brand, L.E., 1991. Minimum iron requirements of marine phytoplankton and the implications for the biogeochemical control of new production. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 1756-1771.
18. Brand, L.E., Sunda, W.G., Guillard, R.R.I., 1983. Limitation of marine phytoplankton reproductive rates by zinc, manganese, and iron. Limnology and Oceanography 28, 1182-1198.
19. Brand, L.E., Sunda, W.G., Guillard, R.R.L., 1986. Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 96, 225-250.
20. Brown, C.W., Yoder, J.A., 1994. Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 7467-7482.
21. Brown, S.L., Landry, M.R., 2001. Mesoscale variability in biological community structure and biomass in the Antarctic polar front region at 17°W during austral spring 1997. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 13917-13930.
22. Brown, S.L., Landry, M.R., Barber, R.T., Campbell, L., Garrison, D.L., Gowing, M.M., 1999. Picophytoplankton dynamics and production in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 southwest monsoon. Deep-Sea Research II 46, 1745-1768.
23. Bucciarelli, E., Blain, S., Treguer, P., 2001. Iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Southern Ocean). Marine Chemistry 73, 21-36.
24. Campbell, L., Liu, H., Nolla, H.A., Vaulot, D., 1997. Annual variability of phytoplankton and bacteria in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean at Station ALOHA during the 1991-1994 ENSO event. Deep-Sea Research I 44, 167-192.
25. Carpenter, E.J., Romans, K., 1991. Major role of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium in nutrient cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science 254, 1356-1358.
26. Chavez, F.P., 1989. Size distribution of phytoplankton in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 3, 27-35.
27. Chavez, F.P., Strutton, P.G., Friederich, G.E., Feely, R.A., Feldman, G.C., Foley, D.G., McPhaden, M.J., 1999. Biological and chemical response of the Equatorial Pacific to the 1997-98 El Niño. Science 286, 2126-2131.
28. Christian, J.R., Verschell, M.A., Murtugudde, R., Busalacchi, A.J., McClain, C.R., 2002. Biogeochemical modeling of the tropical Pacific Ocean II: iron biogeochemistry. Deep-Sea Research II 49, 545-565.
29. Claustre, H., Marty, J.-C., 1995. Specific phytoplankton biomasses and their relation to primary production in the tropical North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I 42, 1475-1493.
30. Coale, K.H., Fitzwater, S.E., Gordon, R.M., Johnson, K.S., Barber, R.T., 1996. Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 379, 621-624.
31. Coale, K.H., Johnson, K.S., Fitzwater, S.E., Blain, S.O.G., Stanton, T.P., Coley, T.L., 1998. Iron Ex-I, and in situ iron-enrichment experiment: experimental design, implementation, and results. Deep-Sea Research II 45, 919-945.
32. Conkright, M.E., Levitus, S., Boyer, T.P., 1994. World Ocean Atlas, Vol. 1: nutrients. NOAA Atlas NESDIS, Vol. 1, 150pp. US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC.
33. Conkright, M.E., O'Brien, T., Levitus, S., Boyer, T.P., Stephens, C., Antonov, J., 1998. World Ocean Atlas 1998, Vol. 12: nutrients and chlorophyll of the Indian Ocean. NOAA Atlas NESDIS, Vol. 38, 217pp. US Govt Printing Office, Washington DC.
34. de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Bakker, D.C.E., Loscher, B.M., Veth, C., Bathmann, U., Smetacek, V., 1995. Importance of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean. Nature 373, 412-415.
35. de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Nolting, R.F., Timmermans, K.R., van Leeuwe, M.A., Bathmann, U., van der Loeff, M. R., Sildam, J., 1999. Low dissolved Fe and the absence of diatom blooms in remote Pacific waters of the Southern Ocean. Marine Chemistry 66, 1-34.
36. DiTullio, G.R., Hutchins, D.A., Bruland, K.W., 1993. Interaction of iron and major nutrients controls phytoplankton growth and species composition in the tropical North Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 38, 495-508.
37. DuRand, M.D., Olson, R.J., Chisholm, S.W., 2001. Phytoplankton population dynamics at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series station in the Sargasso Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 1983-2003.
38. Eppley, R.W., 1972. Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea. Fisheries Bulletin 70, 1063-1085.
39. Eppley, R.W., Rogers, J.N., McCarthy, J.J., 1969. Half-saturation constants for uptake of nitrate and ammonium by marine phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 14, 912-920.
40. Everitt, D., Wright, S., Volkman, J.K., Thomas, D.P., Lindstrom, E.J., 1990. Phytoplankton community compositions in the western equatorial Pacific determined from chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment distributions. Deep-Sea Research 37, 975-997.
41. Eynaud, F., Girardeau, J., Pichon, J.-J., Pudsey, C.J., 1999. Sea-surface distribution of coccolithophores, diatoms, silicoflagellates, and dinoflagellates in the South Atlantic Ocean during the late austral summer 1995. Deep-Sea Research I 146, 451-482.
42. Falkowski, P.G., Dubinsky, G.Z., Wyman, K., 1985. Growth-irradiance relationships in phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography 30, 311-321.
43. Fitzwater, S.E., Coale, K.H., Gordon, R.M., Johnson, K.S., Ondrusek, M.E., 1996. Iron deficiency and phytoplankton growth in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 43, 995-1015.
44. Fritz, J.J., Balch, W.M., 1996. A light-limited continuous culture study of Emiliana huxleyi: determination of coccolith detachment and its relevance to cell sinking. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 207, 127-147.
45. Fung, I.Y., Meyn, S.K., Tegen, I., Doney, S.C., John, J.G., Bishop, J.K.B., 2000. Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 281-295.
46. Gall, M.P., Boyd, P.W., Hall, J., Safi, K.A., Chang, H., 2001. Phytoplankton processes. Part 1: community structure during the Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOIREE). Deep-Sea Research II 48, 2551-2570.
47. Garrison, D.L., Buck, K., Gowing, M.M., 1993. Winter plankton assemblage in the ice edge zone of the Weddell and Scotia Seas: composition, biomass and spatial distribution. Deep-Sea Research I 40, 311-338.
48. Gavis, J., Guillard, R.R.L., Woodward, B.L., 1981. Cupric ion activity and the growth of phytoplankton clones isolated from different marine environments. Journal of Marine Research 39, 315-333.
49. Geider, R.J., MacIntyre, H.L., Kana, T.M., 1998. A dynamic regulatory model of phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 679-694.
50. Gibb, S.W., Cummings, D.G., Irigoien, X., Barlow, R.G., Fauzi, R., Mantoura, C., 2001. Phytoplankton pigment chemotaxonomy of the northeastern Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 795-823.
51. Ginoux, P., Chin, M., Tegen, I., Prospero, J.M., Holben, B., Dubovik, O., Lin, S.-J., 2001. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 20255-20273.
52. Gledhill, M., van den Berg, C.M.G., Nolting, R.F., Timmermans, K.R., 1998. Variability in the speciation of iron in the northern North Sea. Marine Chemistry 59, 283-300.
53. Glover, H.E., 1985. The physiology and ecology of the marine cyanobacterial genus Synechococcus. Advances in Microbiology 3, 49-107.
54. Gordon, R.M., Johnson, K.S., Coale, K.H., 1998. The behavior of iron and other trace elements during the IronEx I and PlumEx experiments in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 45, 995-1041.
55. Gregg, W.W., 2000. A coupled ocean general circulation, biogeochemical, and radiative model of the global oceans: seasonal distributions of ocean chlorophyll and nutrients. NASA Technical Memorandum 2000-209965, 33pp. (Available online from anonymous ftp at salmo.gsfc.nasa.gov, directory location pub/outgoing/reprints/nasatm2000.pdf)
56. Gregg, W.W., 2002a. Tracking the SeaWiFS record with a coupled physical/biogeochemical/radiative model of the global oceans. Deep-Sea Research II 49, 81-105.
57. Gregg, W.W., 2002b. A coupled ocean-atmosphere radiative model for global ocean biogeochemical models. In: Suarez, M. (Ed.), NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Series, NASA Technical Memorandum, 2002-104606, Vol. 22, 33pp. (Available online from anonymous ftp at salmo.gsfc. nasa.gov, directory location pub/outgoing/reprints/ nasatm2002.pdf)
58. Gregg, W.W., Walsh, J.J., 1992. Simulation of the 1979 spring bloom in the Mid-Atlantic Bight: a coupled physical/ biological/optical model. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, 5723-5743.
59. Hall, J.A., Safi, K., 2001. The impact of in situ Fe fertilisation on the microbial food web in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 2591-2613.
60. Han, B.-P., Virtanen, M., Koponen, J., Straskraba, M., 1999. Predictors of light-limited growth and competition of phytoplankton in a well-mixed water column. Journal of Theoretical Biology 197, 439-450.
61. Hardy, J., Hanneman, A., Behrenfeld, M., Horner, R., 1996. Environmental biogeography of near-surface phytoplankton in the southeast Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 43, 1647-1659.
62. Harris, R.P., Boyd, P., Harbour, D.S., Head, R.N., Pingree, R.D., Pomroy, A.J., 1997. Physical, chemical and biological features of a cyclonic eddy in the region of 61°10′N 10°50′W in the North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research I 44, 1815-1839.
63. Higgins, H.W., Mackey, D.J., 2000. Algal class abundances, estimated from chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments, in the western Equatorial Pacific under El Niño and non-El Niño conditions. Deep-Sea Research I 47, 1461-1483.
64. Holligan, P.M., Fernandez, E., Aiken, J., Balch, W.M., Boyd, P., Burkill, P.H., Finch, M., Groom, S.B., Malin, G., Muller, K., Purdie, D.A., Robinson, C., Trees, C.C., Turner, S.M., van der Waal, P., 1993. A biogeochemical study of the coccolithophore, Emiliana huxleyi, in the North Atlantic. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7, 879-900.
65. Iglesias-Rodriguez, M.D., Brown, C.W., Doney, S.C., Kleypas, J., Kolber, D., Kolber, Z., Hayes, P.K., Falkowski, P.G., 2002. Representing key phytoplankton functional groups in ocean carbon cycle models: coccolithophorids. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16 (4), 1100 (doi: 10.1029/2001BG001454).
66. Ishizaka, J., Harada, K., Ishikawa, K., Kiyosawa, H., Furusawa, H., Watanabe, Y., Ishida, H., Suzuki, K., Handa, N., Takahashi, M., 1997. Size and taxonomic plankton community structure and carbon flow at the equator, 175°E during 1990-1994. Deep-Sea Research II 44, 1927-1949.
67. Itturiaga, R., Marra, J., 1988. Temporal and spatial variability of chroccoid cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. specific growth rates and their contribution to primary productivity in the Sargasso Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 44, 175-181.
68. Itturiaga, R., Mitchell, B.G., 1986. Chrococcoid cyanobacteria: a significant component in the food web dynamics of the open ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 28, 291-297.
69. Johnson, K.S., Gordon, R.M., Coale, K.H., 1997. What controls dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Marine Chemistry 57, 137-161.
70. Johnson, K.S., Chavez, F.P., Elrod, V.A., Fitzwater, S.E., Pennington, J.T., Buck, K.R., Walz, P.M., 2001. The annual cycle of iron and the biological response in central California coastal waters. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 1247-1250.
71. Kolber, Z.S., Barber, R.T., Coale, K.H., Fitzwater, S.E., Greene, R.M., Johnson, K.S., Lindley, S., Falkowski, P.G., 1994. Iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature 371, 145-148.
72. Landry, M.R., Barber, R.T., Bidigare, R.R., et al., 1997. Iron and grazing constraints on primary/production in the central equatorial Pacific: an EqPac synthesis. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 405-418.
73. Landry, M.R., Brown, S.L., Selph, K.E., Abbott, M.R., Letelier, R.M., Christensen, S., Bidigare, R.R., Casciotti, K., 2001. Initiation of the spring phytoplankton increase in the Antarctic polar front zone at 170°W. Journal of Geophysical Research 106, 13903-13915.
74. Langdon, C., 1987. On the causes of interspecific differences in the growth-irradiance relationship for phytoplankton. Part I. A comparative study of the growth-irradiance relationship of three marine phytoplankton species: Skeletonema costatum, Olisthodiscus luteus, and Gonyaulax tamarensis. Journal of Plankton Research 9, 459-482.
75. Leonard, C.L., McClain, C.R., Murtugudde, R., Hofmann, E.E., Harding, L.W., 1999. An iron-based ecosystem model of the central equatorial Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 1325-1341.
76. Letelier, R.M., Bidigare, R.R., Hebel, D.V., Ondrusek, M., Winn, C.D., Karl, D.M., 1993. Temporal variability of phytoplankton community structure based on pigment analysis. Limnology and Oceanography 38, 1420-1437.
77. Li, W.K.W., 1998. Annual average abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus in surface ocean waters. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 1746-1753.
78. Loscher, B.M., de Baar, H.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Veth, C., Dehairs, F., 1997. The distribution of Fe in the Antarctic circumpolar current. Deep-Sea Research II 44, 143-187.
79. Mackey, D.J., Blanchot, J., Higgins, W.W., Neveux, J., 2002. Phytoplankton abundances and community structure in the equatorial Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 49, 2561-2582.
80. Malin, G., Turner, S., Liss, P., Holligan, P., Harbour, D., 1993. Dimethylsulphide and dimethylsulphoniopropionate in the Northeast Atlantic during the summer coccolithophore bloom. Deep-Sea Research I 40, 1487-1508.
81. Mann, E.L., Chisholm, S.W., 2000. Iron limits the cell division rate of Prochlorococcus in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Limnology and Oceanography 45, 1067-1076.
82. Marañon, E., Holligan, P.M., Varela, M., Mouriño, B., Bale, A.J., 2000. Basin-scale variability of phytoplankton biomass and growth in the Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 47, 825-857.
83. Martin, J.H., Gordon, R.M., 1988. Northeast Pacific iron distributions in relation to phytoplankton productivity. Deep-Sea Research 35, 177-196.
84. Martin, J.H., Gordon, R.M., Fitzwater, S., Broenkow, W.W., 1989. VERTEX: phytoplankton/iron studies in the Gulf of Alaska. Deep-Sea Research 36, 649-680.
85. Martin, J.H., Gordon, R.M., S.E. Fitzwater, S.E., 1990. Iron in Antarctic waters. Nature 345, 156-158.
86. Martin, J.H., Fitzwater, S.E., Gordon, R.M., Hunter, C.N., Tanner, S.J., 1993. Iron, primary production and carbon-nitrogen flux studies during the JGOFS North Atlantic spring bloom experiment. Deep-Sea Research II 40, 115-134.
87. Measures, C.I., Vink, S., 1999. Seasonal variations in the distribution of Fe and Al in the surface waters of the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 46, 1597-1622.
88. Measures, C.I., Vink, S., 2001. Dissolved Fe in the upper waters of the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 3913-3941.
89. Miller, C.B., Frost, B.W., Wheeler, P.A., Landry, M.R., Welschmeyer, N., Powell, T.M., 1991a. Ecological dynamics in the subarctic Pacific, a possibly iron-limited system. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 1600-1615.
90. Miller, C.B., Frost, B.W., Booth, B., Wheeler, P.A., Landry, M.R., Welschmeyer, N., 1991b. Ecological processes in the subarctic Pacific: iron limitation cannot be the whole story. Oceanography 4, 71-78.
91. Monger, B., McClain, C., Murtugudde, R., 1997. Seasonal phytoplankton dynamics in the eastern tropical Atlantic. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 12389-12411.
92. Moore, J.K., Doney, S.C., Glover, D.M., Fung, I.Y., 2002. Iron cycling and nutrient-limitation patterns in the surface waters of the world ocean. Deep-Sea Research II 49, 463-507.
93. Morel, F.M.M., Hudson, R.J.M., Price, N.M., 1991a. Limitation of productivity by trace metals in the sea. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 1742-1755.
94. Morel, F.M.M., Rueter, J.G., Price, N.M., 1991b. Iron nutrition of phytoplankton and its possible importance in the ecology of open ocean regions with high nutrient and low biomass. Oceanography 4, 56-61.
95. Moulin, C., Gordon, H.R., Chomko, R.M., Banzon, V.F., Evans, R.H., 2001. Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery through thick layers of Saharan dust. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 5-8.
96. Nakabayashi, S., Kusakabe, M., Kuma, K., Kudo, I., 2001. Vertical distributions of Iron (III) hydroxide solubility and dissolved iron in the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 4611-4614.
97. Obayashi, Y., Tanoue, E., Suzuki, K., Handa, N., Nojiri, Y., Wong, C.S., 2001. Spatial and temporal variabilities of phytoplankton community structure in the northern north Pacific as determined by phytoplankton pigments. Deep-Sea Research I 48, 439-469.
98. Ondrusek, M.E., Bidigare, R.R., Sweet, S.T., Defreitas, D.A., Brooks, J.M., 1991. Distribution of phytoplankton pigments in the North Pacific Ocean in relation to physical and optical variability. Deep-Sea Research 38, 243-266.
99. Oschlies, A., 2000. Equatorial nutrient trapping in biogeochemical ocean models: the role of advection numerics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 14, 655-667.
100. Oschlies, A., Garcon, V., 1999. An eddy-permitting coupled physical-biological model of the North Atlantic 1. Sensitivity to advection numerics and mixed layer physics. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13, 135-160.
101. Peeken, I., 1997. Photosynthetic pigment fingerprints as indicators of phytoplankton biomass and development in different water masses of the Southern Ocean during austral spring. Deep-Sea Research II 44, 261-282.
102. Perry, M.J., Talbot, M.C., Alberte, R.S., 1981. Photoadaptation in marine phytoplankton: response of the photosynthetic unit. Marine Biology 62, 91-101.
103. Price, N.M., Ahner, B.A., Morel, F.M.M., 1994. The equatorial Pacific Ocean: grazer-controlled phytoplankton populations in an iron-limited ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography 39, 520-534.
104. Prospero, J.M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S., Gill, T., 2002. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust derived from the NIMBUS-7 TOMS absorbing aerosol product. Reviews of Geophysics, (doi: 10.1029/2000RG000095).
105. Robertson, J.E., Robinson, C., Turner, D.R., Holligan, P., Watson, A.J., Boyd, P., Fernandez, E., Finch, M., 1994. The impact of a coccolithophore bloom on oceanic carbon uptake in the northeast Atlantic during summer 1991. Deep-Sea Research I 41, 297-314.
106. Rue, E.L., Bruland, K.W., 1995. Complexation of iron(III) by natural organic ligands in the central North Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/ adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method. Marine Chemistry 50, 117-138.
107. Rue, E.L., Bruland, K.W., 1997. The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 901-910.
108. Sakshaug, E., Andresen, K., 1986. Effect of light regime upon growth rate and chemical composition of a clone of Skeletonema costatum from the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. Journal of Plankton Research 8, 619-637.
109. Sedwick, P.N., DiTullio, G.R., Hutchins, D.A., Boyd, P.W., Griffiths, F.B., Crossley, A.C., Trull, T.W., Queguiner, B., 1999. Limitation of algal growth by iron deficiency in the Australian subantarctic region. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 2865-2868.
110. Sedwick, P.N., DiTullio, G.R., Mackey, D.J., 2000. Iron and manganese in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: seasonal iron limitation in Antarctic shelf waters. Journal of Geophysical Research 105, 11321-11336.
111. Steinberg, D.K., Carlson, C.A., Bates, N.R., Johnson, R.J., Michaels, A.F., Knap, A.H., 2001. Overview of the US JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS): a decade-scale look at ocean biology and biogeochemistry. Deep-Sea Research II 48, 1405-1447.
112. Stuart, V., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T., Maass, H., Irwin, B.D., 1998. Pigments and species composition of natural phytoplankton populations: effect on the absorption spectra. Journal of Plankton Research 20, 187-217.
113. Sunda, W.G., Huntsman, S.A., 1995. Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal Phytoplankton. Marine Chemistry 50, 189-206.
114. Takeda, S., Kamatani, A., Kawanobe, K., 1995. Effects of nitrogen and iron enrichments on phytoplankton communities in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Marine Chemistry 50, 229-241.
115. Tappin, A.D., Millward, G.E., Statham, P.J., Burton, J.D., Morris, A.W., 1995. Trace metals in the central and southern North Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 41, 275-323.
116. Tarran, G.A., Burkill, P.M., Edwards, E.S., Malcolm, E., Woodward, S., 1999. Phytoplankton community structure in the Arabian Sea during and after the SW monsoon, 1994. Deep-Sea Research II 46, 655-676.
117. Thibault, D., Roy, S., Wong, C.S., Bishop, J.K., 1999. The downward flux of biogenic material in the NE subarctic Pacific: importance of algal sinking and mesozooplankton herbivory. Deep-Sea Research II 46, 2669-2697.
118. Timmermans, K.R., Gerringa, L.J.A., de Baar, H.J.W., van der Wagt, B., Veldhuis, M.J.W., de Jong, J.T.M., Croot, P.L., 2001. Growth rates of large and small Southern Ocean diatoms in relation to availability of iron in natural seawater. Limnology and Oceanography 46, 260-266.
119. van Leeuwe, M.A., DeBaar, H.J.W., Veldhuis, M.J.W., 1998. Pigment distribution in the Pacific region of the Southern Ocean (autumn 1995). Polar Biology 19, 348-353.
120. Vassiliev, I.R., Kolber, Z., Wyman, K.D., Mauzerall, D., Shukla, V.K., Falkowski, P.G., 1995. Effects of iron limitation on photosystem II composition and light utilization in Dunaliella tertiolecta. Plant Physiology 109. 963-972.
121. Wright, S.W., Thomas, D.P., Marchant, H.J., Higgins, H.W., Mackey, M.D., Mackey, D.J., 1996. Analysis of phytoplankton of the Australian sector of the southern ocean: comparisons of microscopy and size frequency data with interpretations of pigment HPLC data using the 'CHEMTAX' matrix factorization program. Marine Ecology Progress Series 144, 285-298.
122. Wu, J., Luther, G.W., 1996. Spatial and temporal distribution of iron in the surface water of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Geochmica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, 2729-2741.
123. Wyman, M., Fay, P., 1986. Underwater light climate and the growth and pigmentation of planktonic blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria) I. The influence of light quantity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 227, 367-380.
124. Zonneveld, C., 1997. Modeling effects of photoadaptation on the photosynthesis-irradiance curve. Journal of Theoretical Biology 186, 381-388.