Biofouling and Its Prevention: A Comprehensive Overview

Biocontrol Science

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 133-144

  Nandakumar, Kanavillil ^a,b   Yano, Tetsuo ^a  

^a AIST Shikoku   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

Author keywords

Antifouling techniques; Biofilms; Biofouling; Prevention

Indexed keywords

ALGAE; BACTERIA; BIOCIDES; BIOFILMS; COATINGS; COOLING; FOULING; GROWTH KINETICS; OFFSHORE STRUCTURES; ORGANOMETALLICS; PROTOZOA; TOXIC MATERIALS;

ANTIFOULING STRATEGIES; BIOFOULING;

BIOCONTROL;

ADHESIVE AGENT; ANTIFOULING AGENT; BIOCIDE; COOLING WATER; INORGANIC COMPOUND; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND;

ALGAL GROWTH; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ASCIDIACEA; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; BARNACLE; BIOFILM; BIOFOULING; BRYOZOA; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTROLYSIS; EXUDATE; FOULING CONTROL; FOULING PREVENTION; LASER; MUSSEL; NONHUMAN; POLYCHAETA; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; SHIP; SPONGE (PORIFERA); WATER FLOW; WATER TEMPERATURE;

ALGAE; ASCIDIACEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BRYOZOA; POLYCHAETA; PORIFERA; PROTOZOA; THORACICA;

EID: 0348048690     PISSN: 13424815     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4265/bio.8.133     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Abelson, A., and Denny, M. (1997) Settlement of marine organisms in flow. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28, 317-339.
2. Adamson, W. L., and Liberatore, L. (1984) Control of microfouling in ship piping and heat exchanger systems. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.), pp. 149-154, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
3. Azariah, J. P. (1990) Marine bioactive compounds as alternative technology for fouling control. In Marine Biofouling and Power Plants (Nair, K. V. K. and Venugopalan, V. P., eds) pp 189-195, IGCAR press, Kalpakkam, India.
4. Bair, R.E. (1999). The sequence of fouling of engineering materials in the sea. In Biofilm and Biodiversity, VIRTUE special topics. http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/wit/paper2. htm.
5. Burnett, L. Pocket monsters: the nature of your enemy. Special report and Newsletter library. http://www.parkell.com/pocketMonster.html.
6. Butler, A. J. (1991) Effect of patch size on communities of sessile invertebrates in Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 153, 255-280.
7. Callow, M. E., and Callow, J. A. (2002) Marine biofouling: a sticky problem. Biologist 49, 1-5.
8. Caron, A. C. (1987) Grazing of attached bacteria by heterotrophic microflagellates. Microb. Ecol. 13, 203-218.
9. Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Montana, U.S.A. Biofilms. http://www.erc.montana.edu/CBEssentials-SW/bf-basics-99/bbasics-01.htm.
10. Characklis, W.G., McFeters, G.A., and Marshall, K.C. (1990) Physiological ecology in biofilm systems. In Biofilms (Characklis, W. G. and Marshall, K.C. eds.) John Wiley and Sons Incorporated, New York.
11. Clare, A. S., Rittschof, D., Gerhart, D. J., and Maki, J. S. (1992). Molecular approaches to nontoxic antifouling. Inverte. Reprod. Dev. 22, 67-76.
12. Connell, J.H., and Slatyer, R.O. (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural community and their role in community stability and organization. Am. Nat. 111, 1119-1144.
13. Costerton, J. W., Cheng, K. J., Geesey, G. C., Ladd, T. I., Nickel, J. C., Dasgupta, M., and Marrie, T. J. (1987) Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 41, 435-464.
14. Costerton, J. W., Lewandowski, Z., DeBeer, D., and Caldwell, D. (1994) Biofilms, the customized microniche. J. Bacteriol. 176, 2137-2142.
15. Coughlan, J., and Whitehouse, J. (1977) Aspects of chlorine utilization in the UK. Chesapeake Sci. 18, 102-111.
16. Crisp, D. J. (1973) The role of biologist in antifouling research. Proc. Third Int. Congr. Mar. Foul. Corrosion, 88-93.
17. Crisp, D. J. (1984) Overview of research on marine invertebrate larvae, 1940-1980. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp 103-126, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
18. de Beer, D., Srinivasan, R., and Stewart, P. S. (1994) Direct measurement of chlorine penetration into biofilms during disinfection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4339-4344.
19. de Laubenfels, E. (2001) Control of biofilm in aquatic systems. Selected paper in Biofilm and Biodiversity. VIRTUE special reports. http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/wit/paper/ htm.
20. Drake, R. C. (1977) Increasing heat exchanger efficiency through continuous mechanical tube maintenance; In Biofouling Control Procedures: Technology and Ecological Effects (Jensen, L. D., ed.) pp. 43-53, Marcer Dekker, New York.
21. Eckman, J. E., and Duggins, D. O. (1993) Effects of flow speed on growth of benthic suspension feeders. Biol. Bull. 185, 28-41.
22. Fisher, E. C., Castelli, V. J., Rodgers, S. D., and Bleile, H. R. (1984) Technology for control of marine biofouling - a review. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 261-300, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
23. Fusetani, N., Hiroto, H., Okino, T., Tomono, Y., and Yoshimura, E. (1996) Antifouling activity of isocyanoterpenoids and related compounds isolated from a marine sponge and nudibranchs. J. Nat. Toxins. 5, 249-259.
24. Gatenholm, P., Holmstrom, C., Maki, J. S., and Kjelleberg, G. S. (1995) Toward biological antifouling surface-coatings-marine bacteria immobilized in hydrogel inhibits barnacle larvae. Biofouling. 8, 293-301.
25. Gatuito, C. G., Shimizu, K., Natoyama, K., Yamazaki, M., and Fusetani, N. (1996) Age-related settlement success by cyprids of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, with special reference to consumption of cyprid storage protein. Mar. Biol. 127, 125-130.
26. Gibbs, P.E., Bryan, G. W., Pascoe, P. L., and Burt, G. R. (1987) The use of the dogwelk (Nucella lapillus) as an indicator of TBT contamination. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 67, 507-524.
27. Goodman, P. D. (1987) Effect of chlorination on material for seawater cooling system: a review of chemical reactions. Bra. Corr. J. 22, 56-62.
28. Haderlie, E. C. (1984) A brief overview of the effects of macrofouling. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 163-166, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
29. Holmstrom, C., and Kjelleberg, G. S. (1994) The effect of external biological factors on settlement of marine invertebrate and new antifouling technology. Biofouling. 8, 147-160.
30. Horn, H.S. (1974) The ecology of secondary succession. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5, 25-37.
31. Ito, T., Okabe, S., Satoh, H., and Watanabe, Y. (2002) Successional development of surface-reducing bacterial populations and their activities in a wastewater biofilm growing under microaerophilic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 1392-1402.
32. Jones, B., and Slifer, G. (1985) Cooling water treatment using a liquid gas feeder and bromine chloride. 46th annual meeting, Int. Wat. Conf., Pennsylvania, IWC-85-42, pp 1-10.
33. Julian, M. H. (1999). The roles and responsibilities of the international Maritime Organizations Marine Environment Protection Committee. In 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, Melbourne, Australia.
34. Kawabe, A., and Treplin, F. W. (1986) Control of macrofouling in Japan, existing and experimental methods, Research reports, section 23, pp. 1-42.
35. Kawahara, T. (1969) Studies on the marine fouling communities. IV. Differences in the constitution of fouling communities according to localities. A. Nagasaki Harbor. Rep. Fac. Fish., Pref. Univ. Mie. 6, 109-125.
36. Kay, A. M., and Keough, M. J. (1981) Occupation of patches in the epifaunal communities on pier pilings and the bivalve Pinna bicolor at Edithburgh, South Australia, Oceologia. 48, 123-130.
37. Keough, M. J. (1989) Variation in growth rate and reproduction of the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Biol. Bull. 177, 277-286.
38. Keough, M. J., and Raimondi, P. T. (1996) Responses of settling invertebrate larvae to bioorganic films-effects of large-scale variation in films. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 207, 59-78.
39. Kon-Ya, K., and Miki, W. (1994) Effects of environmental factors on larval settlement of the barncle Balanus amphitrite reared in the laboratory. Fish. Sci. 60, 563-565.
40. Kon-Ya, K., Shimidzu, N., Otaki, N., Yokoyama, A., Adachi, K., and Miki, W. (1995) Inhibitory effect of bacterial ubiquinones on the settling of barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Experimentia. 51, 153-155.
41. Lawrence, J. R., Korber, D. R., Hoyle, B. D., Costerton, J. W., and Caldwell, D. E. (1991) Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 173, 6558-6567.
42. Lawrence, J. R., and Snyder, R. A. (1998) Feeding behavior and grazing impacts of a Euplotes sp. on attached bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 44, 623-629
43. Lemire, M., and Bourget, E. (1996) Substratum heterogeneity and complexity influence micro-habitat selection of Balanus sp. and Tubularia crocea larvae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 135, 77-87.
44. Lindmer, E. (1994) Recent Developments in Biofouling Control, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 305-311.
45. Lindner, E. (1984) The attachment of marcrofouling invertebrates. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 183-201, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
46. Little, B. J. (1984) Succession in microfouling. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 63-67, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
47. Little, B. J., and Depalma, J. R. (1988) Marine biofouling. In Materials for Marine Systems and Structures (Hasson, D. F., ed.) pp. 90-121, Academic press, London.
48. Madoni, P. (1994) A sludge biotic index (SBI) for the evaluation of the biological performance of activated sludge plants based on the microfauna analysis. Wat Res. 28, 67-75.
49. Madoni, P., Davoli, D., and Chierici, E. (1993) Comparative analysis of the activated sludge microfauna in several sewage treatment works. Wat. Res. 27, 1485-1491.
50. Marshall, K. C. (1976) Interfaces in Microbial Ecology. Cambridge, MA, Harvard Univ. Press.
51. Marshall, K. C. (1984) Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. Springer Verlag, Berlin & New York
52. Marshall, K. C., Stout, R., and Mitchell, R. (1971) Mechanisms of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J. Gen. Microbiol. 68, 337-348.
53. Masilamony, J. G., Nandakumar, K., Satpathy, K. K., Nair, K. V. K., and Jaipaul, A. (2000) Jelly fish ingress in the cooling water circuit of Madras Atomic Power Plant, Kalpakkam. Curr. Sci. 79, 567-569
54. Matsunaga, T., Nakayama, T., Wake, H., Takahashi, M., Okochi, M., and Nakamura, N. (1998). Prevention of marine biofouling using a conductive paint electrode. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 59, 374-378.
55. Mary, A., Mary, V., Rittschof, D., and Nagabhushanam, R. (1993) Bacterial-barnacle interaction: potential of using juncellins and antibiotics to alter structure of bacterial communities. J. Chem. Ecol. 19, 2155-2167.
56. McDougall, K.D. (1943) Sessile marine invertebrates of Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecol. Monogr. 13, 321-374.
57. Meadows, P. S. (1965) Attachment of marine and freshwater bacteria to solid surfaces. Nature, 207, 1108
58. Menon, N. R., Katty, R. J., and Shetty H. P. C. (1977) Biology of marine fouling in Mangalore waters. Mar. Biol. 41, 127-140.
59. Miller, J. A., Rapean, J. C., and Whedon, W. F. (1948) The role of slim film in the attachment of fouling organisms. Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab, Woods Hole, 94, 143-157.
60. Mitchell, R. and Krichman, D. (1984) The microbial ecology of marine surfaces. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 49-56, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
61. Mizobushi, S., Kon-Ya, K., Adachi, K., Sakai, M. and Miki, W. (1994) Chemical studies on antifouling substances in marine invertebrates. 3. Antifouling substances from a palauan octocoral Sinularia sp. Fish. Sci. 60, 345-346.
62. Morse, D. E. (1984) Biochemical control of larval recruitment and marine fouling. In Marine Biodeterioration-an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 134-140, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
63. Moss, B. L., Tovey, D., and Court, P. (1981) Kelps as fouling organisms on North Sea platforms. Bot. Mar. 24, 207-209.
64. Nandakumar, K. (1995) Interspecific competition among sessile organisms: Importance of light conditions on the panel surface. Mar. Biol. 121, 713-719.
65. Nandakumar, K (1996) Importance of timing of panel exposure on the competitive outcome and succession of sessile organisms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 131, 191-203
66. Nandakumar, K., Tanaka, M., and Kikuchi, T. (1993) Interspecific competition among fouling organisms in Tomioka Bay, Japan. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 94, 43-50.
67. Nandakumar, K., and Tanaka, M. (1994) Effect of neighbours on the growth of three intertidal encrusting cheilostome bryozoans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 114, 157-163.
68. Nandakumar, K., and Kikuchi, T. (1998) Importance of timing of panel initiation on the competitive relationship and succession of sessile organisms: observations on shaded faces of the panels. Benthos Res. 53, 9-26.
69. Nandakumar, K., Obika, H., Shinozaki, T., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2002a) Impact of pulsed laser irradiations from Nd:YAG laser on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Biofouling, 18, 257-262.
70. Nandakumar, K., Obika, H., Shinozaki, T., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2002b) Laser impact on biofilm formation: in-vitro study using marine biofilm forming bacteria Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 80, 552-558.
71. Nandakumar, K., Shinozaki, T., Obika, H., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2002c) Impact of pulsed Nd:YAG laser on marine biofilm forming bacteria Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora: significance of physiological status. Can. J. Microbiol. 48, 326-332.
72. Nandakumar, K., Obika, H., Shinozaki, T., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2003a) Laser impact assessment in a biofilm-forming bacterium Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora using a flow cytometry system. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 82, 399-402
73. Nandakumar, K., Obika, H., Shinozaki, T., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2003b) Pulsed laser irradiation impact on two marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros gracilis. Wat. Res. 37, 2311-2316.
74. Nandakumar, K., Obika, H., Shinozaki, T., Ooie, T., Utsumi, A., and Yano, T. (2003c). Lethal and sub-lethal impacts of pulsed laser irradiation on the larvae of the fouling barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Biofouling, 19: 169-176.
75. Nair, K. V. K. (1999) Marine biofouling and its control with particular reference to condenser-cooling circuits of power plants - an overview. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 79, 497-511.
76. Nakasono, S., and Matsunaga, T. (1993). Electrochemical sterilization of marine bacteria adsorbed onto a graphite-silicone electrode by application of an alternating potential. Denki Kagaku, 61, 899-902.
77. Nakasono, S., Burgress, J. G., Takahashi, K., Koike, M., Murayama, C., Nakamura, S., and Matsunaga, T. (1993) Electrochemical prevention of marine biofouling with a carbon chloroprene sheet. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 3757-3762.
78. Nakayama, T., Wake, H., Ozawa, K., Kodama, H., Nakamura, N., and Matsunaga, T. (1998) Use of a Titanium Nitride for electrochemical inactivation of marine bacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 798-801.
79. Nayar, M. G., and Ragunathan, P. (1990) Marine fouling control in electric power stations by in-situ electrochlorination. In Marine Biofouling and Power Plants (Nair, K. V. K. and Venugopalan, V. P., eds.) pp. 167-179, IGCAR press, Kalpakkam, India.
80. Odum, E. P. (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164, 262-270.
81. Osman, R. W. (1977) The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecol. Monogr. 47, 37-63.
82. Pereira, M. O., Kuehn, M., Wuertz, S., Neu, T., and Melo, L. F. (2002) Effect of flow regime on the architecture of a Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 78, 164-171.
83. Pisigan, R. A., and Singley, J. E. (1987) Influence of buffer capacity, chlorine residual and flow rate on corrosion of mild steel and copper. J. Am. Wat. Wor. Assoc. 2, 62-70.
84. Preiser, H. S., Ticker, A., and Bohlander, G. S. (1984) Coating selection for optimum ship performance. In Marine Biodeterioration-an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 223-239, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
85. Rittenhouse, R. C. (1987) Biofouling/oil/additives: work ahead. Power Engineering. Feb., pp. 8.
86. Rittschof, D. (2000). Natural product antifoulants: one perspective on the challenges related to coatings development. Biofouling, 15, 119-127.
87. Rittschof, D., Branscomb, E. S., and Costlow, J. D. (1984) Settlement and behavior in relation to flow and surface in larval barnacles Balanus amphitrite. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 82, 131-146.
88. Rittschof, D., and Callow, J. D. (1989) Bryozoan and barnacle settlement in relation to initial surface wettability: a comparison of laboratory and field studies. In Topics in Marine Biology, Proc 22nd European Marine Biology Symposium (Ros, J. D., ed.), pp. 411-416, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, Barcelona Spain.
89. Satpathy, K. K. (1990) Biofouling control measures in power plant cooling systems: a brief overview. In Marine Biofouling and Power Plants (Nair, K. V. K. and Venugopalan, V. P., eds.) pp. 153-166, IGCAR press, Kalpakkam, India.
90. Sebens, K. P. (1986) Spatial relationships among encrusting marine organisms in the New England subtidal zone. Ecol. Mongr, 56, 73-96.
91. Scheer, B. T. (1945) The development of marine fouling communities. Biol. Bull. 89, 103-129.
92. Sears, M. A., Gerhard, D. J., and Rittschof, D. (1990) Antifouling agents from marine sponge Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Carter. J. Chem. Ecol. 16, 791-800.
93. Smedes, G. W. (1984) Seasonal Changes and fouling community interactions. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 155-162, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
94. Smith, A. P., and Kretschmer, T. R. (1984) Electrochemical control of fouling. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 250-254, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
95. Sreekumari, K. R., Nandakumar, K., and Kikuchi, Y. (2001) Bacterial adhesion to weld metals: significance of substratum microstructure. Biofouling, 17, 303-316.
96. Sreekumari, K. R., Nandakumar, K., Yokota, T., and Kikuchi, Y. (2002) Laboratory assay of antibacterial properties and corrosion behaviour of silver alloyed AISI Type 304 Stainless Steel and its welds. Corrosion 2002, Paper No 02469, NACE International, Houston, U.S.A.
97. Sreekumari, K. R., Nandakumar, K., Takao, K., and Kikuchi, Y. (2003) Silver containing Stainless steel: a new outlook to abate bacterial adhesion and microbiologically influenced corrosion. ISIJ international. (in press).
98. Srivastava, R. B. (1999) Recent research in microbial fouling and corrosion. J. Indian Inst. Sci. 79, 485-495.
99. Stoodley, P., Sauer, K., Davies, D. G., and Costerton, J. W. (2002) Biofilms as complex differentiated communities. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56, 187-209.
100. Strauss, S. D. (1989) New methods, chemicals improve control of biological fouling. Power, 1, 51-52.
101. Strickland, J. E. T. (1985) On site electrolytic generation of chlorine. Report No. RP 86-078, pp 51-52.
102. Tanaka, M., and Nandakumar, K. (1994) Measurement of degree of intransitivity in a sessile invertebrate community. J. Expt. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 182, 85-95.
103. Thomas, K. V., Blake, S. J., and Waldock, M. J. (2000). Antifouling paint booster biocide contamination in UK marine sediments. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40, 739-745.
104. Tsukamoto, S., Kato, H., Hirota, H., and Fusetani., N. (1996) Ceratinamindes A and B: New antifouling dibromotyrosine derivatives from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina pupurea. Tetrahedron, 52, 8181-8186.
105. Watnick, P., and Kolter, R. (2000) Biofilm, city of microbes. J. Bacteriol. 182, 2675-2679.
106. Whitehouse, J. W., Khalanski, M., Saroglia, M. G., and Jenner, H. A. (1985) Marine fouling and power stations. A collaborative research report by CEGB, EDF, ENEL and KEMA. pp. 1-48.
107. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 1952. Marine Biofouling and Its Prevention. United States Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A., pp. 388
108. Woollacott, R. M. (1984) Environmental factors in bryozoan settlement. In Marine Biodeterioration an Interdisciplinary Study (Costlow, J. D. and Tipper, R. C., eds.) pp. 149-154, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.
109. Young, L. Y., and Mitchell, R. (1973) The role of microorganisms in marine fouling, Internat. Biodeter. Bull. 9, 105-109.
110. ZoBell, C. E., and Allen, E. C. (1935) The significance of marine bacteria in the fouling of submerged surfaces. J. Bacteriol. 29, 239-251.