Co-operative Work, Women and the Working Environments of Technology Design

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 15, Issue 32, 2000, Pages 205-219

  Robertson, Toni ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0348001948     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164640050138716     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Technology designers working from these perspectives practice participatory design techniques and methods. Participatory design has its roots in the Scandinavian tradition of systems design that has historically focused on the active involvement of a largely unionised workforce in the development of the computer systems they will use in their work. See, for example, Suzanne Bødker, J. Knudsen, Morten Kyng, Pelle Ehn and Kim Madsen, 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design' in CSCW '88, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Portland, Oregon, USA, 26-29 September 1988 (ACM Press) New York, 1988, pp. 377-98; Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1991; and Doug Schuler and Aki Namioka (eds), Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1993. This tradition, in turn, is linked to preceding socio-technical commitments to increasing workplace democracy and participative practices of job design, whether or not computer technology was involved. More recently attention has been given to defining a role for participatory design in product development companies, particularly in North America. Participatory design has been influential in the development of systems to support co-operative work because it is a tradition that is based on both the co-operative design of systems as well as the recognition of the co-operative and social nature of work. See Bødker et al., 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design'; Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work. Practitioners argue that technology design methods begin from an understanding of the users of technology as actors in situations. Because the design of computer support is the design of the conditions for the future work situations of the users, these conditions need to be designed with concern for the practice and co-operation of the involved groups.
2. Technology designers working from these perspectives practice participatory design techniques and methods. Participatory design has its roots in the Scandinavian tradition of systems design that has historically focused on the active involvement of a largely unionised workforce in the development of the computer systems they will use in their work. See, for example, Suzanne Bødker, J. Knudsen, Morten Kyng, Pelle Ehn and Kim Madsen, 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design' in CSCW '88, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Portland, Oregon, USA, 26-29 September 1988 (ACM Press) New York, 1988, pp. 377-98; Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1991; and Doug Schuler and Aki Namioka (eds), Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1993. This tradition, in turn, is linked to preceding socio-technical commitments to increasing workplace democracy and participative practices of job design, whether or not computer technology was involved. More recently attention has been given to defining a role for participatory design in product development companies, particularly in North America. Participatory design has been influential in the development of systems to support co-operative work because it is a tradition that is based on both the co-operative design of systems as well as the recognition of the co-operative and social nature of work. See Bødker et al., 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design'; Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work. Practitioners argue that technology design methods begin from an understanding of the users of technology as actors in situations. Because the design of computer support is the design of the conditions for the future work situations of the users, these conditions need to be designed with concern for the practice and co-operation of the involved groups.
3. Technology designers working from these perspectives practice participatory design techniques and methods. Participatory design has its roots in the Scandinavian tradition of systems design that has historically focused on the active involvement of a largely unionised workforce in the development of the computer systems they will use in their work. See, for example, Suzanne Bødker, J. Knudsen, Morten Kyng, Pelle Ehn and Kim Madsen, 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design' in CSCW '88, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Portland, Oregon, USA, 26-29 September 1988 (ACM Press) New York, 1988, pp. 377-98; Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1991; and Doug Schuler and Aki Namioka (eds), Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1993. This tradition, in turn, is linked to preceding socio-technical commitments to increasing workplace democracy and participative practices of job design, whether or not computer technology was involved. More recently attention has been given to defining a role for participatory design in product development companies, particularly in North America. Participatory design has been influential in the development of systems to support co-operative work because it is a tradition that is based on both the co-operative design of systems as well as the recognition of the co-operative and social nature of work. See Bødker et al., 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design'; Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work. Practitioners argue that technology design methods begin from an understanding of the users of technology as actors in situations. Because the design of computer support is the design of the conditions for the future work situations of the users, these conditions need to be designed with concern for the practice and co-operation of the involved groups.
4. Technology designers working from these perspectives practice participatory design techniques and methods. Participatory design has its roots in the Scandinavian tradition of systems design that has historically focused on the active involvement of a largely unionised workforce in the development of the computer systems they will use in their work. See, for example, Suzanne Bødker, J. Knudsen, Morten Kyng, Pelle Ehn and Kim Madsen, 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design' in CSCW '88, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Portland, Oregon, USA, 26-29 September 1988 (ACM Press) New York, 1988, pp. 377-98; Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1991; and Doug Schuler and Aki Namioka (eds), Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1993. This tradition, in turn, is linked to preceding socio-technical commitments to increasing workplace democracy and participative practices of job design, whether or not computer technology was involved. More recently attention has been given to defining a role for participatory design in product development companies, particularly in North America. Participatory design has been influential in the development of systems to support co-operative work because it is a tradition that is based on both the co-operative design of systems as well as the recognition of the co-operative and social nature of work. See Bødker et al., 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design'; Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work. Practitioners argue that technology design methods begin from an understanding of the users of technology as actors in situations. Because the design of computer support is the design of the conditions for the future work situations of the users, these conditions need to be designed with concern for the practice and co-operation of the involved groups.
5. Technology designers working from these perspectives practice participatory design techniques and methods. Participatory design has its roots in the Scandinavian tradition of systems design that has historically focused on the active involvement of a largely unionised workforce in the development of the computer systems they will use in their work. See, for example, Suzanne Bødker, J. Knudsen, Morten Kyng, Pelle Ehn and Kim Madsen, 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design' in CSCW '88, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Portland, Oregon, USA, 26-29 September 1988 (ACM Press) New York, 1988, pp. 377-98; Joan Greenbaum and Morten Kyng (eds), Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1991; and Doug Schuler and Aki Namioka (eds), Participatory Design: Principles and Practices (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates) New Jersey, 1993. This tradition, in turn, is linked to preceding socio-technical commitments to increasing workplace democracy and participative practices of job design, whether or not computer technology was involved. More recently attention has been given to defining a role for participatory design in product development companies, particularly in North America. Participatory design has been influential in the development of systems to support co-operative work because it is a tradition that is based on both the co-operative design of systems as well as the recognition of the co-operative and social nature of work. See Bødker et al., 'Computer Support for Cooperative Design'; Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work. Practitioners argue that technology design methods begin from an understanding of the users of technology as actors in situations. Because the design of computer support is the design of the conditions for the future work situations of the users, these conditions need to be designed with concern for the practice and co-operation of the involved groups.
6. Tom Moran and Bob Anderson, 'The Workaday World as a Paradigm for CSCW Design' in CSCW '90, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Los Angeles, California, 7-10 October 1990 (ACM Press) New York, 1990, pp. 381-93; Liam Bannon, 'From Human Factors to Human Actors: the Role of Psychology and Human-Computer Interaction Studies in System Design' in Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work, pp. 25-44; R.M. Baecker, Groupware and Computer-supported Cooperative Work (Morgan Kaufmann), San Francisco, 1993.
7. Tom Moran and Bob Anderson, 'The Workaday World as a Paradigm for CSCW Design' in CSCW '90, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Los Angeles, California, 7-10 October 1990 (ACM Press) New York, 1990, pp. 381-93; Liam Bannon, 'From Human Factors to Human Actors: the Role of Psychology and Human-Computer Interaction Studies in System Design' in Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work, pp. 25-44; R.M. Baecker, Groupware and Computer-supported Cooperative Work (Morgan Kaufmann), San Francisco, 1993.
8. Tom Moran and Bob Anderson, 'The Workaday World as a Paradigm for CSCW Design' in CSCW '90, Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Los Angeles, California, 7-10 October 1990 (ACM Press) New York, 1990, pp. 381-93; Liam Bannon, 'From Human Factors to Human Actors: the Role of Psychology and Human-Computer Interaction Studies in System Design' in Greenbaum and Kyng, Design at Work, pp. 25-44; R.M. Baecker, Groupware and Computer-supported Cooperative Work (Morgan Kaufmann), San Francisco, 1993.
9. Joan Greenbaum, 'In Search of Cooperation: an Historical Analysis of Work Organisation and Management Strategies' in CSCW '88, Proceedings, pp. 102-14; Andrew Clement, 'Cooperative Support for Computer Work: A Social Perspective on the Empowering of End Users' in CSCW '90, Proceedings, pp. 223-36; Lucy Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics? The Language/Action Perspective Reconsidered' in G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy, 13-17 September 1993 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 1-14; Terry Winograd, 'Categories, Disciplines, and Social Coordination', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 2, no. 3, 1994, pp. 191-7; Liam Bannon (ed.), 'Commentaries and a Response in the Suchman-Winograd Debate', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, 1995.
10. Joan Greenbaum, 'In Search of Cooperation: an Historical Analysis of Work Organisation and Management Strategies' in CSCW '88, Proceedings, pp. 102-14; Andrew Clement, 'Cooperative Support for Computer Work: A Social Perspective on the Empowering of End Users' in CSCW '90, Proceedings, pp. 223-36; Lucy Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics? The Language/Action Perspective Reconsidered' in G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy, 13-17 September 1993 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 1-14; Terry Winograd, 'Categories, Disciplines, and Social Coordination', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 2, no. 3, 1994, pp. 191-7; Liam Bannon (ed.), 'Commentaries and a Response in the Suchman-Winograd Debate', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, 1995.
11. Joan Greenbaum, 'In Search of Cooperation: an Historical Analysis of Work Organisation and Management Strategies' in CSCW '88, Proceedings, pp. 102-14; Andrew Clement, 'Cooperative Support for Computer Work: A Social Perspective on the Empowering of End Users' in CSCW '90, Proceedings, pp. 223-36; Lucy Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics? The Language/Action Perspective Reconsidered' in G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy, 13-17 September 1993 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 1-14; Terry Winograd, 'Categories, Disciplines, and Social Coordination', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 2, no. 3, 1994, pp. 191-7; Liam Bannon (ed.), 'Commentaries and a Response in the Suchman-Winograd Debate', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, 1995.
12. Joan Greenbaum, 'In Search of Cooperation: an Historical Analysis of Work Organisation and Management Strategies' in CSCW '88, Proceedings, pp. 102-14; Andrew Clement, 'Cooperative Support for Computer Work: A Social Perspective on the Empowering of End Users' in CSCW '90, Proceedings, pp. 223-36; Lucy Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics? The Language/Action Perspective Reconsidered' in G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy, 13-17 September 1993 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 1-14; Terry Winograd, 'Categories, Disciplines, and Social Coordination', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 2, no. 3, 1994, pp. 191-7; Liam Bannon (ed.), 'Commentaries and a Response in the Suchman-Winograd Debate', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, 1995.
13. Joan Greenbaum, 'In Search of Cooperation: an Historical Analysis of Work Organisation and Management Strategies' in CSCW '88, Proceedings, pp. 102-14; Andrew Clement, 'Cooperative Support for Computer Work: A Social Perspective on the Empowering of End Users' in CSCW '90, Proceedings, pp. 223-36; Lucy Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics? The Language/Action Perspective Reconsidered' in G. De Michelis, C. Simone and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Milan, Italy, 13-17 September 1993 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 1-14; Terry Winograd, 'Categories, Disciplines, and Social Coordination', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 2, no. 3, 1994, pp. 191-7; Liam Bannon (ed.), 'Commentaries and a Response in the Suchman-Winograd Debate', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 3, no. 1, 1995.
14. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
15. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
16. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
17. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
18. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
19. For detailed accounts of the company's work practices see Toni Robertson, 'Embodied Actions in Time and Place: the Design of a Multimedia, Educational Computer Game', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 5, no. 4, 1996, pp. 341-67; Toni Robertson, 'The Constraints and Resources of a Distributed Workplace', in Proceedings of Oz-CSCW '96, 30 August 1996 (DSTC), Brisbane, 1996, pp. 57-65; Toni Robertson, '"And it's a generalisation. But no it's not": Women, Communicative Work and the Discourses of Technology Design' in Proceedings of the Sixth International IFIP WG 9.1 Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation, Bonn, Germany, 24-27 May 1997 (Springer) New York, 1997, pp. 263-75; Toni Robertson 'Cooperative Work and Lived Cognition: a Taxonomy of Embodied Actions' in Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Lancaster, UK, 7-11 September 1997 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1997, pp. 205-20; Toni Robertson, 'Shoppers and Tailors: Participative Practices in Small Australian Design Companies', Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, vol. 7, no. 2-3, 1998, pp. 205-21; Toni Robertson, 'Building Bridges: Negotiating the Gap Between Work Practice and Technology Design', The International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 52 (in press), 2000.
20. Kjeld Schmidt and Liam Bannon, 'Taking CSCW Seriously. Supporting Articulation Work', Computer Supported Cooperative Work, vol. 1, no. 1-2, 1992, pp. 7-40.
21. For a review of workplace studies from CSCW see Lydia Plowman, Yvonne Rogers and Magnus Ramage, 'What are Workplace Studies For?' in H. Marmolin, Y. Sundblad and K. Schmidt (eds), Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-supported Cooperative Work, Stockholm, Sweden, 10-14 September 1995 (Kluwer) Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 309-24.
22. Tone Bratteteig and Guri Verne, 'Feminist or merely critical? In search of gender perspectives in Informatics' in Gender, Technology and Politics in Transition Workshop, Technology and Democracy: Comparative Perspectives Conference, Oslo, 17-19 January 1997, p. 3.
23. Anne Cranny-Francis, The Body in the Text (Melbourne University Press) Victoria, 1995, p. 6. See also, Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality (Routledge) London, 1996, pp. 49-59; Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Pennsylvania State University Press) Pennsylvania, 1991, p. 5.
24. Anne Cranny-Francis, The Body in the Text (Melbourne University Press) Victoria, 1995, p. 6. See also, Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality (Routledge) London, 1996, pp. 49-59; Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Pennsylvania State University Press) Pennsylvania, 1991, p. 5.
25. Anne Cranny-Francis, The Body in the Text (Melbourne University Press) Victoria, 1995, p. 6. See also, Moira Gatens, Imaginary Bodies: Ethics, Power and Corporeality (Routledge) London, 1996, pp. 49-59; Judy Wajcman, Feminism Confronts Technology (Pennsylvania State University Press) Pennsylvania, 1991, p. 5.
26. Elizabeth Grosz, Space, Time and Perversion: the Politics of Bodies (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1995.
27. Eva Cox and Heather Leonard, From Ummm ... to Aha! Recognising Women's Skills Research Report (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1991, p. 5.
28. Cox and Leonard, From Ummm ... to Aha!, pp. 18-19.
29. Cox and Leonard, From Ummm ... to Aha!, pp. 39-40.
30. Cate Poynton and K. Lazenby, What's in a Word? Recognition of Women's Skills in Work Place Change Research Report (South Australian Department of Labour) Adelaide, 1992.
31. Cate Poynton, 'Naming Women's Workplace Skills: Linguistics and Power' in Belinda Probert and Bruce Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues: Work, Gender and Technology (Melbourne University Press) Victoria, 1993, p. 86.
32. Poynton, 'Naming Women's Workplace Skills', p. 89.
33. Original emphasis, Poynton and Lazenby, What's in a Word?, p. 12.
34. Poynton, 'Naming Women's Workplace Skills', pp. 85-100.
35. S. Hanson and G. Pratt, Gender, Work, and Space (Routledge) London, 1995, p. 23.
36. Grosz, Space, Time and Perversion, p. 31.
37. Poynton, 'Naming Women's Workplace Skills'.
38. Lucy Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions (Cambridge University Press) New York, 1987.
39. William Clancey, Situated Cognition (Cambridge University Press) New York, 1997.
40. Edward Hutchins, Cognition in the Wild (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1995.
41. For example, the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) developed from cognitive psychology. Decision support systems assumed cognitive models of human decision making. Management studies and artificial intelligence have both relied on the cognitivist information processing model of human cognition. Whitaker defined cognitivism thus: 'Humans are viewed as symbol processing systems whose essential behaviours can be accurately modelled by abstract fomalisms realised via computer based operational models (simulations), logical models, quantitative models and formal grammars' (Randall Whitaker, '"GDSS" Formative Fundaments', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 2, no. 4, 1994, pp. 239-60, p. 252); and from Dreyfus: 'Cognitivism is rationalism plus the computer as a model of how this rationalist account of mind actually works' (Herbert Dreyfus, 'The Socratic and Platonic Basics of Cognitivism', AI and Society, vol. 2, 1988, pp. 99-112, p. 100). Cognitivism, when used as an applied methodology for systems design, perpetuates the Cartesian mind/body dualism by segregating and privileging cognitive phenomena and ignoring how thinking is achieved in practice and how actions, including thinking, always occur in a physical and social world.
42. For example, the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) developed from cognitive psychology. Decision support systems assumed cognitive models of human decision making. Management studies and artificial intelligence have both relied on the cognitivist information processing model of human cognition. Whitaker defined cognitivism thus: 'Humans are viewed as symbol processing systems whose essential behaviours can be accurately modelled by abstract fomalisms realised via computer based operational models (simulations), logical models, quantitative models and formal grammars' (Randall Whitaker, '"GDSS" Formative Fundaments', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 2, no. 4, 1994, pp. 239-60, p. 252); and from Dreyfus: 'Cognitivism is rationalism plus the computer as a model of how this rationalist account of mind actually works' (Herbert Dreyfus, 'The Socratic and Platonic Basics of Cognitivism', AI and Society, vol. 2, 1988, pp. 99-112, p. 100). Cognitivism, when used as an applied methodology for systems design, perpetuates the Cartesian mind/body dualism by segregating and privileging cognitive phenomena and ignoring how thinking is achieved in practice and how actions, including thinking, always occur in a physical and social world.
43. For example, the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) developed from cognitive psychology. Decision support systems assumed cognitive models of human decision making. Management studies and artificial intelligence have both relied on the cognitivist information processing model of human cognition. Whitaker defined cognitivism thus: 'Humans are viewed as symbol processing systems whose essential behaviours can be accurately modelled by abstract fomalisms realised via computer based operational models (simulations), logical models, quantitative models and formal grammars' (Randall Whitaker, '"GDSS" Formative Fundaments', Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), vol. 2, no. 4, 1994, pp. 239-60, p. 252); and from Dreyfus: 'Cognitivism is rationalism plus the computer as a model of how this rationalist account of mind actually works' (Herbert Dreyfus, 'The Socratic and Platonic Basics of Cognitivism', AI and Society, vol. 2, 1988, pp. 99-112, p. 100). Cognitivism, when used as an applied methodology for systems design, perpetuates the Cartesian mind/body dualism by segregating and privileging cognitive phenomena and ignoring how thinking is achieved in practice and how actions, including thinking, always occur in a physical and social world.
44. Cranny-Francis, The Body, pp. 6-7.
45. Suchman, Plans, p. viii.
46. Hutchins, Cognition.
47. Hutchins, Cognition, p. 239.
48. Schmidt and Bannon, 'Taking CSCW Seriously'.
49. Anselm Strauss, 'Work and the Division of Labor', The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 1, 1985, pp. 1-19; E.M. Gerson and Susan Leigh Star, 'Analysing Due Process in the Workplace', Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, 1986, pp. 257-70; Susan Leigh Star, 'Invisible Work and Silenced Dialogues in Knowledge Representation' in I. Eriksson, B. Kitchenham and K. Tijdens (eds), Women, Work and Computerisation: Understanding and Overcoming Bias in Work and Education (North Holland) Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 81-92.
50. Anselm Strauss, 'Work and the Division of Labor', The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 1, 1985, pp. 1-19; E.M. Gerson and Susan Leigh Star, 'Analysing Due Process in the Workplace', Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, 1986, pp. 257-70; Susan Leigh Star, 'Invisible Work and Silenced Dialogues in Knowledge Representation' in I. Eriksson, B. Kitchenham and K. Tijdens (eds), Women, Work and Computerisation: Understanding and Overcoming Bias in Work and Education (North Holland) Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 81-92.
51. Anselm Strauss, 'Work and the Division of Labor', The Sociological Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 1, 1985, pp. 1-19; E.M. Gerson and Susan Leigh Star, 'Analysing Due Process in the Workplace', Transactions on Office Information Systems, vol. 4, no. 3, 1986, pp. 257-70; Susan Leigh Star, 'Invisible Work and Silenced Dialogues in Knowledge Representation' in I. Eriksson, B. Kitchenham and K. Tijdens (eds), Women, Work and Computerisation: Understanding and Overcoming Bias in Work and Education (North Holland) Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 81-92.
52. Lucy Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation Work' in I.V. Eriksson, B.A. Kitchenham and K.G. Tijdens (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 9.1 International Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation: Breaking Old Boundaries, Building New Forms (Elsevier) Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 46-60. For feminist analyses of technological production and use see Probert and Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues, pp. 85-100; E. Green, J. Owen and D. Pain, Gendered by Design? (Taylor & Francis) London, 1993; Wajcman, Feminism Confronts, p. 5; Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (Northeastern University Press) Massachusetts, 1988.
53. Lucy Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation Work' in I.V. Eriksson, B.A. Kitchenham and K.G. Tijdens (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 9.1 International Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation: Breaking Old Boundaries, Building New Forms (Elsevier) Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 46-60. For feminist analyses of technological production and use see Probert and Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues, pp. 85-100; E. Green, J. Owen and D. Pain, Gendered by Design? (Taylor & Francis) London, 1993; Wajcman, Feminism Confronts, p. 5; Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (Northeastern University Press) Massachusetts, 1988.
54. Lucy Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation Work' in I.V. Eriksson, B.A. Kitchenham and K.G. Tijdens (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 9.1 International Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation: Breaking Old Boundaries, Building New Forms (Elsevier) Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 46-60. For feminist analyses of technological production and use see Probert and Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues, pp. 85-100; E. Green, J. Owen and D. Pain, Gendered by Design? (Taylor & Francis) London, 1993; Wajcman, Feminism Confronts, p. 5; Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (Northeastern University Press) Massachusetts, 1988.
55. Lucy Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation Work' in I.V. Eriksson, B.A. Kitchenham and K.G. Tijdens (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 9.1 International Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation: Breaking Old Boundaries, Building New Forms (Elsevier) Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 46-60. For feminist analyses of technological production and use see Probert and Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues, pp. 85-100; E. Green, J. Owen and D. Pain, Gendered by Design? (Taylor & Francis) London, 1993; Wajcman, Feminism Confronts, p. 5; Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (Northeastern University Press) Massachusetts, 1988.
56. Lucy Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation Work' in I.V. Eriksson, B.A. Kitchenham and K.G. Tijdens (eds), Proceedings of the Fifth IFIP WG 9.1 International Conference on Women, Work and Computerisation: Breaking Old Boundaries, Building New Forms (Elsevier) Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 46-60. For feminist analyses of technological production and use see Probert and Wilson (eds), Pink Collar Blues, pp. 85-100; E. Green, J. Owen and D. Pain, Gendered by Design? (Taylor & Francis) London, 1993; Wajcman, Feminism Confronts, p. 5; Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how (Northeastern University Press) Massachusetts, 1988.
57. Suchman, 'Supporting Articulation', p. 51.
58. Stephen Woolgar, 'Reconstructing Man and Machine: a Note on Sociological Critiques of Cognitivism' in W. Bijker, T. Hughes and T. Pinch (eds), The Social Construction of Technological Systems (MIT Press) Cambridge, MA, 1987, p. 313.
59. Poynton and Lazenby, What's in a Word?
60. Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance, p. 249.
61. Poynton and Lazenby, What's in a Word?, pp. 42-61; Cox and Leonard, From Ummm ... to Aha!, p. 19.
62. Poynton and Lazenby, What's in a Word?, pp. 42-61; Cox and Leonard, From Ummm ... to Aha!, p. 19.
63. Women's Bureau, Department of Employment, Education and Training, 'Working From Home', Women & Work, vol. 17, no. 1, 1996, p. 3.
64. Judy Wajcman, Belinda Probert and R. Tanter, 'Bringing it all Back Home: a Study of New Technology Homework in Australia' in K. Tijdens, M. Jennings, I. Wagner and M. Weggelaar (eds), Women, Work and Computerisation: Forming New Alliances (North Holland) Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 37-43; W. Dawson and J. Turner, When She Goes to Work She Stays at Home: Women, New Technology and Home-based Work (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1989.
65. Judy Wajcman, Belinda Probert and R. Tanter, 'Bringing it all Back Home: a Study of New Technology Homework in Australia' in K. Tijdens, M. Jennings, I. Wagner and M. Weggelaar (eds), Women, Work and Computerisation: Forming New Alliances (North Holland) Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 37-43; W. Dawson and J. Turner, When She Goes to Work She Stays at Home: Women, New Technology and Home-based Work (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1989.
66. Wajcman, Probert and Tanter, 'Bringing it all Back Home', pp. 37-43.
67. National Board of Employment, Education and Training, Making it Work: Women and Small Business Research Report (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1994.
68. Poynton, 'Naming Women's Workplace Skills'.
69. For a range of different views on CSCW applications that structure the interactions of those who use them see Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics?'; Winograd, 'Categories'; Bannon, 'Commentaries'.
70. For a range of different views on CSCW applications that structure the interactions of those who use them see Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics?'; Winograd, 'Categories'; Bannon, 'Commentaries'.
71. For a range of different views on CSCW applications that structure the interactions of those who use them see Suchman, 'Do Categories Have Politics?'; Winograd, 'Categories'; Bannon, 'Commentaries'.
72. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (Penguin) Harmondsworth, 1977, p. 152.