Issue-Attention and Punctuated Equilibria Models Reconsidered: An Empirical Examination of the Dynamics of Agenda-Setting in Canada

Canadian Journal of Political Science

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 3-29

  Howlett, Michael ^a  

^a SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347938708     PISSN: 00084239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0008423900014918     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. See Harold D. Lasswell, The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis (College Park: University of Maryland, 1956); Garry D. Brewer, "The Policy Sciences Emerge: To Nurture and Structure a Discipline," Policy Sciences 5 (1974), 239-44; and Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1984) . For a critique of this heuristic see Paul A. Sabatier, "Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process," PS: Political Science and Politics 24 (1991), 144-56.
2. See Harold D. Lasswell, The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis (College Park: University of Maryland, 1956); Garry D. Brewer, "The Policy Sciences Emerge: To Nurture and Structure a Discipline," Policy Sciences 5 (1974), 239-44; and Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1984) . For a critique of this heuristic see Paul A. Sabatier, "Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process," PS: Political Science and Politics 24 (1991), 144-56.
3. See Harold D. Lasswell, The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis (College Park: University of Maryland, 1956); Garry D. Brewer, "The Policy Sciences Emerge: To Nurture and Structure a Discipline," Policy Sciences 5 (1974), 239-44; and Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1984) . For a critique of this heuristic see Paul A. Sabatier, "Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process," PS: Political Science and Politics 24 (1991), 144-56.
4. See Harold D. Lasswell, The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis (College Park: University of Maryland, 1956); Garry D. Brewer, "The Policy Sciences Emerge: To Nurture and Structure a Discipline," Policy Sciences 5 (1974), 239-44; and Charles O. Jones, An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1984) . For a critique of this heuristic see Paul A. Sabatier, "Toward Better Theories of the Policy Process," PS: Political Science and Politics 24 (1991), 144-56.
5. See Richard Rose, "Models of Change," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 7-33; and Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991), 257-84. See also David A. Rochefort, "Policymaking Cycles in Mental Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13 (1988), 129-52; and Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change Over a Decade or More," in P. A. Sabatier and H. C. Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 13-40.
6. See Richard Rose, "Models of Change," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 7-33; and Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991), 257-84. See also David A. Rochefort, "Policymaking Cycles in Mental Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13 (1988), 129-52; and Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change Over a Decade or More," in P. A. Sabatier and H. C. Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 13-40.
7. See Richard Rose, "Models of Change," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 7-33; and Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991), 257-84. See also David A. Rochefort, "Policymaking Cycles in Mental Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13 (1988), 129-52; and Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change Over a Decade or More," in P. A. Sabatier and H. C. Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 13-40.
8. See Richard Rose, "Models of Change," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 7-33; and Andrew S. McFarland, "Interest Groups and Political Time: Cycles in America," British Journal of Political Science 21 (1991), 257-84. See also David A. Rochefort, "Policymaking Cycles in Mental Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 13 (1988), 129-52; and Paul Sabatier, "Policy Change Over a Decade or More," in P. A. Sabatier and H. C. Jenkins-Smith, eds., Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder: Westview, 1993), 13-40.
9. Anthony Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology - The 'Issue-Attention Cycle,'" The Public Interest 28 (1972), 38-50.
10. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993).
11. On the "punctuated equilibrium" model of change, see Connie J. G. Gersick, "Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm," Academy of Management Review 16 (1991), 10-36; and Gudmund Hernes, "Structural Change in Social Processes," American Journal of Sociology 82 (1976), 513-47.
12. On the "punctuated equilibrium" model of change, see Connie J. G. Gersick, "Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multilevel Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm," Academy of Management Review 16 (1991), 10-36; and Gudmund Hernes, "Structural Change in Social Processes," American Journal of Sociology 82 (1976), 513-47.
13. Roger W. Cobb and Charles D. Elder, Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972), 12.
14. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
15. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
16. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
17. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
18. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
19. Most early works on the subject began from the assumption that socio-economic conditions led to particular sets of problems to which governments eventually responded. See Ira Sharkansky, "Constraints on Innovation in Policy Making: Economic Development and Political Routines," in Frank Marini, ed., Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective (Scranton: Chandler, 1971), 261-79; H. J. Aaron, "Social Security: International Comparison," in O. Eckstein, ed., Studies in the Economics of Income Maintenance (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1967), 13-49; F. L. Pryor, Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations (Homewood, Ill.: R. D. Irwin, 1968); and H. L. Wilensky, The Welfare State and Equality: Structural and Ideological Roots of Public Expenditures (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975). This "response theory" soon proved unsatisfactory for a variety of reasons, not the least of which related to its tendency to overstate the influence of either governments or their public in driving the agenda-setting process, to the neglect of a subtler understanding of how these actors related to each other and the manner in which interpretations of policy problems were constructed. See Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (New York: Doubleday, 1966); and Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
20. Frank Castles and Robert D. McKinlay, "Does Politics Matter?: An Analysis of the Public Welfare Commitment in Advanced Democratic States," European Journal of Political Research 1 (1979), 169-86; Francis G. Castles, "The Impact of Parties on Public Expenditure," in Francis G. Castles, ed., The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States (London: Sage, 1982), 21-96; Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy," American Political Science Review 71 (1977), 1467-87; Anthony King, "What Do Elections Decide?" in David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), 96-124; and Klaus von Beyme, "Do Parties Matter? The Impact of Parties on the Key Decisions in the Political System," Government and Opposition 19 (1984), 5-29.
21. Frank Castles and Robert D. McKinlay, "Does Politics Matter?: An Analysis of the Public Welfare Commitment in Advanced Democratic States," European Journal of Political Research 1 (1979), 169-86; Francis G. Castles, "The Impact of Parties on Public Expenditure," in Francis G. Castles, ed., The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States (London: Sage, 1982), 21-96; Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy," American Political Science Review 71 (1977), 1467-87; Anthony King, "What Do Elections Decide?" in David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), 96-124; and Klaus von Beyme, "Do Parties Matter? The Impact of Parties on the Key Decisions in the Political System," Government and Opposition 19 (1984), 5-29.
22. Frank Castles and Robert D. McKinlay, "Does Politics Matter?: An Analysis of the Public Welfare Commitment in Advanced Democratic States," European Journal of Political Research 1 (1979), 169-86; Francis G. Castles, "The Impact of Parties on Public Expenditure," in Francis G. Castles, ed., The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States (London: Sage, 1982), 21-96; Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy," American Political Science Review 71 (1977), 1467-87; Anthony King, "What Do Elections Decide?" in David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), 96-124; and Klaus von Beyme, "Do Parties Matter? The Impact of Parties on the Key Decisions in the Political System," Government and Opposition 19 (1984), 5-29.
23. Frank Castles and Robert D. McKinlay, "Does Politics Matter?: An Analysis of the Public Welfare Commitment in Advanced Democratic States," European Journal of Political Research 1 (1979), 169-86; Francis G. Castles, "The Impact of Parties on Public Expenditure," in Francis G. Castles, ed., The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States (London: Sage, 1982), 21-96; Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy," American Political Science Review 71 (1977), 1467-87; Anthony King, "What Do Elections Decide?" in David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), 96-124; and Klaus von Beyme, "Do Parties Matter? The Impact of Parties on the Key Decisions in the Political System," Government and Opposition 19 (1984), 5-29.
24. Frank Castles and Robert D. McKinlay, "Does Politics Matter?: An Analysis of the Public Welfare Commitment in Advanced Democratic States," European Journal of Political Research 1 (1979), 169-86; Francis G. Castles, "The Impact of Parties on Public Expenditure," in Francis G. Castles, ed., The Impact of Parties: Politics and Policies in Democratic Capitalist States (London: Sage, 1982), 21-96; Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., "Political Parties and Macroeconomic Policy," American Political Science Review 71 (1977), 1467-87; Anthony King, "What Do Elections Decide?" in David Butler, Howard R. Penniman and Austin Ranney, eds., Democracy at the Polls: A Comparative Study of Competitive National Elections (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1981), 96-124; and Klaus von Beyme, "Do Parties Matter? The Impact of Parties on the Key Decisions in the Political System," Government and Opposition 19 (1984), 5-29.
25. See Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1981), 53-78; Burkhart Holzner and John H. Marx, Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979) ; and David A. Rochefort and Roger W. Cobb, "Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Change," Policy Studies Journal 21 (1993), 56-71.
26. See Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1981), 53-78; Burkhart Holzner and John H. Marx, Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979) ; and David A. Rochefort and Roger W. Cobb, "Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Change," Policy Studies Journal 21 (1993), 56-71.
27. See Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk, "The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model," American Journal of Sociology 94 (1981), 53-78; Burkhart Holzner and John H. Marx, Knowledge Application: The Knowledge System in Society (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1979) ; and David A. Rochefort and Roger W. Cobb, "Problem Definition, Agenda Access, and Policy Change," Policy Studies Journal 21 (1993), 56-71.
28. See Murray J. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 12-13; Andrew Stark, "'Political-Discourse' Analysis and the Debate over Canada's Lobbying Legislation," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 513-34; Frank Fischer and John Forester, eds. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Deborah A. Stone, Policy Paradox and Political Reason (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1988); and Deborah A. Stone, "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas," Political Science Quarterly 104 (1989), 281-300.
29. See Murray J. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 12-13; Andrew Stark, "'Political-Discourse' Analysis and the Debate over Canada's Lobbying Legislation," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 513-34; Frank Fischer and John Forester, eds. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Deborah A. Stone, Policy Paradox and Political Reason (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1988); and Deborah A. Stone, "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas," Political Science Quarterly 104 (1989), 281-300.
30. See Murray J. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 12-13; Andrew Stark, "'Political-Discourse' Analysis and the Debate over Canada's Lobbying Legislation," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 513-34; Frank Fischer and John Forester, eds. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Deborah A. Stone, Policy Paradox and Political Reason (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1988); and Deborah A. Stone, "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas," Political Science Quarterly 104 (1989), 281-300.
31. See Murray J. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 12-13; Andrew Stark, "'Political-Discourse' Analysis and the Debate over Canada's Lobbying Legislation," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 513-34; Frank Fischer and John Forester, eds. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Deborah A. Stone, Policy Paradox and Political Reason (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1988); and Deborah A. Stone, "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas," Political Science Quarterly 104 (1989), 281-300.
32. See Murray J. Edelman, Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 12-13; Andrew Stark, "'Political-Discourse' Analysis and the Debate over Canada's Lobbying Legislation," this JOURNAL 25 (1992), 513-34; Frank Fischer and John Forester, eds. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993); Deborah A. Stone, Policy Paradox and Political Reason (Glenview: Scott, Foresman, 1988); and Deborah A. Stone, "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas," Political Science Quarterly 104 (1989), 281-300.
33. This is the case, for example, with the popular notion of a "funnel of causality" put forward by Richard Hofferbert in the US and Richard Simeon in Canada in the early 1970s, in the effort to model policy determinants. See Richard I. Hofferbert, The Study of Public Policy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974); and Richard Simeon, "Studying Public Policy," this JOURNAL 9 (1976), 548-80.
34. This is the case, for example, with the popular notion of a "funnel of causality" put forward by Richard Hofferbert in the US and Richard Simeon in Canada in the early 1970s, in the effort to model policy determinants. See Richard I. Hofferbert, The Study of Public Policy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974); and Richard Simeon, "Studying Public Policy," this JOURNAL 9 (1976), 548-80.
35. Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology," 38.
36. Giandomenico Majone, Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
37. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems," Journal of Politics 53 (1991), 1044-74; Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics; and Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Attention, Boundary Effects, and Large-Scale Policy Change in Air Transportation Policy," in D. A. Rochefort and R. W. Cobb, eds., The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 50-66.
38. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems," Journal of Politics 53 (1991), 1044-74; Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics; and Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Attention, Boundary Effects, and Large-Scale Policy Change in Air Transportation Policy," in D. A. Rochefort and R. W. Cobb, eds., The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 50-66.
39. Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems," Journal of Politics 53 (1991), 1044-74; Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics; and Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones, "Attention, Boundary Effects, and Large-Scale Policy Change in Air Transportation Policy," in D. A. Rochefort and R. W. Cobb, eds., The Politics of Problem Definition: Shaping the Policy Agenda (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), 50-66.
40. On subsystems and their role in the policy process see Michael Howlett and M. Ramesh, Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995).
41. Baumgartner and Jones, "Agenda Dynamics and Policy Subsystems," 1047.
42. Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics, 88.
43. Ibid., 89.
44. Ibid., 18.
45. See the related discussion of the need for comparative empirical verification of theories of electoral realignment in Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Evolution of Political Issues," in William H. Riker, ed., Agenda Formation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 151-69.
46. B. Guy Peters and Brian W. Hogwood, "In Search of the Issue-Attention Cycle," Journal of Politics 47 (1985), 238-53.
47. Ibid., 250.
48. Ibid., 251.
49. Ibid., 252.
50. Downs, "Up and Down with Ecology," 39.
51. Christopher J. Bosso, "Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and the Discovery of Famine in Ethiopia," in M. Margolis and G. A. Mauser, eds., Manipulating Public Opinion: Essays on Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole, 1989), 153-74. This does not presuppose that Downs's characterization of the role of the media in the policy process is correct. On this, see F. L. Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1983), 16-35; Lutz Erbring and Edie N. Goldenberg, "Front Page News and Real World Cues: A New Look at Agenda-Setting by the Media," American Journal of Political Science 24 (1980), 16-49; and Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in D. D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders, eds., Handbook of Political Communication (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981), 121-40.
52. Christopher J. Bosso, "Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and the Discovery of Famine in Ethiopia," in M. Margolis and G. A. Mauser, eds., Manipulating Public Opinion: Essays on Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole, 1989), 153-74. This does not presuppose that Downs's characterization of the role of the media in the policy process is correct. On this, see F. L. Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1983), 16-35; Lutz Erbring and Edie N. Goldenberg, "Front Page News and Real World Cues: A New Look at Agenda-Setting by the Media," American Journal of Political Science 24 (1980), 16-49; and Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in D. D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders, eds., Handbook of Political Communication (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981), 121-40.
53. Christopher J. Bosso, "Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and the Discovery of Famine in Ethiopia," in M. Margolis and G. A. Mauser, eds., Manipulating Public Opinion: Essays on Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole, 1989), 153-74. This does not presuppose that Downs's characterization of the role of the media in the policy process is correct. On this, see F. L. Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1983), 16-35; Lutz Erbring and Edie N. Goldenberg, "Front Page News and Real World Cues: A New Look at Agenda-Setting by the Media," American Journal of Political Science 24 (1980), 16-49; and Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in D. D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders, eds., Handbook of Political Communication (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981), 121-40.
54. Christopher J. Bosso, "Setting the Agenda: Mass Media and the Discovery of Famine in Ethiopia," in M. Margolis and G. A. Mauser, eds., Manipulating Public Opinion: Essays on Public Opinion as a Dependent Variable (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole, 1989), 153-74. This does not presuppose that Downs's characterization of the role of the media in the policy process is correct. On this, see F. L. Cook et al., "Media and Agenda Setting: Effects on the Public, Interest Group Leaders, Policy Makers, and Policy," Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1983), 16-35; Lutz Erbring and Edie N. Goldenberg, "Front Page News and Real World Cues: A New Look at Agenda-Setting by the Media," American Journal of Political Science 24 (1980), 16-49; and Maxwell E. McCombs, "The Agenda-Setting Approach," in D. D. Nimmo and K. R. Sanders, eds., Handbook of Political Communication (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1981), 121-40.
55. CBCA is the major electronic index for Canadian newspapers, popular and business magazines, and scholarly journals, and is equivalent to the Canadian Index, formerly the Canadian Business Index, Canadian News Index and Canadian Magazine Index. CBCA provides comprehensive coverage of Canadian topics, including the arts, business, politics, literature, history and news events, from 1982 to the present.
56. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
57. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
58. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
59. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
60. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
61. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
62. On time series analysis, see Lon-mu Liu, "Box-Jenkins Time Series Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 1, 429-82; Richard McCleary and Richard A. Hay, Applied Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980); and Bernhard Schmitz, "Univariate and Multivariate Time Series Models: The Analysis of Intraindividual Variability and Intraindividual Relationships," in A. von Eye, ed., Statistical Methods in Longitudinal Research, Vol. 2: Time Series and Categorical Longitudinal Data (Boston: Academic Press, 1990), 351-86. For political studies employing a similar methodology see Stephanie Greco Larson and David Alan Grier, "Agenda Setting and AIDS," Proceedings of the American Political Science Association (1990); Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, "On the Structure and Sequence of Issue Evolution," American Political Science Review 80 (1986), 901-20; and Jeffrey E. Cohen, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Public Agenda," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 87-107. An early example is B. Guy Peters, "Social Change, Political Change and Public Policy: A Test of a Model," in Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative Analysis (London: Sage, 1976), 113-36.
63. Charles W. Ostrom, Time Series Analysis: Regression Techniques (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1990), 29; and C. Chatfield, The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction (London: Chapman and Hall, 1992). See also Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz, "What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series-Cross-Section Data in Comparative Politics," American Political Science Review 89 (1995), 634-47.
64. Charles W. Ostrom, Time Series Analysis: Regression Techniques (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1990), 29; and C. Chatfield, The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction (London: Chapman and Hall, 1992). See also Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz, "What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series-Cross-Section Data in Comparative Politics," American Political Science Review 89 (1995), 634-47.
65. Charles W. Ostrom, Time Series Analysis: Regression Techniques (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1990), 29; and C. Chatfield, The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction (London: Chapman and Hall, 1992). See also Nathaniel Beck and Jonathan N. Katz, "What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series-Cross-Section Data in Comparative Politics," American Political Science Review 89 (1995), 634-47.
66. See, for example, Peter A. Hall, "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policy Making in Britain," Comparative Politics 25 (1993), 275-96. For an example of the application of this model to Canadian circumstances, see Michael Howlett, "Policy Paradigms and Policy Change: Lessons from the Old and New Canadian Policies towards Aboriginal Peoples," Policy Studies Journal 22 (1994), 631-52.
67. See, for example, Peter A. Hall, "Policy Paradigms, Social Learning and the State: The Case of Economic Policy Making in Britain," Comparative Politics 25 (1993), 275-96. For an example of the application of this model to Canadian circumstances, see Michael Howlett, "Policy Paradigms and Policy Change: Lessons from the Old and New Canadian Policies towards Aboriginal Peoples," Policy Studies Journal 22 (1994), 631-52.
68. Baumgartner and Jones, Agendas and Instability in American Politics, Appendix A, Tables A.1 and A.2.
69. Ibid., Appendix B, 269-72.
70. Ibid., Appendix B, 270.
71. Ibid., 244-45.
72. On spectral analysis, see Tony Thrall and Laszlo Engelman, "Univariate and Bivariate Spectral Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 2, 971-1012; and John M. Gottman, Time Series Analysis: A Comprehensive Introduction for Social Scientists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
73. On spectral analysis, see Tony Thrall and Laszlo Engelman, "Univariate and Bivariate Spectral Analysis," in W. J. Dixon, ed., BMDP Statistical Software Manual (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), Vol. 2, 971-1012; and John M. Gottman, Time Series Analysis: A Comprehensive Introduction for Social Scientists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
74. Using the SPECTRA Procedure from SPSS TRENDS, these figures plot magnitude or density against frequency on a logarithmic scale. See SPSS TRENDS 6.1 (Chicago: SPSS Inc., 1994).
75. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
76. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
77. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
78. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
79. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
80. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
81. On the prominent role played by officials and politicians in the environmental agenda-setting process in Canada, see Kathryn Harrison and George Hoberg, "Setting the Environmental Agenda in Canada and the United States: The Cases of Dioxin and Radon," this JOURNAL 24 (1991), 3-27; Duncan K. MacLellan, "The Domestic Politics of the Federal-Provincial Eastern Canada Acid Rain Control Programme: A Case Study of Agenda Building," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Calgary, 1994; and Douglas A. Smith, "Defining the Agenda for Environmental Protection," in Katherine A. Graham, ed., How Ottawa Spends 1990-91: Tracking the Second Agenda (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990), 113-36. Cobb, Ross and Ross, of course, developed three different typical models of agenda-setting - the outside initiation model, the mobilization model and the inside initiation model - which they associated with particular types of political regime. See R. Cobb, J. K. Ross and M. H. Ross, "Agenda Building as a Comparative Political Process," American Political Science Review 70 (1976), 127-36. See also Cobb and Elder, Participation in American Politics, 85. On the continued relevance of Cobb's work to the area of the environment, see Leslie R. Aim and Charles Davis, "Agenda-Setting and Acid Precipitation in the United States," Environmental Management 17 (1993), 807-16. Baumgartner and Jones's recent emphasis on the role of US congressional committees in affecting policy image and venue types, of course, suggests that this element of the agenda-setting process would not "travel" across different political regime types. See Jeffrey C. Talbert, Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner, "Nonlegislative Hearings and Policy Change in Congress," American Journal of Political Science 39 (1995), 383-406.
82. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 21.
83. On institutionalized political (electoral or budgetary) cycles, see Bruno S. Frey, "Politico-Economic Models and Cycles," Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978), 203-20; Gareth Locksley, "The Political Business Cycle: Alternative Interpretations," in Paul Whitely, ed., Models of Political Economy (London: Sage Publications, 1980), 125-37; and especially Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) . On the Canadian case, see David K. Foot, "Political Cycles, Economic Cycles and the Trend in Public Employment in Canada," in Meyer W. Bucovetsky, ed., Studies in Public Employment and Compensation in Canada (Toronto: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1979), 65-80. For a critical review of this literature see Raford Boddy and James Crotty, "Class Conflict and Macro-Policy: The Political Business Cycle," Review of Radical Political Economics 7 (1975), 1-19.
84. On institutionalized political (electoral or budgetary) cycles, see Bruno S. Frey, "Politico-Economic Models and Cycles," Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978), 203-20; Gareth Locksley, "The Political Business Cycle: Alternative Interpretations," in Paul Whitely, ed., Models of Political Economy (London: Sage Publications, 1980), 125-37; and especially Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) . On the Canadian case, see David K. Foot, "Political Cycles, Economic Cycles and the Trend in Public Employment in Canada," in Meyer W. Bucovetsky, ed., Studies in Public Employment and Compensation in Canada (Toronto: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1979), 65-80. For a critical review of this literature see Raford Boddy and James Crotty, "Class Conflict and Macro-Policy: The Political Business Cycle," Review of Radical Political Economics 7 (1975), 1-19.
85. On institutionalized political (electoral or budgetary) cycles, see Bruno S. Frey, "Politico-Economic Models and Cycles," Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978), 203-20; Gareth Locksley, "The Political Business Cycle: Alternative Interpretations," in Paul Whitely, ed., Models of Political Economy (London: Sage Publications, 1980), 125-37; and especially Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) . On the Canadian case, see David K. Foot, "Political Cycles, Economic Cycles and the Trend in Public Employment in Canada," in Meyer W. Bucovetsky, ed., Studies in Public Employment and Compensation in Canada (Toronto: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1979), 65-80. For a critical review of this literature see Raford Boddy and James Crotty, "Class Conflict and Macro-Policy: The Political Business Cycle," Review of Radical Political Economics 7 (1975), 1-19.
86. On institutionalized political (electoral or budgetary) cycles, see Bruno S. Frey, "Politico-Economic Models and Cycles," Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978), 203-20; Gareth Locksley, "The Political Business Cycle: Alternative Interpretations," in Paul Whitely, ed., Models of Political Economy (London: Sage Publications, 1980), 125-37; and especially Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) . On the Canadian case, see David K. Foot, "Political Cycles, Economic Cycles and the Trend in Public Employment in Canada," in Meyer W. Bucovetsky, ed., Studies in Public Employment and Compensation in Canada (Toronto: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1979), 65-80. For a critical review of this literature see Raford Boddy and James Crotty, "Class Conflict and Macro-Policy: The Political Business Cycle," Review of Radical Political Economics 7 (1975), 1-19.
87. On institutionalized political (electoral or budgetary) cycles, see Bruno S. Frey, "Politico-Economic Models and Cycles," Journal of Public Economics 9 (1978), 203-20; Gareth Locksley, "The Political Business Cycle: Alternative Interpretations," in Paul Whitely, ed., Models of Political Economy (London: Sage Publications, 1980), 125-37; and especially Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978) . On the Canadian case, see David K. Foot, "Political Cycles, Economic Cycles and the Trend in Public Employment in Canada," in Meyer W. Bucovetsky, ed., Studies in Public Employment and Compensation in Canada (Toronto: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1979), 65-80. For a critical review of this literature see Raford Boddy and James Crotty, "Class Conflict and Macro-Policy: The Political Business Cycle," Review of Radical Political Economics 7 (1975), 1-19.
88. See, for example, Brink Kerr and Kenneth R. Mladenka, "Does Politics Matter? A Time-Series Analysis of Minority Employment Patterns," American Journal of Political Science 38 (1994), 918-43.