Empire, 'the Civilising Mission' and Indigenous Christian Women in Colonial Victoria

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 16, Issue 36, 2001, Pages 295-309

  Grimshaw, Patricia ^a   Nelson, Elizabeth ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347752485     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164640120097534     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Captain Howe to Mr Ditchburn, Secretary, Board for the Protection of Aborigines (BPA), 3 April 1911: Public Records Office of Victoria (PROV), Victorian Public Records Series (VPRS) 1694, unit 7. Lake Tyers had formally ceased to be a Church of England mission in 1908, but remained of special interest to the church which reinstated a chaplain in 1917.
2. For Friedrich Hagenauer and other Moravian missionaries, see Brain Dickey (ed.), The Australian Dictionary of Evangelical Biography (Evangelical History Association) Sydney, 1994. For the Moravian Ebenezer and Ramahyuck missions see Philip Pepper, You are What You Make Yourself to Be: the Story of a Victorian Aboriginal Family, 1842-1980 (Highland House) Melbourne, 1980; Aldo Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria (The Hawthorn Press) Melbourne, 1970; Susan Robertson, The Bell Sounds Pleasantly: Ebenezer Mission Station (Luther Rose Publications) Doncaster, Vic., 1992.
3. For Friedrich Hagenauer and other Moravian missionaries, see Brain Dickey (ed.), The Australian Dictionary of Evangelical Biography (Evangelical History Association) Sydney, 1994. For the Moravian Ebenezer and Ramahyuck missions see Philip Pepper, You are What You Make Yourself to Be: the Story of a Victorian Aboriginal Family, 1842-1980 (Highland House) Melbourne, 1980; Aldo Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria (The Hawthorn Press) Melbourne, 1970; Susan Robertson, The Bell Sounds Pleasantly: Ebenezer Mission Station (Luther Rose Publications) Doncaster, Vic., 1992.
4. For Friedrich Hagenauer and other Moravian missionaries, see Brain Dickey (ed.), The Australian Dictionary of Evangelical Biography (Evangelical History Association) Sydney, 1994. For the Moravian Ebenezer and Ramahyuck missions see Philip Pepper, You are What You Make Yourself to Be: the Story of a Victorian Aboriginal Family, 1842-1980 (Highland House) Melbourne, 1980; Aldo Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria (The Hawthorn Press) Melbourne, 1970; Susan Robertson, The Bell Sounds Pleasantly: Ebenezer Mission Station (Luther Rose Publications) Doncaster, Vic., 1992.
5. For Friedrich Hagenauer and other Moravian missionaries, see Brain Dickey (ed.), The Australian Dictionary of Evangelical Biography (Evangelical History Association) Sydney, 1994. For the Moravian Ebenezer and Ramahyuck missions see Philip Pepper, You are What You Make Yourself to Be: the Story of a Victorian Aboriginal Family, 1842-1980 (Highland House) Melbourne, 1980; Aldo Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria (The Hawthorn Press) Melbourne, 1970; Susan Robertson, The Bell Sounds Pleasantly: Ebenezer Mission Station (Luther Rose Publications) Doncaster, Vic., 1992.
6. Thirty-seventh Report of the BPA, 1900/01, Victorian Parliamentary Papers (VPP), 1901, vol. 3, no. 42, p. 5.
7. Emily Stephen to Mr Callaway, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 30 March 1911 and June 1911: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 7. For a more detailed history of Emily Stephen's family see Phillip Pepper with Tess De Araugo, What Did Happen to the Aborigines of Victoria. Volume 1: The Kumai of Gippsland (Hyland House) South Yarra, Vic., 1985.
8. Emily Stephen to Mr Callaway, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 28 February 1911: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 7.
9. Captain Howe to Mr Callaway, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 9 August 1911: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 7.
10. Emily Stephen to Mr Ditchburn, Secretary, BPA, 7 December 1911, PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 7.
11. Emily Stephen to Captain Crawford, Manager, Lake Condah Mission, 10 September 1914: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 7.
12. This study draws on the letters of 106 Aboriginal women featured in Elizabeth Nelson, Sandra Smith and Patricia Grimshaw (eds), Letters from Aboriginal Women of Victoria, 1867-1926 (Melbourne University History Monographs) Melbourne, 2001 (forthcoming). For sources and archives concerning Aboriginal mission stations and correspondence in Victoria, see Australian Archives and the Public Record Office of Victoria, 'My Heart is Breaking': a Joint Guide to Records about Aboriginal People in the Public Record Office of Victoria and the Australian Archives, Victorian Regional Office (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1993. The major sources for this study are the Public Record Office of Victoria series 1694, 3991 and 3992; National Archives of Australia series B313/1, B314, B329, B337, B356 and B2010; BPA Annual Reports, VPP, 1864-1922; and Church of England Messenger, 1869-1911.
13. This study draws on the letters of 106 Aboriginal women featured in Elizabeth Nelson, Sandra Smith and Patricia Grimshaw (eds), Letters from Aboriginal Women of Victoria, 1867-1926 (Melbourne University History Monographs) Melbourne, 2001 (forthcoming). For sources and archives concerning Aboriginal mission stations and correspondence in Victoria, see Australian Archives and the Public Record Office of Victoria, 'My Heart is Breaking': a Joint Guide to Records about Aboriginal People in the Public Record Office of Victoria and the Australian Archives, Victorian Regional Office (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1993. The major sources for this study are the Public Record Office of Victoria series 1694, 3991 and 3992; National Archives of Australia series B313/1, B314, B329, B337, B356 and B2010; BPA Annual Reports, VPP, 1864-1922; and Church of England Messenger, 1869-1911.
14. This study draws on the letters of 106 Aboriginal women featured in Elizabeth Nelson, Sandra Smith and Patricia Grimshaw (eds), Letters from Aboriginal Women of Victoria, 1867-1926 (Melbourne University History Monographs) Melbourne, 2001 (forthcoming). For sources and archives concerning Aboriginal mission stations and correspondence in Victoria, see Australian Archives and the Public Record Office of Victoria, 'My Heart is Breaking': a Joint Guide to Records about Aboriginal People in the Public Record Office of Victoria and the Australian Archives, Victorian Regional Office (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1993. The major sources for this study are the Public Record Office of Victoria series 1694, 3991 and 3992; National Archives of Australia series B313/1, B314, B329, B337, B356 and B2010; BPA Annual Reports, VPP, 1864-1922; and Church of England Messenger, 1869-1911.
15. This study draws on the letters of 106 Aboriginal women featured in Elizabeth Nelson, Sandra Smith and Patricia Grimshaw (eds), Letters from Aboriginal Women of Victoria, 1867-1926 (Melbourne University History Monographs) Melbourne, 2001 (forthcoming). For sources and archives concerning Aboriginal mission stations and correspondence in Victoria, see Australian Archives and the Public Record Office of Victoria, 'My Heart is Breaking': a Joint Guide to Records about Aboriginal People in the Public Record Office of Victoria and the Australian Archives, Victorian Regional Office (Australian Government Publishing Service) Canberra, 1993. The major sources for this study are the Public Record Office of Victoria series 1694, 3991 and 3992; National Archives of Australia series B313/1, B314, B329, B337, B356 and B2010; BPA Annual Reports, VPP, 1864-1922; and Church of England Messenger, 1869-1911.
16. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
17. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
18. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
19. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
20. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
21. Studies of Pacific missions include: John Garrett, To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania (World Council of Churches in association with the Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific) Suva, c.1982; Niel Gunson, Messengers of Grace: Evangelical Missionaries to the South Seas, 1797-1860 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1978; David Hilliard, God's Gentlemen: a History of the Melanesian Mission, 1849-1942 (Queensland University Press) St Lucia, Qld, 1978; Sione Latukefu, Church and State in Tonga: the Wesleyan Methodist Missionaries and Political Development, 1822-1875 (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1974; Diane Langmore, Missionary Lives: Papua, 1874-1914 (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; James A. Boutilier, Daniel T. Hughes and Sharon W. Tiffany (eds), Mission, Church and Sect in Oceania (University of Michigan Press) Ann Arbor, 1978.
22. For the Hawaiian mission see J. Andrew, Rebuilding the Christian Commonwealth: New England Congregationalists and Foreign Missions, 1800-1830 (University of Kentucky Press) Lexington, 1976; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; Gavan Daws, Shoal of Time: a History of the Hawaiian Islands (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1968; Mary A. Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs Children's School (Charles E. Tuttle) Rutland, VT, 1970.
23. For the Hawaiian mission see J. Andrew, Rebuilding the Christian Commonwealth: New England Congregationalists and Foreign Missions, 1800-1830 (University of Kentucky Press) Lexington, 1976; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; Gavan Daws, Shoal of Time: a History of the Hawaiian Islands (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1968; Mary A. Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs Children's School (Charles E. Tuttle) Rutland, VT, 1970.
24. For the Hawaiian mission see J. Andrew, Rebuilding the Christian Commonwealth: New England Congregationalists and Foreign Missions, 1800-1830 (University of Kentucky Press) Lexington, 1976; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; Gavan Daws, Shoal of Time: a History of the Hawaiian Islands (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1968; Mary A. Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs Children's School (Charles E. Tuttle) Rutland, VT, 1970.
25. For the Hawaiian mission see J. Andrew, Rebuilding the Christian Commonwealth: New England Congregationalists and Foreign Missions, 1800-1830 (University of Kentucky Press) Lexington, 1976; Patricia Grimshaw, Paths of Duty: Missionary Wives in Nineteenth Century Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1989; Gavan Daws, Shoal of Time: a History of the Hawaiian Islands (University of Hawaii Press) Honolulu, 1968; Mary A. Richards, The Hawaiian Chiefs Children's School (Charles E. Tuttle) Rutland, VT, 1970.
26. For New Zealand missions see Judith Binney, The Legacy of Guilt: a Life of Thomas Kendall (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1968; J.M.R. Owens, Prophets in the Wilderness: the Wesleyan Mission to New Zealand, 1819-27 (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1974; Lawrence M. Rogers, Te Wiremu: a Biography of Henry Williams (Pegasus) Christchurch, 1973; Kuni Jenkins and Kay Morris Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling 1875-1995 (Dunmore Press) Palmerston North, NZ, 1995.
27. For New Zealand missions see Judith Binney, The Legacy of Guilt: a Life of Thomas Kendall (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1968; J.M.R. Owens, Prophets in the Wilderness: the Wesleyan Mission to New Zealand, 1819-27 (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1974; Lawrence M. Rogers, Te Wiremu: a Biography of Henry Williams (Pegasus) Christchurch, 1973; Kuni Jenkins and Kay Morris Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling 1875-1995 (Dunmore Press) Palmerston North, NZ, 1995.
28. For New Zealand missions see Judith Binney, The Legacy of Guilt: a Life of Thomas Kendall (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1968; J.M.R. Owens, Prophets in the Wilderness: the Wesleyan Mission to New Zealand, 1819-27 (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1974; Lawrence M. Rogers, Te Wiremu: a Biography of Henry Williams (Pegasus) Christchurch, 1973; Kuni Jenkins and Kay Morris Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling 1875-1995 (Dunmore Press) Palmerston North, NZ, 1995.
29. For New Zealand missions see Judith Binney, The Legacy of Guilt: a Life of Thomas Kendall (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1968; J.M.R. Owens, Prophets in the Wilderness: the Wesleyan Mission to New Zealand, 1819-27 (Auckland University Press) Auckland, 1974; Lawrence M. Rogers, Te Wiremu: a Biography of Henry Williams (Pegasus) Christchurch, 1973; Kuni Jenkins and Kay Morris Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling 1875-1995 (Dunmore Press) Palmerston North, NZ, 1995.
30. Rogers, Te Wiremu, dust jacket.
31. Annette Hamilton, 'Bond-slaves of Satan: Aboriginal Women and the Missionary Dilemma' in M. Jolly and M. Macintyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1989; Tony Swain and Deborah Bird Rose (eds), Aboriginal Australians and Christian Missions: Ethnographic and Historical Studies (AASR), Bedford Park, SA, 1988; John Harris, One Blood: 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: a Story of Hope (Albatross Books) Sutherland, NSW, 1990; John Ferry, 'The Failure of the New South Wales Missions to the Aborigines before 1845', Aboriginal History, vol. 3, no. 1, 1979, pp. 25-36.
32. Annette Hamilton, 'Bond-slaves of Satan: Aboriginal Women and the Missionary Dilemma' in M. Jolly and M. Macintyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1989; Tony Swain and Deborah Bird Rose (eds), Aboriginal Australians and Christian Missions: Ethnographic and Historical Studies (AASR), Bedford Park, SA, 1988; John Harris, One Blood: 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: a Story of Hope (Albatross Books) Sutherland, NSW, 1990; John Ferry, 'The Failure of the New South Wales Missions to the Aborigines before 1845', Aboriginal History, vol. 3, no. 1, 1979, pp. 25-36.
33. Annette Hamilton, 'Bond-slaves of Satan: Aboriginal Women and the Missionary Dilemma' in M. Jolly and M. Macintyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1989; Tony Swain and Deborah Bird Rose (eds), Aboriginal Australians and Christian Missions: Ethnographic and Historical Studies (AASR), Bedford Park, SA, 1988; John Harris, One Blood: 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: a Story of Hope (Albatross Books) Sutherland, NSW, 1990; John Ferry, 'The Failure of the New South Wales Missions to the Aborigines before 1845', Aboriginal History, vol. 3, no. 1, 1979, pp. 25-36.
34. Annette Hamilton, 'Bond-slaves of Satan: Aboriginal Women and the Missionary Dilemma' in M. Jolly and M. Macintyre (eds), Family and Gender in the Pacific: Domestic Contradictions and the Colonial Impact (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1989; Tony Swain and Deborah Bird Rose (eds), Aboriginal Australians and Christian Missions: Ethnographic and Historical Studies (AASR), Bedford Park, SA, 1988; John Harris, One Blood: 200 Years of Aboriginal Encounter with Christianity: a Story of Hope (Albatross Books) Sutherland, NSW, 1990; John Ferry, 'The Failure of the New South Wales Missions to the Aborigines before 1845', Aboriginal History, vol. 3, no. 1, 1979, pp. 25-36.
35. See Niel Gunson (ed.), Australian Reminiscences and Papers of L.E. Threlkeld, Missionary to the Aborigines, 1824-1859 (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1974.
36. Report of the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements) with the Minutes of Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, 1837, VII, p. 76; Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. III: the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1999; see also Zöe Laidlaw, '"Idolaters and Cannibals": the British Evangelicals and their View of Civilisation in the 1830s and 1840s', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1996. For humanitarians in the Australian colonies see Henry Reynolds, This Whispering in Our Hearts (Penguin) Melbourne, 1999.
37. Report of the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements) with the Minutes of Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, 1837, VII, p. 76; Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. III: the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1999; see also Zöe Laidlaw, '"Idolaters and Cannibals": the British Evangelicals and their View of Civilisation in the 1830s and 1840s', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1996. For humanitarians in the Australian colonies see Henry Reynolds, This Whispering in Our Hearts (Penguin) Melbourne, 1999.
38. Report of the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements) with the Minutes of Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, 1837, VII, p. 76; Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. III: the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1999; see also Zöe Laidlaw, '"Idolaters and Cannibals": the British Evangelicals and their View of Civilisation in the 1830s and 1840s', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1996. For humanitarians in the Australian colonies see Henry Reynolds, This Whispering in Our Hearts (Penguin) Melbourne, 1999.
39. Report of the Select Committee on Aborigines (British Settlements) with the Minutes of Evidence, Parliamentary Papers, 1837, VII, p. 76; Andrew Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. III: the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press) Oxford, 1999; see also Zöe Laidlaw, '"Idolaters and Cannibals": the British Evangelicals and their View of Civilisation in the 1830s and 1840s', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1996. For humanitarians in the Australian colonies see Henry Reynolds, This Whispering in Our Hearts (Penguin) Melbourne, 1999.
40. For the early settlement of Port Phillip see M.F. Christie, Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835-86 (Sydney University Press) Sydney, 1979; Jan Critchett, A 'Distant Field of Murder': Western District Frontiers, 1834-1848 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1990; Marie Hansen Fels, Good Men and True: the Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837-1853 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1988; Margaret Kiddle, Men of Yesterday: a Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1961.
41. For the early settlement of Port Phillip see M.F. Christie, Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835-86 (Sydney University Press) Sydney, 1979; Jan Critchett, A 'Distant Field of Murder': Western District Frontiers, 1834-1848 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1990; Marie Hansen Fels, Good Men and True: the Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837-1853 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1988; Margaret Kiddle, Men of Yesterday: a Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1961.
42. For the early settlement of Port Phillip see M.F. Christie, Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835-86 (Sydney University Press) Sydney, 1979; Jan Critchett, A 'Distant Field of Murder': Western District Frontiers, 1834-1848 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1990; Marie Hansen Fels, Good Men and True: the Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837-1853 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1988; Margaret Kiddle, Men of Yesterday: a Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1961.
43. For the early settlement of Port Phillip see M.F. Christie, Aborigines in Colonial Victoria 1835-86 (Sydney University Press) Sydney, 1979; Jan Critchett, A 'Distant Field of Murder': Western District Frontiers, 1834-1848 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1990; Marie Hansen Fels, Good Men and True: the Aboriginal Police of the Port Phillip District 1837-1853 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1988; Margaret Kiddle, Men of Yesterday: a Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890 (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1961.
44. Report of the Select Committee of the Legislative Council to Inquire into the Condition of the Natives, VPP, 1858-1859.
45. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
46. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
47. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
48. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
49. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
50. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
51. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
52. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
53. For Victorian missions see Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria; Bain Attwood, The Making of the Aborigines (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1989; Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to White Dominance 1788-1994, 2nd edition (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, NSW, 1994; Jan Critchett, Our Land Till we Die: a History of Framlingham Aborigines (Deakin University Press) Warrnambool, Vic., 1992; Keith Cole, The Lake Condah Aboriginal Mission (Keith Cole) Bendigo, Vie., 1984; Aldo Massola, Coranderrk: a History of the Aboriginal Station (Lowden) Kilmore, Vic., 1975; Diane Barwick, 'Coranderrk and Cumeroogunga: Pioneers and Policy' in T. Scarlett Epstein and David H. Penny (eds), Opportunity and Response: Case Studies in Economic Development (C. Hurst) London, 1972; Pepper, The Kurnai of Gippsland', D.B. Caldere and D.J. Goff, Aboriginal Reserves & Missions in Victoria (Department of Conservation & Environment) Melbourne, 1991.
54. John Chesterman and Brian Galligan, Citizens Without Rights: Aborigines and Australian Citizenship (Cambridge University Press) Melbourne, 1997, p. 16.
55. Cited in Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria, p. 73.
56. Cited in Jennifer Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria: a Study of Two Mission Stations, Lake Tyers and Lake Wellington 1860-1895', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1990, p. 18. Among historians of missions to the Aborigines in Victoria several have given particular attention to the lives of women. In 1974 Diane Barwick considered women's activism in her study of Coranderrk in the collection edited by Fay Gale, Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies), Canberra, 1978, and later an essay on Louisa Briggs of Coranderrk in Diane Barwick, Jeremy Beckett and Marie Reay (eds), Metaphors of Interpretation: Essays in Honour of W.E.H. Stanner (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1985. Bain Attwood, in his 1988 study The Making of the Aborigines, wrote of the Ramahyuck teacher Bessy Cameron, and Jan Critchett of Framlingham Koorie women in Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1998.
57. Cited in Jennifer Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria: a Study of Two Mission Stations, Lake Tyers and Lake Wellington 1860-1895', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1990, p. 18. Among historians of missions to the Aborigines in Victoria several have given particular attention to the lives of women. In 1974 Diane Barwick considered women's activism in her study of Coranderrk in the collection edited by Fay Gale, Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies), Canberra, 1978, and later an essay on Louisa Briggs of Coranderrk in Diane Barwick, Jeremy Beckett and Marie Reay (eds), Metaphors of Interpretation: Essays in Honour of W.E.H. Stanner (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1985. Bain Attwood, in his 1988 study The Making of the Aborigines, wrote of the Ramahyuck teacher Bessy Cameron, and Jan Critchett of Framlingham Koorie women in Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1998.
58. Cited in Jennifer Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria: a Study of Two Mission Stations, Lake Tyers and Lake Wellington 1860-1895', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1990, p. 18. Among historians of missions to the Aborigines in Victoria several have given particular attention to the lives of women. In 1974 Diane Barwick considered women's activism in her study of Coranderrk in the collection edited by Fay Gale, Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies), Canberra, 1978, and later an essay on Louisa Briggs of Coranderrk in Diane Barwick, Jeremy Beckett and Marie Reay (eds), Metaphors of Interpretation: Essays in Honour of W.E.H. Stanner (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1985. Bain Attwood, in his 1988 study The Making of the Aborigines, wrote of the Ramahyuck teacher Bessy Cameron, and Jan Critchett of Framlingham Koorie women in Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1998.
59. Cited in Jennifer Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria: a Study of Two Mission Stations, Lake Tyers and Lake Wellington 1860-1895', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1990, p. 18. Among historians of missions to the Aborigines in Victoria several have given particular attention to the lives of women. In 1974 Diane Barwick considered women's activism in her study of Coranderrk in the collection edited by Fay Gale, Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies), Canberra, 1978, and later an essay on Louisa Briggs of Coranderrk in Diane Barwick, Jeremy Beckett and Marie Reay (eds), Metaphors of Interpretation: Essays in Honour of W.E.H. Stanner (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1985. Bain Attwood, in his 1988 study The Making of the Aborigines, wrote of the Ramahyuck teacher Bessy Cameron, and Jan Critchett of Framlingham Koorie women in Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1998.
60. Cited in Jennifer Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria: a Study of Two Mission Stations, Lake Tyers and Lake Wellington 1860-1895', BA Honours thesis, Department of History, University of Melbourne, 1990, p. 18. Among historians of missions to the Aborigines in Victoria several have given particular attention to the lives of women. In 1974 Diane Barwick considered women's activism in her study of Coranderrk in the collection edited by Fay Gale, Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies), Canberra, 1978, and later an essay on Louisa Briggs of Coranderrk in Diane Barwick, Jeremy Beckett and Marie Reay (eds), Metaphors of Interpretation: Essays in Honour of W.E.H. Stanner (Australian National University Press) Canberra, 1985. Bain Attwood, in his 1988 study The Making of the Aborigines, wrote of the Ramahyuck teacher Bessy Cameron, and Jan Critchett of Framlingham Koorie women in Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1998.
61. Bulmer Collection, Museum of Victoria, cited in Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria', p. 15.
62. Bulmer Papers, Box 11, Paper 11, p. 5, Museum of Victoria, cited in Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria', p. 24. For a study of first-generation Koorie mission women and disputes over children, see Patricia Grimshaw, 'Colonising Motherhood: Evangelical Social Reformers and Koorie Women in Victoria, Australia, 1880s to the Early 1900s', Women's History Review, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 329-46.
63. Bulmer Papers, Box 11, Paper 11, p. 5, Museum of Victoria, cited in Martin, 'Issues of Gender and the Aboriginal Women of South Eastern Victoria', p. 24. For a study of first-generation Koorie mission women and disputes over children, see Patricia Grimshaw, 'Colonising Motherhood: Evangelical Social Reformers and Koorie Women in Victoria, Australia, 1880s to the Early 1900s', Women's History Review, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 329-46.
64. Twenty-fourth Report of the BPA, 1887/8, VPP, 1888, vol. 3, no. 119.
65. Ron Vanderwell (ed.), Victorian Aborigines: John Bulmer's Recollections 1855-1908, compiled by Alastair Campbell (Museum of Victoria Occasional Papers: Anthropological and History Series, no. 1) Melbourne, 1994, p. 70.
66. Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights, pp. 25-6.
67. Thirty-sixth Report of the BPA, 1899/1900, VPP, 1900, vol. 3, no. 42, p. 6.
68. See Bain Attwood on Bessy Cameron in The Making of the Aborigines.
69. Twenty-fourth Report of the BPA, 1887/8, VPP, 1888, vol. 3, no. 119, p. 8. See Katherine Ellinghaus, 'Taking Assimilation to Heart: Marriages of White Women and Indigenous Men in North America and Australia, 1870s-1930s', PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 2001.
70. Twenty-fourth Report of the BPA, 1887/8, VPP, 1888, vol. 3, no. 119, p. 8. See Katherine Ellinghaus, 'Taking Assimilation to Heart: Marriages of White Women and Indigenous Men in North America and Australia, 1870s-1930s', PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 2001.
71. Twenty-fourth Report of the BPA, 1887/8, VPP, 1888, vol. 3, no. 119, p. 8.
72. Rose Kennedy to Captain Page, Secretary, BPA, 4 August 1884: National Archives of Australia (NAA), B313/1, 100.
73. Rev. Kramer to Captain Page, Secretary, BPA, 12 August 1884: NAA, B313/1, 100.
74. Mrs R. Kennedy to Mr Crawford, Manager, Lake Condah, 29 September 1913: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 12.
75. Mr Robarts to Mr Callaway, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 27 February 1911: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
76. Jemima Dunolly to Mr Ditchburn, Secretary, BPA, January 1912: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
77. Mr & Mrs Dunolly to Mr Ditchburn, Secretary, BPA, 4 March 1912: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
78. Bessie Rawlings to Mr Peacock, Chief Secretary, BPA, 10 November 1897: PROV, VPRS 3992, unit 692, item E11662. Bessie Rawlings was the great-great-grandmother of the famous boxer Lionel Rose: Alick Jackomos and Derek Fowell, Forgotten Heroes: Aborigines at War from the Somme to Vietnam (Victoria Press) South Melbourne, 1993, p. 5. For more information on Bessie Rawlings and her family, see Linda Wilkinson, 'Fractured Families, Squatting and Poverty: the Impact of the 1886 "Half-caste" Act on the Framlingham Aboriginal Community', Law and History in Australia, vol. 2, 1983-84, pp. 1-25.
79. Bessie Rawlings to Mr Peacock, Chief Secretary, BPA, 10 November 1897: PROV, VPRS 3992, unit 692, item E11662. Bessie Rawlings was the great-great-grandmother of the famous boxer Lionel Rose: Alick Jackomos and Derek Fowell, Forgotten Heroes: Aborigines at War from the Somme to Vietnam (Victoria Press) South Melbourne, 1993, p. 5. For more information on Bessie Rawlings and her family, see Linda Wilkinson, 'Fractured Families, Squatting and Poverty: the Impact of the 1886 "Half-caste" Act on the Framlingham Aboriginal Community', Law and History in Australia, vol. 2, 1983-84, pp. 1-25.
80. Friedrich Hagenauer to Bessie Rawlings, 9 May 1891: NAA, B329, 5, p. 422.
81. Friedrich Hagenauer to Bessie Rawlings, 23 April 1897: NAA, B329, 7, p. 838.
82. Minutes of the BPA, 13 October 1897: NAA, B314, 4.
83. Bessie Rawlings to Mr Murray, Chief Secretary, BPA, 26 January 1904: PROV, VPRS 3992, unit 944, item T700.
84. NAA, B337/1, 631; Wilkinson, 'Fractured Families', p. 19.
85. Maggie Mobourne to the Editor, Hamilton Spectator, February 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507; Maggie Mobourne to Mr McLeod, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 27 February 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507. For a fuller account of Maggie and Ernest Mobourne's struggles, see Critchett, Untold Stories.
86. Maggie Mobourne to the Editor, Hamilton Spectator, February 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507; Maggie Mobourne to Mr McLeod, Vice-Chairman, BPA, 27 February 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507. For a fuller account of Maggie and Ernest Mobourne's struggles, see Critchett, Untold Stories.
87. Rev. Stähle to Friedrich Hagenauer, 16 August 1899: NAA, B337/1, 507.
88. Rev. Stähle to Friedrich Hagenauer, 3 March 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507.
89. Rev. Stähle to Friedrich Hagenauer, 24 February 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507.
90. Rev. Stähle to Friedrich Hagenauer, 13 March 1900: NAA, B337/1, 507. For a study that suggested Aboriginal women were less likely to face draconian punishment for opposing the managers, see Barwick, 'The Lubras are Ladies Now' in Gale (ed.), Woman's Role in Aboriginal Society.
91. Maggie Mobourne to Rev. Stähle, 12 August 1912: NAA, B337/1, 507.
92. Maggie Mobourne to the Superintendent, Melbourne Police Barracks, 6 January 1917: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
93. Their sons who served in the Australian Imperial Forces were, respectively, Chris Saunders, Reg Rawlings, James Wandin and Gilbert Stephen: see Jackomos and Fowell, Forgotten Heroes, pp. 5, 78, 83.
94. Eliza Saunders to Secretary, BPA, 29 August 1917: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
95. Mr Gailbraith to BPA, 4 September 1917: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
96. Eliza Saunders to Secretary, BPA, 1 September 1917: PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 3.
97. PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 6.
98. PROV, VPRS 1694, unit 5.
99. Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria, p. 107.
100. Massola, Aboriginal Mission Stations in Victoria, p. 107.
101. See Richards, The Chief's Children's School; Jenkins and Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling.
102. See Richards, The Chief's Children's School; Jenkins and Matthews, Hukarere and the Politics of Maori Girls' Schooling.
103. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'Settler Anxieties, Indigenous Peoples, and Women's Suffrage in the Colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai'i, 1888-1902', Pacific History Review, vol. 69, no. 4, 2000; Patricia Grimshaw, Robert Reynolds and Shurlee Swain, 'The Paradox of Ultra-democratic Governments: Indigenous Peoples' Political Rights in Nineteenth Century New Zealand, Canada and Australia' in Diane Kirkby and Catherine Colebourne (eds), Law, History, and Colonialism: Empire's Reach (Manchester University Press) Manchester, 2001.
104. See Patricia Grimshaw, 'Settler Anxieties, Indigenous Peoples, and Women's Suffrage in the Colonies of Australia, New Zealand, and Hawai'i, 1888-1902', Pacific History Review, vol. 69, no. 4, 2000; Patricia Grimshaw, Robert Reynolds and Shurlee Swain, 'The Paradox of Ultra-democratic Governments: Indigenous Peoples' Political Rights in Nineteenth Century New Zealand, Canada and Australia' in Diane Kirkby and Catherine Colebourne (eds), Law, History, and Colonialism: Empire's Reach (Manchester University Press) Manchester, 2001.
105. See Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, 1993; Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights; Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage', in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender & History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale & Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25 (April) 1997.
106. See Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, 1993; Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights; Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage', in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender & History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale & Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25 (April) 1997.
107. See Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, 1993; Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights; Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage', in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender & History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale & Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25 (April) 1997.
108. See Pat Stretton and Christine Finnimore, 'Black Fellow Citizens: Aborigines and the Commonwealth Franchise', Australian Historical Studies, vol. 25, 1993; Chesterman and Galligan, Citizens Without Rights; Patricia Grimshaw, 'A White Woman's Suffrage', in Helen Irving (ed.), A Woman's Constitution? Gender & History in the Australian Commonwealth (Hale & Iremonger) Sydney, 1996; Susan Magarey, 'The Politics of Passion: Sex and Race in the New Australian Body Politic', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 12, no. 25 (April) 1997.