U.S. Foreign policy and the World Federation of Trade Unions, 1944-1948

Diplomatic History

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 21-60

  Kofas, Jon V ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0347699444     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00299     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Harry Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York, 1969), 144-49; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation (Baltimore, 1973), 152-54; Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York, 1972), 50-51, 84-89. Peter Weiler's "The United States, International Labor, and the Cold War: The Breakup of the World Federation of Trade Unions," Diplomatic History 5, no. 1 (1981): 1-22, covers similar issues as this article, but the fundamental differences are that my work takes into account not just European but global labor movements and that the AFL-State Department endeavors to forge a pro-U.S. trade union movement around the world. Moreover, I place greater emphasis on how Washington needed to break the WFTU and create a pro-U.S. international trade union as part of its larger plan of economic global hegemony. Finally, Peter Weiler's well-researched article focuses more on 1947-48, while this article examines in greater detail developments in 1945 and 1946.
2. Harry Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York, 1969), 144-49; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation (Baltimore, 1973), 152-54; Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York, 1972), 50-51, 84-89. Peter Weiler's "The United States, International Labor, and the Cold War: The Breakup of the World Federation of Trade Unions," Diplomatic History 5, no. 1 (1981): 1-22, covers similar issues as this article, but the fundamental differences are that my work takes into account not just European but global labor movements and that the AFL-State Department endeavors to forge a pro-U.S. trade union movement around the world. Moreover, I place greater emphasis on how Washington needed to break the WFTU and create a pro-U.S. international trade union as part of its larger plan of economic global hegemony. Finally, Peter Weiler's well-researched article focuses more on 1947-48, while this article examines in greater detail developments in 1945 and 1946.
3. Harry Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York, 1969), 144-49; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation (Baltimore, 1973), 152-54; Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York, 1972), 50-51, 84-89. Peter Weiler's "The United States, International Labor, and the Cold War: The Breakup of the World Federation of Trade Unions," Diplomatic History 5, no. 1 (1981): 1-22, covers similar issues as this article, but the fundamental differences are that my work takes into account not just European but global labor movements and that the AFL-State Department endeavors to forge a pro-U.S. trade union movement around the world. Moreover, I place greater emphasis on how Washington needed to break the WFTU and create a pro-U.S. international trade union as part of its larger plan of economic global hegemony. Finally, Peter Weiler's well-researched article focuses more on 1947-48, while this article examines in greater detail developments in 1945 and 1946.
4. Harry Magdoff, The Age of Imperialism (New York, 1969), 144-49; Thomas G. Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation (Baltimore, 1973), 152-54; Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York, 1972), 50-51, 84-89. Peter Weiler's "The United States, International Labor, and the Cold War: The Breakup of the World Federation of Trade Unions," Diplomatic History 5, no. 1 (1981): 1-22, covers similar issues as this article, but the fundamental differences are that my work takes into account not just European but global labor movements and that the AFL-State Department endeavors to forge a pro-U.S. trade union movement around the world. Moreover, I place greater emphasis on how Washington needed to break the WFTU and create a pro-U.S. international trade union as part of its larger plan of economic global hegemony. Finally, Peter Weiler's well-researched article focuses more on 1947-48, while this article examines in greater detail developments in 1945 and 1946.
5. Ronald Radosh and L. P. Liggio, "Henry Wallace and the Open Door," in Cold War Critics, ed. Thomas G. Paterson. (Chicago, 1971), 76-107; Blair A. Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions (Cambridge, 1981), 128-29; Roy Godson, American Labor and European Politics (New York, 1976), 105-13; Peter Weiler, British Labour and the Cold War (Stanford, 1988), 123-28.
6. Ronald Radosh and L. P. Liggio, "Henry Wallace and the Open Door," in Cold War Critics, ed. Thomas G. Paterson. (Chicago, 1971), 76-107; Blair A. Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions (Cambridge, 1981), 128-29; Roy Godson, American Labor and European Politics (New York, 1976), 105-13; Peter Weiler, British Labour and the Cold War (Stanford, 1988), 123-28.
7. Ronald Radosh and L. P. Liggio, "Henry Wallace and the Open Door," in Cold War Critics, ed. Thomas G. Paterson. (Chicago, 1971), 76-107; Blair A. Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions (Cambridge, 1981), 128-29; Roy Godson, American Labor and European Politics (New York, 1976), 105-13; Peter Weiler, British Labour and the Cold War (Stanford, 1988), 123-28.
8. Ronald Radosh and L. P. Liggio, "Henry Wallace and the Open Door," in Cold War Critics, ed. Thomas G. Paterson. (Chicago, 1971), 76-107; Blair A. Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions (Cambridge, 1981), 128-29; Roy Godson, American Labor and European Politics (New York, 1976), 105-13; Peter Weiler, British Labour and the Cold War (Stanford, 1988), 123-28.
9. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
10. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
11. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
12. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
13. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
14. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
15. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
16. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
17. "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948, Papers of Elmer Cope, boxes 19-20, reel 13, Ohio State Historical Society; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 2-3; 19 December 1944, Foreign Office (hereafter F.O.) 371/50776, U 457, Great Britain, Public Record Office, Kew; 15 January 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 458; 13 February 1945, F.O. 371/50776, U 1005; Weiler, British Labour, 55-65; Louis Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions in the Service of all Workers of all Countries (Paris, 1960), 20-22; Ruble, Soviet Trade Unions, 119-22; L. L. Lorwin, The International Labor Movement (New York, 1953), 199-204; Nathan Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism: Trade Union Education for Third World Labour," Review of African Political Economy 39 (1897): 51. For more on the CTAL and its role in the world labor arena during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america (Madrid, 1971), 79-80; Juan Arcos, El sindicalismo en america latina [Syndicalism in Latin America] (Bogota, 1964), 14-17; Jose Luis Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion en el sindicalismo iberoamericano [Dependence and freedom in Ibero-American syndicalism] (Madrid, 1977), 126-50. The Moscow press reported in detail the developments at the World Trades Union Conference. See F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945. For more on Citrine's role as TUC secretary general and IFTU involvement see Lord Citrine, Men and Work (Westport, CT, 1976). And for the AFL's historical ties to the state and its corporatist approach to unionism dating to the Samuel Gompers era and the First World War see Simeon Larson, Labor and Foreign Policy (Rutherford, 1975), 33-44, 90-106.
18. Kolko, The Limits of Power, 16-26; Magdoff, Imperialism, 144-49; "Bases for International Economic Cooperation," October 1943, Papers of Leo Pasvolsky, box 16, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division; interview, J. Burke Knapp, Oral History, 26-30, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
19. Kolko, The Limits of Power, 16-26; Magdoff, Imperialism, 144-49; "Bases for International Economic Cooperation," October 1943, Papers of Leo Pasvolsky, box 16, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division; interview, J. Burke Knapp, Oral History, 26-30, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.
20. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, 124.06/1-1645, no. 314, Record Group 59, State Department, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland.
21. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
22. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
23. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
24. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
25. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
26. Alfred Eckes, Jr., The United States and the Global Struggle for Minerals (Austin, 1979), 135-45; Jack Scott, Yankee Unions Go Home (Vancouver, 1978), 191-94; Jon V. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy: Latin American Labor and the United States (Tempe, 1992), 272-78, 296-97; Irwin M. Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 1945-1954 [American influence in French politics, 1945-54] (Paris, 1989), 73-74; Annie Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne: les relations franco-americaines, 1944-1948 [Marianne's cross: Franco-American relations, 1944-1948] (Paris, 1985), 100-101; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-53.
27. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, SDNA, 800.504/2-345 (circular airgram); George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925-1950 (Boston, 1976), 211-12; Philip Taft, Defending Freedom: American Labor and Foreign Policy (Los Angeles, 1973), 61; Gary K. Busch, The Political Role of International Trades Unions (New York, 1983), 26.
28. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, SDNA, 800.504/2-345 (circular airgram); George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925-1950 (Boston, 1976), 211-12; Philip Taft, Defending Freedom: American Labor and Foreign Policy (Los Angeles, 1973), 61; Gary K. Busch, The Political Role of International Trades Unions (New York, 1983), 26.
29. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, SDNA, 800.504/2-345 (circular airgram); George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925-1950 (Boston, 1976), 211-12; Philip Taft, Defending Freedom: American Labor and Foreign Policy (Los Angeles, 1973), 61; Gary K. Busch, The Political Role of International Trades Unions (New York, 1983), 26.
30. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 5-9, 800.1-043/1-2645, no. 6817.
31. Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4, 11.
32. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/1-2645; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 23-25. In the aftermath of the World Trades Unions Conference in London, all Soviet papers published stories about the significance of the impending unity of the world labor movements as a vanguard against the recurrence of fascism. Five months after Kennan warned Washington that the Kremlin had decided to use the international labor organization as a foreign policy instrument, the State Department, like the Foreign Office in London, assumed greater control of the foreign labor policy operations, some of which were previously under the Labor Department's jurisdiction. F.O. 371/50776, U 1003, 13 February 1945; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.504/6-2645 Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.504/6-3045.
33. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-245, no. 1188; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-345, no. 1206; Kennan to Secretary of State, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-345, no. 505; Cope Papers, "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948; Busch, International Trades Unions, 26-28; Taft, Defending Freedom, 62-63;
34. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-245, no. 1188; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-345, no. 1206; Kennan to Secretary of State, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-345, no. 505; Cope Papers, "Trades Union Congress WFTU," 20 April 1948; Busch, International Trades Unions, 26-28; Taft, Defending Freedom, 62-63;
35. Weiler, British Labour, 62-68. Like other European unions, the French CGT was immersed in debating how to alleviate unemployment and raise production, thereby exacerbating the ideological debate between Communists and non-Communists.
36. Annie Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la scission de 1944-1947 [The CGT from liberation to the schism] (Paris, 1983), 69-106.
37. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1645, no. 587; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2045, no. A-277; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 3; Bernard Georges, Denise Tintant, Marie-Anne Renaud, Leon Jouhaux dans le mouvement syndical francais [Leon Jouhaux in the French Syndicalist Movement] (Paris, 1979), 307-8; Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969), 306-10; Denis MacShane, International Labour and Origins of the Cold War (London, 1992), 84; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 148-49.
38. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1645, no. 587; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2045, no. A-277; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 3; Bernard Georges, Denise Tintant, Marie-Anne Renaud, Leon Jouhaux dans le mouvement syndical francais [Leon Jouhaux in the French Syndicalist Movement] (Paris, 1979), 307-8; Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969), 306-10; Denis MacShane, International Labour and Origins of the Cold War (London, 1992), 84; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 148-49.
39. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1645, no. 587; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2045, no. A-277; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 3; Bernard Georges, Denise Tintant, Marie-Anne Renaud, Leon Jouhaux dans le mouvement syndical francais [Leon Jouhaux in the French Syndicalist Movement] (Paris, 1979), 307-8; Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969), 306-10; Denis MacShane, International Labour and Origins of the Cold War (London, 1992), 84; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 148-49.
40. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1645, no. 587; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2045, no. A-277; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 3; Bernard Georges, Denise Tintant, Marie-Anne Renaud, Leon Jouhaux dans le mouvement syndical francais [Leon Jouhaux in the French Syndicalist Movement] (Paris, 1979), 307-8; Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969), 306-10; Denis MacShane, International Labour and Origins of the Cold War (London, 1992), 84; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 148-49.
41. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1645, no. 587; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2045, no. A-277; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 3; Bernard Georges, Denise Tintant, Marie-Anne Renaud, Leon Jouhaux dans le mouvement syndical francais [Leon Jouhaux in the French Syndicalist Movement] (Paris, 1979), 307-8; Ronald Radosh, American Labor and United States Foreign Policy (New York, 1969), 306-10; Denis MacShane, International Labour and Origins of the Cold War (London, 1992), 84; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 148-49.
42. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
43. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
44. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
45. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
46. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
47. "Report of the CIO Delegation to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945, Adolph Germer Papers, reel 10, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison; Cope Papers, "Trade Union Congress, WFTU," 20 April 1948; Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2245 (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-3045, (office memo); Fishburn to Wilcox, Washington, RG 59, 5043/4-2145, no. 3298; New York Times, 24, 25, 26, 28 April 1945; MacShane, International Labour, 103. For more on the AFL-State Department campaign against the CTAL and Lombardo Toledano during the war see Jose Luis Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america [International labor in America] (Madrid, 1971), 82-83; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 289-99; Henry Berger, "Union Diplomacy: American Labor's Foreign Policy in Latin America, 1932-1955" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1966), 252-56, 275-78; Rubio, Dependencia y liberacion, 149-50; Harvey A. Levenstein, Labor Organizations in the United States and Mexico (Westport, CT, 1971), 181-83, 186-87. For a profile of Lombardo Toledano see Homenaje a Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964. [Homage to Vicente Lombardo Toledano, 1894-1964] (Mexico, 1964).
48. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Report of CIO Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945; New York Times, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30 May 1945; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4; Radosh, American Labor, 309; Taft, Defending Freedom, 68-71; Ronald L. Filippelli, American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953 (Stanford, 1989), 51-54. Coordinating a common policy and strategy with the Central Intelligence Agency, during the late 1940s and 1950s the FTUC became increasingly dependent on the CIA for financing its European operations. See Anthony Carew, "The American Labor Movement in Fizzland: The Free Trade Union Committee and the CIA," Labor History 39, no. 1 (1998): 25-28. Trud, a Soviet publication, reiterated that the organization must be represented in the UN Social-Economic Council and that the Amsterdam international (IFTU) must be dissolved. This was a Soviet proposal floated at the San Francisco Conference, but the United States and its European partners opposed it. The Soviet authorities and labor leaders praised the Communist and Socialist trade unions in Eastern Europe as well as in Iran, Turkey, and other parts of the world, projecting the distinct impression of pursuing a very partisan policy, especially since Trud continued attacking the AFL's international activities. Although Kuznetsov stressed that both the CIO and the Russian trade unions sought labor unity, the CIO officially invited the AFL to join the WFTU founding congress to strengthen the anti-Communist faction. Moreover, after Hillman died and the CIO had decided to break from the WFTU, Adolph Germer wrote that Citrine and Hillman were among the organization's prime movers. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2445, no. 2672; New York Times, 7 August 1945; F.O. 371/50777, no. 3290, 8 August 1945, Roberts to Morrison; F.O. 371/50777, U 6096, 9 August 1945; Germer Papers, reel 11, 5 September 1947.
49. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Report of CIO Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945; New York Times, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30 May 1945; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4; Radosh, American Labor, 309; Taft, Defending Freedom, 68-71; Ronald L. Filippelli, American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953 (Stanford, 1989), 51-54. Coordinating a common policy and strategy with the Central Intelligence Agency, during the late 1940s and 1950s the FTUC became increasingly dependent on the CIA for financing its European operations. See Anthony Carew, "The American Labor Movement in Fizzland: The Free Trade Union Committee and the CIA," Labor History 39, no. 1 (1998): 25-28. Trud, a Soviet publication, reiterated that the organization must be represented in the UN Social-Economic Council and that the Amsterdam international (IFTU) must be dissolved. This was a Soviet proposal floated at the San Francisco Conference, but the United States and its European partners opposed it. The Soviet authorities and labor leaders praised the Communist and Socialist trade unions in Eastern Europe as well as in Iran, Turkey, and other parts of the world, projecting the distinct impression of pursuing a very partisan policy, especially since Trud continued attacking the AFL's international activities. Although Kuznetsov stressed that both the CIO and the Russian trade unions sought labor unity, the CIO officially invited the AFL to join the WFTU founding congress to strengthen the anti-Communist faction. Moreover, after Hillman died and the CIO had decided to break from the WFTU, Adolph Germer wrote that Citrine and Hillman were among the organization's prime movers. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2445, no. 2672; New York Times, 7 August 1945; F.O. 371/50777, no. 3290, 8 August 1945, Roberts to Morrison; F.O. 371/50777, U 6096, 9 August 1945; Germer Papers, reel 11, 5 September 1947.
50. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Report of CIO Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945; New York Times, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30 May 1945; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4; Radosh, American Labor, 309; Taft, Defending Freedom, 68-71; Ronald L. Filippelli, American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953 (Stanford, 1989), 51-54. Coordinating a common policy and strategy with the Central Intelligence Agency, during the late 1940s and 1950s the FTUC became increasingly dependent on the CIA for financing its European operations. See Anthony Carew, "The American Labor Movement in Fizzland: The Free Trade Union Committee and the CIA," Labor History 39, no. 1 (1998): 25-28. Trud, a Soviet publication, reiterated that the organization must be represented in the UN Social-Economic Council and that the Amsterdam international (IFTU) must be dissolved. This was a Soviet proposal floated at the San Francisco Conference, but the United States and its European partners opposed it. The Soviet authorities and labor leaders praised the Communist and Socialist trade unions in Eastern Europe as well as in Iran, Turkey, and other parts of the world, projecting the distinct impression of pursuing a very partisan policy, especially since Trud continued attacking the AFL's international activities. Although Kuznetsov stressed that both the CIO and the Russian trade unions sought labor unity, the CIO officially invited the AFL to join the WFTU founding congress to strengthen the anti-Communist faction. Moreover, after Hillman died and the CIO had decided to break from the WFTU, Adolph Germer wrote that Citrine and Hillman were among the organization's prime movers. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2445, no. 2672; New York Times, 7 August 1945; F.O. 371/50777, no. 3290, 8 August 1945, Roberts to Morrison; F.O. 371/50777, U 6096, 9 August 1945; Germer Papers, reel 11, 5 September 1947.
51. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Report of CIO Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945; New York Times, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30 May 1945; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4; Radosh, American Labor, 309; Taft, Defending Freedom, 68-71; Ronald L. Filippelli, American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953 (Stanford, 1989), 51-54. Coordinating a common policy and strategy with the Central Intelligence Agency, during the late 1940s and 1950s the FTUC became increasingly dependent on the CIA for financing its European operations. See Anthony Carew, "The American Labor Movement in Fizzland: The Free Trade Union Committee and the CIA," Labor History 39, no. 1 (1998): 25-28. Trud, a Soviet publication, reiterated that the organization must be represented in the UN Social-Economic Council and that the Amsterdam international (IFTU) must be dissolved. This was a Soviet proposal floated at the San Francisco Conference, but the United States and its European partners opposed it. The Soviet authorities and labor leaders praised the Communist and Socialist trade unions in Eastern Europe as well as in Iran, Turkey, and other parts of the world, projecting the distinct impression of pursuing a very partisan policy, especially since Trud continued attacking the AFL's international activities. Although Kuznetsov stressed that both the CIO and the Russian trade unions sought labor unity, the CIO officially invited the AFL to join the WFTU founding congress to strengthen the anti-Communist faction. Moreover, after Hillman died and the CIO had decided to break from the WFTU, Adolph Germer wrote that Citrine and Hillman were among the organization's prime movers. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2445, no. 2672; New York Times, 7 August 1945; F.O. 371/50777, no. 3290, 8 August 1945, Roberts to Morrison; F.O. 371/50777, U 6096, 9 August 1945; Germer Papers, reel 11, 5 September 1947.
52. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Report of CIO Delegates to the World Trade Union Conference," 1945; New York Times, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 18, 30 May 1945; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 4; Radosh, American Labor, 309; Taft, Defending Freedom, 68-71; Ronald L. Filippelli, American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953 (Stanford, 1989), 51-54. Coordinating a common policy and strategy with the Central Intelligence Agency, during the late 1940s and 1950s the FTUC became increasingly dependent on the CIA for financing its European operations. See Anthony Carew, "The American Labor Movement in Fizzland: The Free Trade Union Committee and the CIA," Labor History 39, no. 1 (1998): 25-28. Trud, a Soviet publication, reiterated that the organization must be represented in the UN Social-Economic Council and that the Amsterdam international (IFTU) must be dissolved. This was a Soviet proposal floated at the San Francisco Conference, but the United States and its European partners opposed it. The Soviet authorities and labor leaders praised the Communist and Socialist trade unions in Eastern Europe as well as in Iran, Turkey, and other parts of the world, projecting the distinct impression of pursuing a very partisan policy, especially since Trud continued attacking the AFL's international activities. Although Kuznetsov stressed that both the CIO and the Russian trade unions sought labor unity, the CIO officially invited the AFL to join the WFTU founding congress to strengthen the anti-Communist faction. Moreover, after Hillman died and the CIO had decided to break from the WFTU, Adolph Germer wrote that Citrine and Hillman were among the organization's prime movers. Kennan to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2445, no. 2672; New York Times, 7 August 1945; F.O. 371/50777, no. 3290, 8 August 1945, Roberts to Morrison; F.O. 371/50777, U 6096, 9 August 1945; Germer Papers, reel 11, 5 September 1947.
53. Winant to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/9-1945, no. 9601; New York Times, 10 August 1945; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 37-39.
54. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
55. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
56. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
57. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
58. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
59. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
60. MacShane, International Labour, 58-59, 120; Carew, Labour Under the Marshall Plan, 59-61; Saillant, World Federation of Trade Unions, 33-35; New York Times, 1, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 7143, 12 September 1945, no. 48. For the London foreign ministers meeting see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1945-1948 (New York, 1977), 137; N. A. Graebner, Cold War Diplomacy, 1945-1960 (New York, 1962), 25-26; Paterson, Soviet-American Confrontation, 10; and Kolko, The Limits of Power, 37-38.
61. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 27, 29, 30 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 8675, no. 381, 22 October 1945; Confederacion de Trabajadores de America Latina, Resoluciones de sus asambleas, 1938-1948 [Latin American Confederation of Labor, resolutions of its meetings, 1938-1948] (Mexico, 1948), 211-12; Georges et al., Mouvement Syndical Francais, 307-8.
62. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 27, 29, 30 September 1945; F.O. 371/50777, U 8675, no. 381, 22 October 1945; Confederacion de Trabajadores de America Latina, Resoluciones de sus asambleas, 1938-1948 [Latin American Confederation of Labor, resolutions of its meetings, 1938-1948] (Mexico, 1948), 211-12; Georges et al., Mouvement Syndical Francais, 307-8.
63. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath of the WFTU Paris conference, the U.S. embassy in Moscow reported that the Soviet delegates in Paris as well as the Soviet press stated categorically that there can be no separation between trade union activities and political aims. Since the WFTU principles included "the common struggle against Fascism and war, and the common rights of the working people," it was inevitable that the USSR would use the WFTU to oppose the authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Argentina as well as other undemocratic regimes where the Soviets had no influence and where the United States and Great Britain had economic or strategic interests. Because the publication of an article in the Red Star coincided with the CIO's efforts to forge a Soviet-American alliance, and the CIO urged Washington to share atomic energy secrets and impose controls on nuclear weapons as Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace advocated, the State Department was concerned that the WFTU's far reaching influence on policy matters went beyond the usual wages/benefits issues. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346 (enclosure no. 1); New York Times, 14, 15, 19 October, 3 November 1945. In its quest to bear pressure on Western countries and win allies among Asians and Africans, during the WFTU conference in Paris the Soviet Union exploited the decolonization issue by raising the emancipation of colonial and dependent peoples. Citrine, Murray, and the Soviets in the WFTU continued appealing to the major powers for voting rights in the UN Economic and Social Council. But since the AFL backed by powerful congressmen and the Truman administration opposed the proposal, the WFTU withdrew its request and asked for advisory and consultative status in the UN Economic and Social Council. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346; Carew, British Labour, 62; New York Times, 5, 16, 20, 25, 30 January, 3, 13, 15, 26, 2 March 1946.
64. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath of the WFTU Paris conference, the U.S. embassy in Moscow reported that the Soviet delegates in Paris as well as the Soviet press stated categorically that there can be no separation between trade union activities and political aims. Since the WFTU principles included "the common struggle against Fascism and war, and the common rights of the working people," it was inevitable that the USSR would use the WFTU to oppose the authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Argentina as well as other undemocratic regimes where the Soviets had no influence and where the United States and Great Britain had economic or strategic interests. Because the publication of an article in the Red Star coincided with the CIO's efforts to forge a Soviet-American alliance, and the CIO urged Washington to share atomic energy secrets and impose controls on nuclear weapons as Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace advocated, the State Department was concerned that the WFTU's far reaching influence on policy matters went beyond the usual wages/benefits issues. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346 (enclosure no. 1); New York Times, 14, 15, 19 October, 3 November 1945. In its quest to bear pressure on Western countries and win allies among Asians and Africans, during the WFTU conference in Paris the Soviet Union exploited the decolonization issue by raising the emancipation of colonial and dependent peoples. Citrine, Murray, and the Soviets in the WFTU continued appealing to the major powers for voting rights in the UN Economic and Social Council. But since the AFL backed by powerful congressmen and the Truman administration opposed the proposal, the WFTU withdrew its request and asked for advisory and consultative status in the UN Economic and Social Council. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346; Carew, British Labour, 62; New York Times, 5, 16, 20, 25, 30 January, 3, 13, 15, 26, 2 March 1946.
65. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath
66. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath of the WFTU Paris conference, the U.S. embassy in Moscow reported that the Soviet delegates in Paris as well as the Soviet press stated categorically that there can be no separation between trade union activities and political aims. Since the WFTU principles included "the common struggle against Fascism and war, and the common rights of the working people," it was inevitable that the USSR would use the WFTU to oppose the authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Argentina as well as other undemocratic regimes where the Soviets had no influence and where the United States and Great Britain had economic or strategic interests. Because the publication of an article in the Red Star coincided with the CIO's efforts to forge a Soviet-American alliance, and the CIO urged Washington to share atomic energy secrets and impose controls on nuclear weapons as Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace advocated, the State Department was concerned that the WFTU's far reaching influence on policy matters went beyond the usual wages/benefits issues. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346 (enclosure no. 1); New York Times, 14, 15, 19 October, 3 November 1945. In its quest to bear pressure on Western countries and win allies among Asians and Africans, during the WFTU conference in Paris the Soviet Union exploited the decolonization issue by raising the emancipation of colonial and dependent peoples. Citrine, Murray, and the Soviets in the WFTU continued appealing to the major powers for voting rights in the UN Economic and Social Council. But since the AFL backed by powerful congressmen and the Truman administration opposed the proposal, the WFTU withdrew its request and asked for advisory and consultative status in the UN Economic and Social Council. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346; Carew, British Labour, 62; New York Times, 5, 16, 20, 25, 30 January, 3, 13, 15, 26, 2 March 1946.
67. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath of the WFTU Paris conference, the U.S. embassy in Moscow reported that the Soviet delegates in Paris as well as the Soviet press stated categorically that there can be no separation between trade union activities and political aims. Since the WFTU principles included "the common struggle against Fascism and war, and the common rights of the working people," it was inevitable that the USSR would use the WFTU to oppose the authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Argentina as well as other undemocratic regimes where the Soviets had no influence and where the United States and Great Britain had economic or strategic interests. Because the publication of an article in the Red Star coincided with the CIO's efforts to forge a Soviet-American alliance, and the CIO urged Washington to share atomic energy secrets and impose controls on nuclear weapons as Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace advocated, the State Department was concerned that the WFTU's far reaching influence on policy matters went beyond the usual wages/benefits issues. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346 (enclosure no. 1); New York Times, 14, 15, 19 October, 3 November 1945. In its quest to bear pressure on Western countries and win allies among Asians and Africans, during the WFTU conference in Paris the Soviet Union exploited the decolonization issue by raising the emancipation of colonial and dependent peoples. Citrine, Murray, and the Soviets in the WFTU continued appealing to the major powers for voting rights in the UN Economic and Social Council. But since the AFL backed by powerful congressmen and the Truman administration opposed the proposal, the WFTU withdrew its request and asked for advisory and consultative status in the UN Economic and Social Council. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346; Carew, British Labour, 62; New York Times, 5, 16, 20, 25, 30 January, 3, 13, 15, 26, 2 March 1946.
68. F.O. 371/50777, U 8673, no. 1163, 29 October 1945; New York Times, 26 September 1945; ibid., 2, 4, 6, 7, 9 October 1945. For trade union conditions in Greece during the interim right-wing regime see Nikos Psyroukis, Istoria tis Synchronis Elladas, 1940-1967 [History of contemporary Greece, 1940-1967] (Athens, 1976), 238-47, 265-82; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 1918-1958 [Forty years of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), 1918-1958] (Athens, 1958), 528-44; and Chrystos Jecchines, Trade Unionism in Greece (Chicago, 1967), 86-91. For more on labor conditions in Franco's Spain see Jose Maria Maraval, Dictadura y disentimiento politico: obreros y estudiantes bajo el franquismo [Dictatorship and political dissension: Workers and students against Franquismo] (Madrid, 1978), 15-58. For the Clayton plan and labor reaction in Latin America see Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 272-78. In the aftermath of the WFTU Paris conference, the U.S. embassy in Moscow reported that the Soviet delegates in Paris as well as the Soviet press stated categorically that there can be no separation between trade union activities and political aims. Since the WFTU principles included "the common struggle against Fascism and war, and the common rights of the working people," it was inevitable that the USSR would use the WFTU to oppose the authoritarian regimes in Spain, Portugal, and Argentina as well as other undemocratic regimes where the Soviets had no influence and where the United States and Great Britain had economic or strategic interests. Because the publication of an article in the Red Star coincided with the CIO's efforts to forge a Soviet-American alliance, and the CIO urged Washington to share atomic energy secrets and impose controls on nuclear weapons as Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace advocated, the State Department was concerned that the WFTU's far reaching influence on policy matters went beyond the usual wages/benefits issues. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346 (enclosure no. 1); New York Times, 14, 15, 19 October, 3 November 1945. In its quest to bear pressure on Western countries and win allies among Asians and Africans, during the WFTU conference in Paris the Soviet Union exploited the decolonization issue by raising the emancipation of colonial and dependent peoples. Citrine, Murray, and the Soviets in the WFTU continued appealing to the major powers for voting rights in the UN Economic and Social Council. But since the AFL backed by powerful congressmen and the Truman administration opposed the proposal, the WFTU withdrew its request and asked for advisory and consultative status in the UN Economic and Social Council. Lane to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-846, no. 2346; Carew, British Labour, 62; New York Times, 5, 16, 20, 25, 30 January, 3, 13, 15, 26, 2 March 1946.
69. Caffery to secretary of state, RG 59, 800.5043/3-946, no. 1150; Caffery to secretary of state, RG 59, 800.5043/3-2046, no. 4730; New York Times, 16 March, 6, 8, 10 April, 9 May 1946. The Foreign Office pointed out that Saillant was solidly in the Communist camp and enjoyed considerable powers as secretary-general of the Confederation Generale du Travail, president of the Comite National de Resistance, and WFTU secretary-general. F.O. 371/57210, U2991, no. 173, 2 March 1946; on Saillant's role see Georges Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France [Syndicalism in France] (Paris, 1968), 98-99. On 6-11 May 1946 at the International Transport Federation congress in Zurich, the delegates voted to accept incorporation into the WFTU and adopted a resolution to accept the WFTU's decision for an international boycott on Spain. The congress further advised "trade union centers to urge governments to break off diplomatic relations with Spain and requests all organizations affiliated to ITF to assist their national centers in bringing pressure to bear on governments in support of this initiative urging them to break off economic as well as diplomatic relations." The French delegates proposed the strongest anti-Franco amendments to the resolution, while the British insisted that they must not be placed in a position of embarrassing their government on this issue. As part of its continued effort to remain unified and expand its influence, just before the May Day celebration the WFTU appealed for unity, democracy, and more equitable distribution of wealth to the national federations for the workers of the world. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/3-1946, no. 4720; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59 800.5043/6-646, no. 5548; F.O. 371/57210, report no. 50 "World Federation of Trade Unions"; F.O. 371/57210, U 3877, no. 264.
70. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2346, no. 4971; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 8-9.
71. New York Times, 14, 17, 22, 30 May, 4, 6, 8, 11, 18, 22 June 1946.
72. Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2246, no. 1969; Weiler, British Labour, 93-94; New York Times, 29 June 1946. Carey and Michael Ross, head of CIO International Department, reported to the State Department after participating in a WFTU executive committee meeting held in Moscow in June 1946 that despite a growing rift, the organization was sound and would survive. This was possible primarily because the Soviets agreed to the Anglo-American demand on autonomy of Trade Departments and did not press the issue of a WFTU international boycott against Franco, largely to save the unified labor federation. Carey stressed that there were two competing schools of thought in the Kremlin, both nationalist; one viewed the country's security in terms of a Maginot Line, the other in terms of a general improvement of the peoples' standard of living. Swayzee to Wilcox, et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/7-1146, memo of conversation.
73. New York Times, 4 September, 9 August 1946; Wilcox, Swazee et. al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/8-2646, office memo; MacShane, International Labour, 66-67; R. J. Walton, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War (New York, 1976), 275-78.
74. New York Times, 4 September, 9 August 1946; Wilcox, Swazee et. al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/8-2646, office memo; MacShane, International Labour, 66-67; R. J. Walton, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War (New York, 1976), 275-78.
75. New York Times, 4 September, 9 August 1946; Wilcox, Swazee et. al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/8-2646, office memo; MacShane, International Labour, 66-67; R. J. Walton, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War (New York, 1976), 275-78.
76. Irwin Tobin to Pool, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/10-3146, office memo; New York Times, 12 October 1946; Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: Year of Decisions (Garden City, 1955), 1: 554-61; Weiler, British Labour, 94-98.
77. Irwin Tobin to Pool, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/10-3146, office memo; New York Times, 12 October 1946; Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: Year of Decisions (Garden City, 1955), 1: 554-61; Weiler, British Labour, 94-98.
78. Fishburn to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.504 WFTU/11-3046; Fishburn to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59 800.5043/12-646, Pan-African Information Conference of WFTU; Germer Papers, reel 10, "Meeting of the Secretariat," 4 November 1946; Germer Papers, reel 10, "Meeting of the Secretariat," 12 November 1946; Germer Papers, reel 10, General Union of Tunisian Labour, 17 November 1946.
79. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1246, no. 6095; Caffery to secretary, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1346, no. 6102; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1746, no. 6158; F.O. 371/67613, UNE 33, 25 November 1946; F.O. 371/67613, 3 December 1946; Weiler, British Labour, 93-94; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power (London, 1974), 41-45.
80. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1246, no. 6095; Caffery to secretary, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1346, no. 6102; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/12-1746, no. 6158; F.O. 371/67613, UNE 33, 25 November 1946; F.O. 371/67613, 3 December 1946; Weiler, British Labour, 93-94; F. S. Northedge, Descent from Power (London, 1974), 41-45.
81. Fishburn to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-947; Rosenblum to Acheson, New York, RG 59 800.5043/1-1547 (Amalgamated Clothing Workers); New York Times, 25 January, 9 February 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/347, no. A-132; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5; Radosh, American Labor, 331; Busch, International Trade Unions, 53-55; Taft, Defending Freedom, 77-78.
82. Fishburn to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-947; Rosenblum to Acheson, New York, RG 59 800.5043/1-1547 (Amalgamated Clothing Workers); New York Times, 25 January, 9 February 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/347, no. A-132; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5; Radosh, American Labor, 331; Busch, International Trade Unions, 53-55; Taft, Defending Freedom, 77-78.
83. Fishburn to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-947; Rosenblum to Acheson, New York, RG 59 800.5043/1-1547 (Amalgamated Clothing Workers); New York Times, 25 January, 9 February 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/347, no. A-132; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5; Radosh, American Labor, 331; Busch, International Trade Unions, 53-55; Taft, Defending Freedom, 77-78.
84. Fishburn to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/1-947; Rosenblum to Acheson, New York, RG 59 800.5043/1-1547 (Amalgamated Clothing Workers); New York Times, 25 January, 9 February 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/347, no. A-132; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5; Radosh, American Labor, 331; Busch, International Trade Unions, 53-55; Taft, Defending Freedom, 77-78.
85. Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.50432/2-347, no. A-132; New York Times, 31 January, 9 February 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/3-547, no. 673.
86. Fishburn to Files, Washington, RG 59, 800.504/WFTU/2-1147; Allison to Vincent, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2147. The WFTU made numerous efforts to visit Japan and South Korea in 1946; the U.S. military authorities wanted to prevent such visits, while the State Department was favorably inclined. In March 1946 Walter Citrine informed Ernest Bevin, British foreign secretary, that the WFTU would send a delegation to Japan to study trade union practices and economic and social conditions in the country. In August 1946 the CIO requested that the State Department grant permission to a WFTU group to visit South Korea. The U.S. Army had reservations about the WFTU group's visit because the Chun Pyawng was composed of left-wing elements. On 3 September 1946 the State Department decided that the WFTU must be granted permission to enter South Korea not only because the Communists would castigate the United States for obstructing free trade unionism in an occupied zone, but also because of the negative impact such a policy would have among South Korean labor leaders. The department argued that the army's reports about communist domination of the Chun Pyawng were grossly exaggerated, as the Counter Intelligence Corps confirmed in its report. The corps findings clearly illustrated that Chun Pyawng was a genuine labor movement that could be assisting the labor officers in the military government. Finally, the department disputed as unfounded the army's argument that contact between the Chun Pyawng and the WFTU representatives would add to the South Korean Communists' prestige. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Strike Diary: Southern Korea," 23 September-22 October 1946; Germer Papers, reel 10, N. I. Choy to Louis Saillant, 20 November 1946; Turner to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-646 (efl227); Mulliken to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-1446, office memo; Mulliken Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/9-346, office memo; Sullivan to Gross et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.504/8-2246, memo of conversation. Once the War Department overruled General Douglas MacArthur, Matthew Woll, AFL vice president, wrote to Secretary Peterson that the United States allowed the Soviet-controlled WFTU into Japan, but the same federation prevented the AFL from going into the French zone in Germany in November 1946. Woll alleged that Saillant was a Soviet agent trying to undermine American labor and political influence around the world. Hostile to the AFL, the French Communist party central committee warned the AFL not to infiltrate the French labor movement and not to use the State Department toward that goal. On 6 April Izvestia reported that South Korean local authorities prevented trade unionists from meeting with the WFTU mission, whereas such meetings were free in North Korea. The TUC delegate corroborated Saillant's charge that the U.S. authorities severely restricted the delegates in South Korea, apparently during a clash between the police and workers of the Chun Pyawng. Defending South Korea, Townsend, who criticized General MacArthur's labor policy, argued that there was more freedom in that country than in North Korea. He recommended that the AFL and CIO invite Japanese trade union leaders to the United States to help them understand trade unionism within a capitalist system. Matthew Woll to Robert Patterson, secretary of war, 2 April 1947, Papers of Harry S. Truman, Official File, American Federation of Labor, Truman Library, Patterson to Woll, 25 March 1947, Truman Papers; F.O. 371/67613, UNE 291, no. 100, 19 April 1947; New York Times, 14, 15, 29 March, 5, 7, 9 April 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/4-947, no. A-437; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 154-55; Weiler, British Labour, 80.
87. Fishburn to Files, Washington, RG 59, 800.504/WFTU/2-1147; Allison to Vincent, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/2-2147. The WFTU made numerous efforts to visit Japan and South Korea in 1946; the U.S. military authorities wanted to prevent such visits, while the State Department was favorably inclined. In March 1946 Walter Citrine informed Ernest Bevin, British foreign secretary, that the WFTU would send a delegation to Japan to study trade union practices and economic and social conditions in the country. In August 1946 the CIO requested that the State Department grant permission to a WFTU group to visit South Korea. The U.S. Army had reservations about the WFTU group's visit because the Chun Pyawng was composed of left-wing elements. On 3 September 1946 the State Department decided that the WFTU must be granted permission to enter South Korea not only because the Communists would castigate the United States for obstructing free trade unionism in an occupied zone, but also because of the negative impact such a policy would have among South Korean labor leaders. The department argued that the army's reports about communist domination of the Chun Pyawng were grossly exaggerated, as the Counter Intelligence Corps confirmed in its report. The corps findings clearly illustrated that Chun Pyawng was a genuine labor movement that could be assisting the labor officers in the military government. Finally, the department disputed as unfounded the army's argument that contact between the Chun Pyawng and the WFTU representatives would add to the South Korean Communists' prestige. Germer Papers, reel 10, "Strike Diary: Southern Korea," 23 September-22 October 1946; Germer Papers, reel 10, N. I. Choy to Louis Saillant, 20 November 1946; Turner to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-646 (efl227); Mulliken to Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/3-1446, office memo; Mulliken Wilcox et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/9-346, office memo; Sullivan to Gross et al., Washington, RG 59, 800.504/8-2246, memo of conversation. Once the War Department overruled General Douglas MacArthur, Matthew Woll, AFL vice president, wrote to Secretary Peterson that the United States allowed the Soviet-controlled WFTU into Japan, but the same federation prevented the AFL from going into the French zone in Germany in November 1946. Woll alleged that Saillant was a Soviet agent trying to undermine American labor and political influence around the world. Hostile to the AFL, the French Communist party central committee warned the AFL not to infiltrate the French labor movement and not to use the State Department toward that goal. On 6 April Izvestia reported that South Korean local authorities prevented trade unionists from meeting with the WFTU mission, whereas such meetings were free in North Korea. The TUC delegate corroborated Saillant's charge that the U.S. authorities severely restricted the delegates in South Korea, apparently during a clash between the police and workers of the Chun Pyawng. Defending South Korea, Townsend, who criticized General MacArthur's labor policy, argued that there was more freedom in that country than in North Korea. He recommended that the AFL and CIO invite Japanese trade union leaders to the United States to help them understand trade unionism within a capitalist system. Matthew Woll to Robert Patterson, secretary of war, 2 April 1947, Papers of Harry S. Truman, Official File, American Federation of Labor, Truman Library, Patterson to Woll, 25 March 1947, Truman Papers; F.O. 371/67613, UNE 291, no. 100, 19 April 1947; New York Times, 14, 15, 29 March, 5, 7, 9 April 1947; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/4-947, no. A-437; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 154-55; Weiler, British Labour, 80.
88. Fishburn to Nitze, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1447; Lorwin to Department of State, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1547; Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1547, no. A 455; F.O. 371/67613, UNE, 291, no. 100, 19 April 1947; F.O. 371/67613, U 1880, no. 193, 19 August 1947. For an overview of social conditions and violence in South Korea see Gregory Henderson, Korea: The Politics of the Vortex (Cambridge, 1968), 136-47.
89. Langdon to secretary of state, Seoul, RG 59, 800.5043/5-547, no. 92.
90. Langdon to secretary of state, Seoul, RG 59, 800.5043/6-547, no. 140; New York Times, 25 May 1947.
91. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
92. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
93. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
94. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
95. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
96. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
97. Germer Papers, reel 11, "The Pan African Conference Organized by the WFTU," 15 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "Pan African Trade Union Congress," 10-13 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Murray, 19 April 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, James W. Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-1247, no. 1514; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 89-90, 94-95; Radosh, American Labor, 337-38; Federico Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 1944-1951 [GLI, the United States and European Syndicalism] (Rome, 1989), 146-47; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 100-101; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 107-62; Carew, Labour under the Marshall Plan, 72; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 5.
98. Acheson to Nitze and Bohlen, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/5-1947, memorandum of conversation; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Deakin, 18 March 1947; Carolyn Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945-49," Diplomatic History 7, no. 4 (1983): 295 Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 103-5; Cope Papers, reel 11 (boxes 16-17), "Report on Visit to Greece - April 26 to May 3, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Greek Trade Union Situation: April 26-June 2, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Relation of the Greek Confederation of Labor to the WFTU: Statement of the EME," 31 May 1947; Jon V. Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment: Greece during the Cold War (University Park, 1989), 141-42; Radosh, American Labor, 340-43; Weiler, British Labour, 149-55.
99. Acheson to Nitze and Bohlen, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/5-1947, memorandum of conversation; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Deakin, 18 March 1947; Carolyn Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945-49," Diplomatic History 7, no. 4 (1983): 295 Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 103-5; Cope Papers, reel 11 (boxes 16-17), "Report on Visit to Greece - April 26 to May 3, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Greek Trade Union Situation: April 26-June 2, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Relation of the Greek Confederation of Labor to the WFTU: Statement of the EME," 31 May 1947; Jon V. Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment: Greece during the Cold War (University Park, 1989), 141-42; Radosh, American Labor, 340-43; Weiler, British Labour, 149-55.
100. Acheson to Nitze and Bohlen, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/5-1947, memorandum of conversation; Germer Papers, reel 11, Germer to Deakin, 18 March 1947; Carolyn Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War: American Intervention in the German Labor Movement, 1945-49," Diplomatic History 7, no. 4 (1983): 295 Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 103-5; Cope Papers, reel 11 (boxes 16-17), "Report on Visit to Greece - April 26 to May 3, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Greek Trade Union Situation: April 26-June 2, 1947"; Cope Papers, reel 11, "Relation of the Greek Confederation of Labor to the WFTU: Statement of the EME," 31 May 1947; Jon V. Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment: Greece during the Cold War (University Park, 1989), 141-42; Radosh, American Labor, 340-43; Weiler, British Labour, 149-55.
101. World Federation of Trade Unions, Resolutions adopted by the WFTU General Council at Prague, June 9th to 14th, 1947 (Paris, 1947); Fried to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-647, no. 2556 (enclosures); Weiler, British Labour, 78; Filippelli, American Labor, 94-95; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), 29 June 1947; Cope Papers, reel 11, 2 July 1947.
102. World Federation of Trade Unions, Resolutions adopted by the WFTU General Council at Prague, June 9th to 14th, 1947 (Paris, 1947); Fried to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-647, no. 2556 (enclosures); Weiler, British Labour, 78; Filippelli, American Labor, 94-95; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), 29 June 1947; Cope Papers, reel 11, 2 July 1947.
103. Steinhartd to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-647, no. 641; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1047, no. 657; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1147, no. 659; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59 800.5043/6-1147, no. 672; World Federation of Trade Unions, Report of the Proceedings of the II World Trade Union Congress, 1949 (Paris, 1949), 23.
104. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
105. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
106. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
107. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
108. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
109. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
110. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
111. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
112. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
113. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
114. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
115. Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 292-96; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 112-13; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 53; Taft, Defending Freedom, 78-89; Carew Labour under the Marshall Plan, 65-66; Filippelli, American Labor, 74; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 703; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1347, no. 701; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-1647, no. 711; New York Times, 7, 8, 14, 27 June, 22_July 1947. For an overview of the Greek trade union movement during the Cold War and its international role see Radosh, American Labor, 337-47; Jecchines, Trade Unionism, 98-125; Kofas, Intervention and Underdevelopment, chap, 5; Jean Meynaud, Politikes Dynameis stin Ellada [Political forces in Greece] (Athens, 1976), 182-91; Kommounistiko Komma Elladas, Saranta Chronia tou KKE, 552-59; and Georgis D. Katsoulis, Istoria tou Kommounistikou Kommatos Elladas, 1946-1949 [History of the Greek Communist Party] (Athens, 1980), 193-96.
116. Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/7-147, no. 2779; Germer Papers, reel 11, James Ford to Louis Saillant, 4 March 1947.
117. Acheson to secretary of state, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2347, no. 8504. Rhea Dulles and Melvyn Dubofsky, Labor in America (Arlington Heights, IL, 1984), 343-48.
118. American Embassy to Department of State, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2447, no. 2702; Steinhardt to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2747, no. 2737 (enclosure no. 1); RG 59, 800.5043/6-3047, no. 2749; Germer Papers, reel 11, M. Faline to Germer, 15 March 1947; Germer Papers, Germer to Murray, 11 March 1947; R. H. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman, A Life (Columbia, 1994), 232.
119. Altaffer to secretary of state, Bremen, Germany, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2547, no. 744; Acheson to American Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2347; Griffis to secretary of state, Warsaw, RG 59, 800.5043/8-1147, no. 118; Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 297-98; Paul Vignaux, De la CFTC a la CFDT: Syndicalisme et Socialisme [From the CFTC to the CFDT: Syndicalism and socialism] (Paris, 1980), 47; Weiler, British Labour, 181-82.
120. Altaffer to secretary of state, Bremen, Germany, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2547, no. 744; Acheson to American Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2347; Griffis to secretary of state, Warsaw, RG 59, 800.5043/8-1147, no. 118; Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 297-98; Paul Vignaux, De la CFTC a la CFDT: Syndicalisme et Socialisme [From the CFTC to the CFDT: Syndicalism and socialism] (Paris, 1980), 47; Weiler, British Labour, 181-82.
121. Altaffer to secretary of state, Bremen, Germany, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2547, no. 744; Acheson to American Diplomatic and Consular Officers, Washington, RG 59, 800.5043/6-2347; Griffis to secretary of state, Warsaw, RG 59, 800.5043/8-1147, no. 118; Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 297-98; Paul Vignaux, De la CFTC a la CFDT: Syndicalisme et Socialisme [From the CFTC to the CFDT: Syndicalism and socialism] (Paris, 1980), 47; Weiler, British Labour, 181-82.
122. Spalding to secretary of state, Stockholm, RG 59, 800.5043/7-3147, no. 15349; Germer Papers, reel 11, Philip Murray to International Unions, 24 July 1947. Besides weakening organized labor, the Taft-Hartley Act backed by big business and the government limited labor's scope to bread and butter issues. Michael Hogan, The Marshall Plan (Cambridge, 1987), 15-16.
123. Spalding to secretary of state, Stockholm, RG 59, 800.5043/8-447, no. 744. The State Department intensified the campaign against the WFTU and targeted Saillant, sharing intelligence information with U.S. labor officials in the WFTU in an effort to convince them to leave the organization. Cope Papers, reel 11, boxes 16-17, "Arrival of Louis Saillant, General Secretary of the WFTU, in the Capital," Bucharest, 5 November 1947.
124. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 42-49, 301-8; Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america, 80-82; Levenstein, Labor Organizations, 171-83; Cope Papers, reel 11, "CTAL ask six Latin American Affiliates, Chinese, to join New Zealand, Australia, U.S.," 13 October 1947.
125. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 42-49, 301-8; Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america, 80-82; Levenstein, Labor Organizations, 171-83; Cope Papers, reel 11, "CTAL ask six Latin American Affiliates, Chinese, to join New Zealand, Australia, U.S.," 13 October 1947.
126. Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 42-49, 301-8; Rubio, Las internacionales obreras en america, 80-82; Levenstein, Labor Organizations, 171-83; Cope Papers, reel 11, "CTAL ask six Latin American Affiliates, Chinese, to join New Zealand, Australia, U.S.," 13 October 1947.
127. Zengotita to secretary of state, Mexico City, RG 59, 800.5043/8-2147, no. 4427.
128. Ibid.; Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Escritos sobre el movimineto obrero [Lombardo Toledano, writings on the labor movement] (Mexico, 1975), 11-15; Lourdes Quintanilla Obregon, Lombardismo y sindicatos en america latina [Lombardismo and syndicates in Latin America] (Mexico, 1982), 147-53; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 300-306.
129. Ibid.; Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Escritos sobre el movimineto obrero [Lombardo Toledano, writings on the labor movement] (Mexico, 1975), 11-15; Lourdes Quintanilla Obregon, Lombardismo y sindicatos en america latina [Lombardismo and syndicates in Latin America] (Mexico, 1982), 147-53; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 300-306.
130. Ibid.; Vicente Lombardo Toledano, Escritos sobre el movimineto obrero [Lombardo Toledano, writings on the labor movement] (Mexico, 1975), 11-15; Lourdes Quintanilla Obregon, Lombardismo y sindicatos en america latina [Lombardismo and syndicates in Latin America] (Mexico, 1982), 147-53; Kofas, The Struggle for Legitimacy, 300-306.
131. F.O. 371/57210 U3877, no. 264, 9 April 1947; Altaffer to secretary of state, Bremen, Germany, RG 59, 800.5043/10-247, no. 868; Weiler, British Labour, 182; E. A. Bret, The World Economy since the War (New York, 1985), 62-74, 106.
132. F.O. 371/57210 U3877, no. 264, 9 April 1947; Altaffer to secretary of state, Bremen, Germany, RG 59, 800.5043/10-247, no. 868; Weiler, British Labour, 182; E. A. Bret, The World Economy since the War (New York, 1985), 62-74, 106.
133. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
134. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
135. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
136. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
137. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
138. Durbrow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 3253; Cope Papers, reel 11, (boxes 16-17), no. 9032, "A.A. Zhdanov's Report at Communist Parties' Information Conference," October 1947; New York Times, 17 November 1947; MacShane, International Labour, 136-37. On Zhadanovschina see David MacKenzie and Michael Curran, A History of the Soviet Union (Belmont, CA, 1991), 349; A. Z. Rubenstein, The Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union (New York, 1960), 236-39; G. Ra'anan, International Policy Formation in the USSR: Factional Debates during the Zhadanovschina (Hamden, CT, 1983); Andrei Zhadanov, "Report on the International Situation," Politics and Ideology (Moscow, 1949); and J. M. Thompson, A Vision Unfulfiled (Lexington, MA, 1996), 562-63.
139. Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 6152; Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-2448, no. 5036; New York Times, 20 November, 21 December 1947; Busch, International Trade Unions, 66; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 325-26; Vignaux, Syndicalisme et Socialisme, 76; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 179-84; Cope Papers, reel no. 11, (boxes 16-17), Michael Ross to Elmer Cope, 30 October 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Elmer Cope to Michael Ross, 4 November 1947.
140. Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 6152; Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-2448, no. 5036; New York Times, 20 November, 21 December 1947; Busch, International Trade Unions, 66; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 325-26; Vignaux, Syndicalisme et Socialisme, 76; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 179-84; Cope Papers, reel no. 11, (boxes 16-17), Michael Ross to Elmer Cope, 30 October 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Elmer Cope to Michael Ross, 4 November 1947.
141. Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 6152; Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-2448, no. 5036; New York Times, 20 November, 21 December 1947; Busch, International Trade Unions, 66; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 325-26; Vignaux, Syndicalisme et Socialisme, 76; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 179-84; Cope Papers, reel no. 11, (boxes 16-17), Michael Ross to Elmer Cope, 30 October 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Elmer Cope to Michael Ross, 4 November 1947.
142. Douglas to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/11-2147, no. 6152;
143. Germer Papers, reel 11, 17 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Saillant to Germer, 6 January 1948; Germer Papers, reel 11, Vincent Tewson to Germer, 30 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "ILWU Executive Board," 16-18 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "CIO Views Regarding American European Aid," Paris, 18-24 November 1947; ibid., Leo R. Werts to James Carey, Berlin, 24_January 1948; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/12-3047, no. 6658; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 105. There were increasing signs from the Soviet bloc countries after the WFTU secretariat meeting in London that the rift between the two camps was widening, as the Communist states assumed a more direct role in support of the WFTU. An indication of this new policy came when Frantisek Kraus, a high-ranking official in the Czech Ministry of Social Welfare and Chairman of the Social Commission of the UN, published an article stating that the government in Prague supported the growth of WFTU's influence on international social and economic policies. As East-West diplomatic conflicts intensified, amid Communist rebellions in Greece, Vietnam, and China, it became increasingly apparent that the pro-Western trade unions must split from the WFTU. Bruins to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/1-848, no. 21; F.O. 371/72855, U 1819, 6 January 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 175; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), TUC Publicity Department, London, 17 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Clinton Golden, AMAG to Cope, Athens, 26 December 1947; Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 432-55; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 327-51; MacShane, International Labour, 263-70; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 101-3; Lacroix-Riz, La CGTde la Liberation a la Scission, 252-355.
144. Germer Papers, reel 11, 17 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Saillant to Germer, 6 January 1948; Germer Papers, reel 11, Vincent Tewson to Germer, 30 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "ILWU Executive Board," 16-18 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "CIO Views Regarding American European Aid," Paris, 18-24 November 1947; ibid., Leo R. Werts to James Carey, Berlin, 24_January 1948; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/12-3047, no. 6658; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 105. There were increasing signs from the Soviet bloc countries after the WFTU secretariat meeting in London that the rift between the two camps was widening, as the Communist states assumed a more direct role in support of the WFTU. An indication of this new policy came when Frantisek Kraus, a high-ranking official in the Czech Ministry of Social Welfare and Chairman of the Social Commission of the UN, published an article stating that the government in Prague supported the growth of WFTU's influence on international social and economic policies. As East-West diplomatic conflicts intensified, amid Communist rebellions in Greece, Vietnam, and China, it became increasingly apparent that the pro-Western trade unions must split from the WFTU. Bruins to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/1-848, no. 21; F.O. 371/72855, U 1819, 6 January 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 175; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), TUC Publicity Department, London, 17 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Clinton Golden, AMAG to Cope, Athens, 26 December 1947; Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 432-55; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 327-51; MacShane, International Labour, 263-70; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 101-3; Lacroix-Riz, La CGTde la Liberation a la Scission, 252-355.
145. Germer Papers, reel 11, 17 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Saillant to Germer, 6 January 1948; Germer Papers, reel 11, Vincent Tewson to Germer, 30 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "ILWU Executive Board," 16-18 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "CIO Views Regarding American European Aid," Paris, 18-24 November 1947; ibid., Leo R. Werts to James Carey, Berlin, 24_January 1948; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/12-3047, no. 6658; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 105. There were increasing signs from the Soviet bloc countries after the WFTU secretariat meeting in London that the rift between the two camps was widening, as the Communist states assumed a more direct role in support of the WFTU. An indication of this new policy came when Frantisek Kraus, a high-ranking official in the Czech Ministry of Social Welfare and Chairman of the Social Commission of the UN, published an article stating that the government in Prague supported the growth of WFTU's influence on international social and economic policies. As East-West diplomatic conflicts intensified, amid Communist rebellions in Greece, Vietnam, and China, it became increasingly apparent that the pro-Western trade unions must split from the WFTU. Bruins to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/1-848, no. 21; F.O. 371/72855, U 1819, 6 January 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 175; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), TUC Publicity Department, London, 17 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Clinton Golden, AMAG to Cope, Athens, 26 December 1947; Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 432-55; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 327-51; MacShane, International Labour, 263-70; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 101-3; Lacroix-Riz, La CGTde la Liberation a la Scission, 252-355.
146. Germer Papers, reel 11, 17 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Saillant to Germer, 6 January 1948; Germer Papers, reel 11, Vincent Tewson to Germer, 30 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "ILWU Executive Board," 16-18 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "CIO Views Regarding American European Aid," Paris, 18-24 November 1947; ibid., Leo R. Werts to James Carey, Berlin, 24_January 1948; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/12-3047, no. 6658; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 105. There were increasing signs from the Soviet bloc countries after the WFTU secretariat meeting in London that the rift between the two camps was widening, as the Communist states assumed a more direct role in support of the WFTU. An indication of this new policy came when Frantisek Kraus, a high-ranking official in the Czech Ministry of Social Welfare and Chairman of the Social Commission of the UN, published an article stating that the government in Prague supported the growth of WFTU's influence on international social and economic policies. As East-West diplomatic conflicts intensified, amid Communist rebellions in Greece, Vietnam, and China, it became increasingly apparent that the pro-Western trade unions must split from the WFTU. Bruins to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/1-848, no. 21; F.O. 371/72855, U 1819, 6 January 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 175; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), TUC Publicity Department, London, 17 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Clinton Golden, AMAG to Cope, Athens, 26 December 1947; Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 432-55; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 327-51; MacShane, International Labour, 263-70; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 101-3; Lacroix-Riz, La CGTde la Liberation a la Scission, 252-355.
147. Germer Papers, reel 11, 17 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, Saillant to Germer, 6 January 1948; Germer Papers, reel 11, Vincent Tewson to Germer, 30 December 1947; Germer Papers, reel 11, "ILWU Executive Board," 16-18 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "CIO Views Regarding American European Aid," Paris, 18-24 November 1947; ibid., Leo R. Werts to James Carey, Berlin, 24_January 1948; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/12-3047, no. 6658; Galiman to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 105. There were increasing signs from the Soviet bloc countries after the WFTU secretariat meeting in London that the rift between the two camps was widening, as the Communist states assumed a more direct role in support of the WFTU. An indication of this new policy came when Frantisek Kraus, a high-ranking official in the Czech Ministry of Social Welfare and Chairman of the Social Commission of the UN, published an article stating that the government in Prague supported the growth of WFTU's influence on international social and economic policies. As East-West diplomatic conflicts intensified, amid Communist rebellions in Greece, Vietnam, and China, it became increasingly apparent that the pro-Western trade unions must split from the WFTU. Bruins to secretary of state, Praha, RG 59, 800.5043/1-848, no. 21; F.O. 371/72855, U 1819, 6 January 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-1248, no. 175; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), TUC Publicity Department, London, 17 December 1947; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), Clinton Golden, AMAG to Cope, Athens, 26 December 1947; Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-73 (New York, 1974), 432-55; Georges et al., Le Mouvement Syndical Francais, 327-51; MacShane, International Labour, 263-70; Lefranc, Le Syndicalisme en France, 101-3; Lacroix-Riz, La CGTde la Liberation a la Scission, 252-355.
148. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/1-2948, no. 514.
149. Smith to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.5043/1-5048, no. 169; Herbert Weiner to secretary of state, London, RG 59, 800.5043/2-1148, no. 355; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; Cope Papers, reel 12, (boxes 17-19), "Report of Conference with Soviet Trade Unionists," Moscow, 25-6-1948.
150. F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2348, no. 2169; Cabot to secretary of state, Shanghai, RG 59, 800.5043/5-748, no. A-384; Eisenberg, "Working Class Politics and the Cold War," 300-303.
151. Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 19-20), "Notes on Meeting of the Executive Bureau, Rome, Italy," 30 April 1948; ibid., "Report of CIO Secretary-Treasurer James B. Carey covering meeting of the WFTU Executive Committee April 30 to May 10, 1948"; Germer Papers, reel 11, Ilmar Koivunen to all CIO Local Union Officers, 12 March 1948; F.O. 371/72855, no. 822, 11 May 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UN 1777, no. 759, 30 April 1948. F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2272, no. 30, 7 June 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2291, no. 270, 4 June 1948; Romero GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 184-85; MacShane, International Labour, 137-39, 161-66; Radosh, American Labor, 436.
152. Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 19-20), "Notes on Meeting of the Executive Bureau, Rome, Italy," 30 April 1948; ibid., "Report of CIO Secretary-Treasurer James B. Carey covering meeting of the WFTU Executive Committee April 30 to May 10, 1948"; Germer Papers, reel 11, Ilmar Koivunen to all CIO Local Union Officers, 12 March 1948; F.O. 371/72855, no. 822, 11 May 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UN 1777, no. 759, 30 April 1948. F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2272, no. 30, 7 June 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2291, no. 270, 4 June 1948; Romero GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 184-85; MacShane, International Labour, 137-39, 161-66; Radosh, American Labor, 436.
153. Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 19-20), "Notes on Meeting of the Executive Bureau, Rome, Italy," 30 April 1948; ibid., "Report of CIO Secretary-Treasurer James B. Carey covering meeting of the WFTU Executive Committee April 30 to May 10, 1948"; Germer Papers, reel 11, Ilmar Koivunen to all CIO Local Union Officers, 12 March 1948; F.O. 371/72855, no. 822, 11 May 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UN 1777, no. 759, 30 April 1948. F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2272, no. 30, 7 June 1948; F.O. 371/72855, UNE 2291, no. 270, 4 June 1948; Romero GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 184-85; MacShane, International Labour, 137-39, 161-66; Radosh, American Labor, 436.
154. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
155. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
156. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
157. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
158. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
159. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
160. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/4-2448, no. 2181; F.O. 371/72855, 1593, 15 April 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, Elmer Cope to Philip Murray, 20 March 1948; Cope Papers, reel 13, (boxes 13-14), "Report on March 12, 1948, discussion between James B. Carey, CIO and Giuseppe De Vittorio, Italian Confederation of Labor," 22 March 1948; Hogan, The Marshall Plan, 146-49; Fillippelli, Postwar Italy, 94-95; Saillant, The World Federation of Trade Unions, 55-57; Romero, GLI Stati Uniti e il sindicalismo europeo, 211-31; Sergio Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 1943-1969 [History of syndicalism in Italy, 1943-1969] (Bari, 1974), 140-42; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 27; Wall, L' Influence americaine sur la politique francais, 199-200.
161. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2148, no. 3793; Radosh, American Labor, 331-34; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 162-63.
162. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/7-2148, no. 3793; Radosh, American Labor, 331-34; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 162-63.
163. U.S. embassy in Moscow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.504/ 5-1848, no. A-486; Ulrick Bay to secretary of state, Oslo, RG 59, 800.5043/7-3048, no. 363; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 157-60; Cope Papers, reel no. 13, (boxes 19-20), "A Victory of Trade Union Unity," 15 May 1948; Lefranc, Le syndicalisme en France, 102-3; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 14-15. In a letter to Germer, Clinton Golden, an official in charge of U.S. aid in Greece, acknowledged that the U.S.-backed right-wing regime in Athens jailed duly elected trade unionists, while encouraging extreme right wingers. Germer Papers, reel 11, Clinton Golden to Germer, 12 December 1947.
164. U.S. embassy in Moscow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.504/ 5-1848, no. A-486; Ulrick Bay to secretary of state, Oslo, RG 59, 800.5043/7-3048, no. 363; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 157-60; Cope Papers, reel no. 13, (boxes 19-20), "A Victory of Trade Union Unity," 15 May 1948; Lefranc, Le syndicalisme en France, 102-3; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 14-15. In a letter to Germer, Clinton Golden, an official in charge of U.S. aid in Greece, acknowledged that the U.S.-backed right-wing regime in Athens jailed duly elected trade unionists, while encouraging extreme right wingers. Germer Papers, reel 11, Clinton Golden to Germer, 12 December 1947.
165. U.S. embassy in Moscow to secretary of state, Moscow, RG 59, 800.504/ 5-1848, no. A-486; Ulrick Bay to secretary of state, Oslo, RG 59, 800.5043/7-3048, no. 363; Wall, L' influence americaine sur la politique francais, 157-60; Cope Papers, reel no. 13, (boxes 19-20), "A Victory of Trade Union Unity," 15 May 1948; Lefranc, Le syndicalisme en France, 102-3; Weiler, "International Labor and the Cold War," 14-15. In a letter to Germer, Clinton Golden, an official in charge of U.S. aid in Greece, acknowledged that the U.S.-backed right-wing regime in Athens jailed duly elected trade unionists, while encouraging extreme right wingers. Germer Papers, reel 11, Clinton Golden to Germer, 12 December 1947.
166. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/10-1448, no. 1248; Taft, Defending Freedom, 136; Busch, International Trade Unions, 56-57. For more on the CIA's role see Carew, "The American Labor Movement."
167. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/10-1448, no. 1248; Taft, Defending Freedom, 136; Busch, International Trade Unions, 56-57. For more on the CIA's role see Carew, "The American Labor Movement."
168. Caffery to secretary of state, Paris, RG 59, 800.5043/10-1448, no. 1248; Taft, Defending Freedom, 136; Busch, International Trade Unions, 56-57. For more on the CIA's role see Carew, "The American Labor Movement."
169. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).
170. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).
171. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).
172. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).
173. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).
174. Turone, Storia del Sindicato in Italia, 124-27; Lacroix-Riz, La CGT de la Liberation a la Scission, 371-72; Lacroix-Riz, Le choix de Marianne, 120-22; Barkan, Visions of Emancipation, 25; MacShane, International Labour, 278-96; Godfried, "Spreading American Corporatism," 51-52. For the U.S. government's perspective see U.S. Department of State, "World Federation of Trade Unions: Soviet Foreign Policy Tool" (Washington, 1983).