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Volumn 62, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 401-423

Petrarch and the Genealogy of Asceticism

(1)  Blanchard, W Scott a  

a NONE

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EID: 0347664825     PISSN: 00225037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3654148     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (80)
  • 1
    • 0346539011 scopus 로고
    • Petrarch and Monasticism
    • ed. Aldo S. Bernardo Albany, N.Y.
    • Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World, ed. Aldo S. Bernardo (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 55. In addition to Constable's excellent treatment of monastic strains in Petrarch's thought, I have also been influenced throughout this essay by two works by Ugo Dotti: Vita di Petrarca (Rome, 1992), esp. 443-55, and Storia degli intellettuali in Italia (Rome, 1997). The studies of E.H. Wilkins and Hans Baron remain indispensable, especially the latter's 1962 study, "The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought," in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), 7-50. The notion of Petrarch as a "public intellectual" can be traced as far back as the observation of Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme (2 vols.; Paris, 1907), I, 29, who spoke of Petrarch as "un grand public lettré." All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.
    • (1980) Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World , pp. 55
    • Constable, G.1
  • 2
    • 0347799286 scopus 로고
    • Rome
    • Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World, ed. Aldo S. Bernardo (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 55. In addition to Constable's excellent treatment of monastic strains in Petrarch's thought, I have also been influenced throughout this essay by two works by Ugo Dotti: Vita di Petrarca (Rome, 1992), esp. 443-55, and Storia degli intellettuali in Italia (Rome, 1997). The studies of E.H. Wilkins and Hans Baron remain indispensable, especially the latter's 1962 study, "The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought," in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), 7-50. The notion of Petrarch as a "public intellectual" can be traced as far back as the observation of Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme (2 vols.; Paris, 1907), I, 29, who spoke of Petrarch as "un grand public lettré." All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.
    • (1992) Vita di Petrarca , pp. 443-455
    • Dotti, U.1
  • 3
    • 0346539018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rome
    • Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World, ed. Aldo S. Bernardo (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 55. In addition to Constable's excellent treatment of monastic strains in Petrarch's thought, I have also been influenced throughout this essay by two works by Ugo Dotti: Vita di Petrarca (Rome, 1992), esp. 443-55, and Storia degli intellettuali in Italia (Rome, 1997). The studies of E.H. Wilkins and Hans Baron remain indispensable, especially the latter's 1962 study, "The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought," in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), 7-50. The notion of Petrarch as a "public intellectual" can be traced as far back as the observation of Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme (2 vols.; Paris, 1907), I, 29, who spoke of Petrarch as "un grand public lettré." All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.
    • (1997) Storia degli Intellettuali in Italia
  • 4
    • 84920074843 scopus 로고
    • The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought
    • Chicago
    • Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World, ed. Aldo S. Bernardo (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 55. In addition to Constable's excellent treatment of monastic strains in Petrarch's thought, I have also been influenced throughout this essay by two works by Ugo Dotti: Vita di Petrarca (Rome, 1992), esp. 443-55, and Storia degli intellettuali in Italia (Rome, 1997). The studies of E.H. Wilkins and Hans Baron remain indispensable, especially the latter's 1962 study, "The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought," in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), 7-50. The notion of Petrarch as a "public intellectual" can be traced as far back as the observation of Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme (2 vols.; Paris, 1907), I, 29, who spoke of Petrarch as "un grand public lettré." All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.
    • (1968) From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni , pp. 7-50
    • Baron, H.1
  • 5
    • 0347169263 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols.; Paris
    • Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," in Francesco Petrarca: Citizen of the World, ed. Aldo S. Bernardo (Albany, N.Y., 1980), 55. In addition to Constable's excellent treatment of monastic strains in Petrarch's thought, I have also been influenced throughout this essay by two works by Ugo Dotti: Vita di Petrarca (Rome, 1992), esp. 443-55, and Storia degli intellettuali in Italia (Rome, 1997). The studies of E.H. Wilkins and Hans Baron remain indispensable, especially the latter's 1962 study, "The Evolution of Petrarch's Thought," in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), 7-50. The notion of Petrarch as a "public intellectual" can be traced as far back as the observation of Pierre de Nolhac, Pétrarque et l'humanisme (2 vols.; Paris, 1907), I, 29, who spoke of Petrarch as "un grand public lettré." All translations are my own unless otherwise noted.
    • (1907) Pétrarque et L'humanisme , vol.1 , pp. 29
    • De Nolhac, P.1
  • 6
    • 84953887902 scopus 로고
    • The Active and the Contemplative Life in Renaissance Humanism
    • ed. Brian Vickers Zurich
    • Paul Oskar Kristeller, "The Active and the Contemplative Life in Renaissance Humanism," in Arbeit Musse Meditation: Betrachtungen zur Vita activa und Vita contemplativa, ed. Brian Vickers (Zurich, 1985), 133-52, with brief remarks on Petrarch's two works on the solitary life. Petrarch engaged in a verbal debate on the relative merits of the vita activa and the vita contemplativa with the emperor Charles IV in 1354 (Dotti, Vita, 303). There is also some treatment of the theme in the Invective contra medicum, book 4.
    • (1985) Arbeit Musse Meditation: Betrachtungen Zur Vita Activa und Vita Contemplativa , pp. 133-152
    • Kristeller, P.O.1
  • 7
    • 0347169262 scopus 로고
    • Linee di sviluppo dell'umanesimo petrarchesco
    • ed. Michele Feo and Silvia Rizzo Padua
    • There appears to be general agreement on a Petrarchan "crisis" of the 1340s: in addition to Baron's "The Evolution," see also Guido Martellotti, "Linee di sviluppo dell'umanesimo petrarchesco," in Scritti Petrarcheschi, ed. Michele Feo and Silvia Rizzo (Padua, 1983), 110-40.
    • (1983) Scritti Petrarcheschi , pp. 110-140
    • Martellotti, G.1
  • 9
    • 0003605965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York
    • For a broad typology of the intellectual as a figure of dissent, see Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York, 1996); and "Afterword" to Orientalism (New York, 1994), 326. In the Anglo-American world, Edward Shils's essay, "The Intellectuals and the Powers: Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis," in On Intellectuals, ed. Philip Rieff (Garden City, N.Y., 1970), 27-51, remains influential. For an overview of Weber's understanding of the sociological type of the intellectual, see Ahmad Sadri, Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals (Oxford, 1992). For Antonio Gramsci's views on intellectuals, see below, n. 11.
    • (1996) Representations of the Intellectual
    • Said, E.1
  • 10
    • 0347169265 scopus 로고
    • Afterword
    • New York
    • For a broad typology of the intellectual as a figure of dissent, see Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York, 1996); and "Afterword" to Orientalism (New York, 1994), 326. In the Anglo-American world, Edward Shils's essay, "The Intellectuals and the Powers: Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis," in On Intellectuals, ed. Philip Rieff (Garden City, N.Y., 1970), 27-51, remains influential. For an overview of Weber's understanding of the sociological type of the intellectual, see Ahmad Sadri, Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals (Oxford, 1992). For Antonio Gramsci's views on intellectuals, see below, n. 11.
    • (1994) Orientalism , pp. 326
  • 11
    • 0004098450 scopus 로고
    • The Intellectuals and the Powers: Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis
    • Garden City, N.Y.
    • For a broad typology of the intellectual as a figure of dissent, see Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York, 1996); and "Afterword" to Orientalism (New York, 1994), 326. In the Anglo-American world, Edward Shils's essay, "The Intellectuals and the Powers: Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis," in On Intellectuals, ed. Philip Rieff (Garden City, N.Y., 1970), 27-51, remains influential. For an overview of Weber's understanding of the sociological type of the intellectual, see Ahmad Sadri, Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals (Oxford, 1992). For Antonio Gramsci's views on intellectuals, see below, n. 11.
    • (1970) On Intellectuals , pp. 27-51
    • Rieff, P.1
  • 12
    • 84933486650 scopus 로고
    • Oxford
    • For a broad typology of the intellectual as a figure of dissent, see Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York, 1996); and "Afterword" to Orientalism (New York, 1994), 326. In the Anglo-American world, Edward Shils's essay, "The Intellectuals and the Powers: Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis," in On Intellectuals, ed. Philip Rieff (Garden City, N.Y., 1970), 27-51, remains influential. For an overview of Weber's understanding of the sociological type of the intellectual, see Ahmad Sadri, Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals (Oxford, 1992). For Antonio Gramsci's views on intellectuals, see below, n. 11.
    • (1992) Max Weber's Sociology of Intellectuals
    • Sadri, A.1
  • 14
    • 0040623096 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge
    • Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Princeton, 1983), esp. 88-240; Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530, ed. Peter Biller and Anne Hudson (Cambridge, 1994); R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (London, 1977); and Gioacchino Volpe, Movimenti religiosi e sette ereticali nella società medievale italiana (Florence, 1922).
    • (1994) Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530
    • Biller, P.1    Hudson, A.2
  • 15
    • 0041526433 scopus 로고
    • London
    • Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Princeton, 1983), esp. 88-240; Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530, ed. Peter Biller and Anne Hudson (Cambridge, 1994); R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (London, 1977); and Gioacchino Volpe, Movimenti religiosi e sette ereticali nella società medievale italiana (Florence, 1922).
    • (1977) The Origins of European Dissent
    • Moore, R.I.1
  • 16
    • 0347799289 scopus 로고
    • Florence
    • Brian Stock, The Implications of Literacy: Written Language and Models of Interpretation in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Princeton, 1983), esp. 88-240; Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530, ed. Peter Biller and Anne Hudson (Cambridge, 1994); R. I. Moore, The Origins of European Dissent (London, 1977); and Gioacchino Volpe, Movimenti religiosi e sette ereticali nella società medievale italiana (Florence, 1922).
    • (1922) Movimenti Religiosi e Sette Ereticali Nella Società Medievale Italiana
    • Volpe, G.1
  • 17
    • 0039576599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University Park, Penn.
    • Lutz Kaelber, Schools of Asceticism: Ideology and Religious Organization in Medieval Religious Communities (University Park, Penn., 1998); Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1978). For Petrarch's links to the traditions of voluntary poverty, see Hans Baron, "Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth in the Shaping of Trecento Humanistic Thought: The Role of Petrarch," in In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism (2 vols.; Princeton, 1988), I, 158-90.
    • (1998) Schools of Asceticism: Ideology and Religious Organization in Medieval Religious Communities
    • Kaelber, L.1
  • 18
    • 0003598934 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca
    • Lutz Kaelber, Schools of Asceticism: Ideology and Religious Organization in Medieval Religious Communities (University Park, Penn., 1998); Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1978). For Petrarch's links to the traditions of voluntary poverty, see Hans Baron, "Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth in the Shaping of Trecento Humanistic Thought: The Role of Petrarch," in In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism (2 vols.; Princeton, 1988), I, 158-90.
    • (1978) Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe
    • Little, L.K.1
  • 19
    • 0041813794 scopus 로고
    • Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth in the Shaping of Trecento Humanistic Thought: The Role of Petrarch
    • 2 vols.; Princeton
    • Lutz Kaelber, Schools of Asceticism: Ideology and Religious Organization in Medieval Religious Communities (University Park, Penn., 1998); Lester K. Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1978). For Petrarch's links to the traditions of voluntary poverty, see Hans Baron, "Franciscan Poverty and Civic Wealth in the Shaping of Trecento Humanistic Thought: The Role of Petrarch," in In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism (2 vols.; Princeton, 1988), I, 158-90.
    • (1988) In Search of Florentine Civic Humanism , vol.1 , pp. 158-190
    • Baron, H.1
  • 22
    • 0345907941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A balanced discussion can be found in Kristeller, "The Active and Contemplative Life," 141-42; for the "myth," or at least the wide range, of "solitude," see Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," 64.
    • The Active and Contemplative Life , pp. 141-142
    • Kristeller1
  • 23
    • 0347799291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A balanced discussion can be found in Kristeller, "The Active and Contemplative Life," 141-42; for the "myth," or at least the wide range, of "solitude," see Giles Constable, "Petrarch and Monasticism," 64.
    • Petrarch and Monasticism , vol.64
    • Constable, G.1
  • 34
    • 0347799270 scopus 로고
    • 3 vols.; I, Albany, New York
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1975) Rerum Familiarum Libri
    • Petrarca, F.1
  • 35
    • 0345907925 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1982) Rerum Familiarum Libri , vol.2
  • 36
    • 0347169232 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1985) Rerum Familiarum Libri , vol.3
  • 37
    • 60949670045 scopus 로고
    • 2 vols.; Baltimore
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1992) Rerum Senilium Libri
  • 38
    • 0345907926 scopus 로고
    • 4 vols.; Florence
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1933) Familiares
  • 39
    • 0346538981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • Rerum Senilium Libri , vol.2 , pp. 672-673
  • 40
    • 0347799287 scopus 로고
    • Milan
    • Passages from Petrarch's Familiares and Seniles are from the translations of Aldo Bernardo, unless noted otherwise (Franceco Petrarca, Rerum familiarum libri [3 vols.; I, Albany, New York, 1975; II, Baltimore, 1982; III, Baltimore, 1985]; Rerum senilium libri [2 vols.; Baltimore, 1992], with additional assistance of Saul Levin and Reta Bernardo). For the Latin text of the Familiares, I have used volumes X-XIII of the Edizione nazionale delle opere di Francesco Petrarca more usefully cited as Rossi, Familiares (4 vols.; Florence, 1933-42). This passage from the Seniles is given in Rerum senilium libri 2:672-73; the Latin text can be found in Francesco Petrarca, Prose, ed. G. Martellotti et al. (Milan, 1955), 2-6.
    • (1955) Prose , pp. 2-6
    • Martellotti, G.1
  • 41
    • 0347169261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:321; Rossi, Familiares, 3:208. See also Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years, 8-12.
    • Rerum Familiarum Libri , vol.2 , pp. 321
  • 42
    • 0345907948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:321; Rossi, Familiares, 3:208. See also Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years, 8-12.
    • Familiares , vol.3 , pp. 208
    • Rossi1
  • 43
    • 0346538988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:321; Rossi, Familiares, 3:208. See also Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years, 8-12.
    • Petrarch's Eight Years , pp. 8-12
    • Wilkins1
  • 44
    • 0347799274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • with an Italian translation
    • The text of this brief work is in Prose, ed. Martellotti, with an Italian translation, 694-709; this quotation is from 700 and the page number for the subsequent quotation is indicated in parentheses. For the similar phrase "nulli subiectus hominum," see Petrarch's Secretum, ed. Enrico Fenzi (Milan, 1992), 166 (my thanks to Marcello Simonetta for pointing out this passage).
    • Prose , pp. 694-709
    • Martellotti1
  • 45
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    • Milan
    • The text of this brief work is in Prose, ed. Martellotti, with an Italian translation, 694- 709; this quotation is from 700 and the page number for the subsequent quotation is indicated in parentheses. For the similar phrase "nulli subiectus hominum," see Petrarch's Secretum, ed. Enrico Fenzi (Milan, 1992), 166 (my thanks to Marcello Simonetta for pointing out this passage).
    • (1992) Secretum , pp. 166
    • Fenzi, E.1
  • 47
    • 0347799277 scopus 로고
    • Petrarch, Augustine, and the Classical Tradition
    • ed. Albert Rabil 3 vols.; Philadelphia
    • For this third, Augustinian component, see Albert Rabil, "Petrarch, Augustine, and the Classical Tradition," in Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy, ed. Albert Rabil (3 vols.; Philadelphia, 1988), I, 95-114, who notes the "tension between detachment from and attachment to this world" (97) that is so distinctly characteristic of Petrarch's personality.
    • (1988) Renaissance Humanism: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy , vol.1 , pp. 95-114
    • Rabil, A.1
  • 48
    • 0347169260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the dating of these works, see Dotti, Vita, 140, 151. I have used the text of the De vita solitaria as given in Prose, ed. Martellotti, 286-590, with an Italian translation. For the De otio religioso, I have used the text edited by Giuseppe Rotondi (Il "De otio religioso" di Francesco Petrarca [Vatican City, 1958]).
    • Vita , vol.140 , pp. 151
    • Dotti1
  • 49
    • 0347799274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • with an Italian translation
    • For the dating of these works, see Dotti, Vita, 140, 151. I have used the text of the De vita solitaria as given in Prose, ed. Martellotti, 286-590, with an Italian translation. For the De otio religioso, I have used the text edited by Giuseppe Rotondi (Il "De otio religioso" di Francesco Petrarca [Vatican City, 1958]).
    • Prose , pp. 286-590
    • Martellotti1
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    • Vatican City
    • For the dating of these works, see Dotti, Vita, 140, 151. I have used the text of the De vita solitaria as given in Prose, ed. Martellotti, 286-590, with an Italian translation. For the De otio religioso, I have used the text edited by Giuseppe Rotondi (Il "De otio religioso" di Francesco Petrarca [Vatican City, 1958]).
    • (1958) Il "De Otio Religioso" di Francesco Petrarca
    • Rotondi, G.1
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    • Rerum familiarum libri, 3:232-33; Rossi, Familiares, 4:126-28.
    • Rerum Familiarum Libri , vol.3 , pp. 232-233
  • 52
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    • Rerum familiarum libri, 3:232-33; Rossi, Familiares, 4:126-28.
    • Familiares , vol.4 , pp. 126-128
    • Rossi1
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    • For details on these later additions, see Dotti, Vita, 141; 362-63.
    • Vita , vol.141 , pp. 362-363
    • Dotti1
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    • speaks of "detractors."
    • Wilkins, Petrarch's Eight Years, 8-25; Familiares, 20:14 speaks of "detractors."
    • Familiares , vol.20 , pp. 14
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    • De casibus vimrum illustrium
    • ed. Vittore Branca 10 vols.; Milan
    • Giovanni Boccaccio, De casibus vimrum illustrium, in Tutte le opere di Giovanni Boccaccio, ed. Vittore Branca (10 vols.; Milan, 1983), IX, 192ff.
    • (1983) Tutte le Opere di Giovanni Boccaccio , vol.9
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    • See Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy (New York, 1992), 194-99; idem, Franciscan Poverty (St. Bonaventure, N.Y., 1998).
    • (1992) Medieval Heresy , pp. 194-199
    • Lambert, M.1
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    • idem, St. Bonaventure, N.Y.
    • See Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy (New York, 1992), 194-99; idem, Franciscan Poverty (St. Bonaventure, N.Y., 1998).
    • (1998) Franciscan Poverty
    • Lambert, M.1
  • 59
    • 0347799278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prose, 488: "Arguit eum, fateor, illa calens et temeraria fides mea, que summa etiam perflare non metuit."
    • Prose , vol.488
  • 61
    • 0347799279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "... ex his enim vides, ut amator ille urbis et fori et amata oderit et literatam solitudinem rebus omnibus anteponat."
  • 62
    • 0345907946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • "Quibus ego congressibus atque colloquiis, si datum esset, interfuisse maluerim, quam regum omnium consiliis...."
  • 63
    • 0346538278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Petrarch suggests that the solitude of the countryside refreshes his soul in the De vita solitaria (364).
  • 64
    • 0347799280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • While there is some mention of eremites in the De otio, the discussion is quite brief and focuses less on their desert experiences than on their mortification of the flesh (De otio, 74 [Hilary]; 80 [Anthony and Hilary]).
  • 65
    • 0347798550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Harpham, The Ascetic Imperative, emphasized that cenobitic and eremitic ascetic practices stem from very different motives. He suggests that the former seeks to gain the world by renouncing the self, while the latter seeks to master the self by renouncing the world (29). The distinction is found in Benedict's rule.
    • The Ascetic Imperative
    • Harpham1
  • 67
    • 0346539010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prose, 418: "... solus beate civis patrie, comitatus infelix exilii peregrinus."
    • Prose , vol.418
  • 69
    • 0347169247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:256; Rossi, Familiares, 3:139: "Interea equidem hic michi Romam, hic Athenas, hic patriam ipsam mente constituo." See also Giuseppe Billanovich, Petrarca letterato, I, Lo scrittoio del Petrarca (Rome, 1947), 34.
    • Rerum Familiarum Libri , vol.2 , pp. 256
  • 70
    • 0347169257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:256; Rossi, Familiares, 3:139: "Interea equidem hic michi Romam, hic Athenas, hic patriam ipsam mente constituo." See also Giuseppe Billanovich, Petrarca letterato, I, Lo scrittoio del Petrarca (Rome, 1947), 34.
    • Familiares , vol.3 , pp. 139
    • Rossi1
  • 71
    • 0347169253 scopus 로고
    • Rome
    • Rerum familiarum libri, 2:256; Rossi, Familiares, 3:139: "Interea equidem hic michi Romam, hic Athenas, hic patriam ipsam mente constituo." See also Giuseppe Billanovich, Petrarca letterato, I, Lo scrittoio del Petrarca (Rome, 1947), 34.
    • (1947) Petrarca Letterato, I, lo Scrittoio del Petrarca , pp. 34
    • Billanovich, G.1
  • 72
    • 0002516387 scopus 로고
    • Traditional and Critical Theory
    • tr. Matthew J. O'Connell, New York
    • One of the clearest statements of the theory of negative dialectic can be found in Max Horkheimer, "Traditional and Critical Theory," tr. Matthew J. O'Connell, in Critical Theory: Selected Essays (New York, 1972), 188-243.
    • (1972) Critical Theory: Selected Essays , pp. 188-243
    • Horkheimer, M.1
  • 74
    • 0347169254 scopus 로고
    • ed. Francesco Giambonini 2 vols.; Florence
    • His letters have now been edited with those of Luigi Marsili: Giovanni dalle Celle and Luigi Marsili, Lettere, ed. Francesco Giambonini (2 vols.; Florence, 1991). Luigi Marsili was a correspondent in Petrarch's last years (Seniles, 15:6 and 15:7) and an Augustinian monk quite hostile to the Avignonese papacy. See U. Mariani, Il Petrarca e gli agostiniani (Rome, 1946) and Marvin Becker, "Florentine Politics and the Diffusion of Heresy in the Trecento: A Socioeconomic Inquiry," Speculum, 30 (1959), 60-75.
    • (1991) Lettere
    • Marsili, L.1    Dalle Celle, G.2    Marsili, L.3
  • 75
    • 0347799269 scopus 로고
    • Rome
    • His letters have now been edited with those of Luigi Marsili: Giovanni dalle Celle and Luigi Marsili, Lettere, ed. Francesco Giambonini (2 vols.; Florence, 1991). Luigi Marsili was a correspondent in Petrarch's last years (Seniles, 15:6 and 15:7) and an Augustinian monk quite hostile to the Avignonese papacy. See U. Mariani, Il Petrarca e gli agostiniani (Rome, 1946) and Marvin Becker, "Florentine Politics and the Diffusion of Heresy in the Trecento: A Socioeconomic Inquiry," Speculum, 30 (1959), 60-75.
    • (1946) Il Petrarca e gli Agostiniani
    • Mariani, U.1
  • 76
    • 61049504569 scopus 로고
    • Florentine Politics and the Diffusion of Heresy in the Trecento: A Socioeconomic Inquiry
    • His letters have now been edited with those of Luigi Marsili: Giovanni dalle Celle and Luigi Marsili, Lettere, ed. Francesco Giambonini (2 vols.; Florence, 1991). Luigi Marsili was a correspondent in Petrarch's last years (Seniles, 15:6 and 15:7) and an Augustinian monk quite hostile to the Avignonese papacy. See U. Mariani, Il Petrarca e gli agostiniani (Rome, 1946) and Marvin Becker, "Florentine Politics and the Diffusion of Heresy in the Trecento: A Socioeconomic Inquiry," Speculum, 30 (1959), 60-75.
    • (1959) Speculum , vol.30 , pp. 60-75
    • Becker, M.1
  • 77
    • 0346538998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ed. Giambonini
    • Lettere, ed. Giambonini, II, 559-60.
    • Lettere , vol.2 , pp. 559-560
  • 78
    • 0345907935 scopus 로고
    • Ambivalences of Power
    • Durham
    • See, for example, the appendix "Ambivalences of Power" in Giuseppe Mazzotta, The Worlds of Petrarch (Durham, 1993), 181-92.
    • (1993) The Worlds of Petrarch , pp. 181-192
    • Mazzotta, G.1
  • 80
    • 0345907930 scopus 로고
    • Temi monastici nell'opera del Petrarca
    • Jean Leclercq, "Temi monastici nell'opera del Petrarca," Lettere Italiane, 43 (1991), 42-54.
    • (1991) Lettere Italiane , vol.43 , pp. 42-54
    • Leclercq, J.1


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