Visibility and natural quiet in national parks and wilderness areas: Psychological considerations

Environment and Behavior

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 5-31

  Mace, Britton L ^a   Bell, Paul A ^b   Loomis, Ross J ^b  

^a SOUTHERN UTAH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Environmental stress; Noise effects; Recreation; Visibility

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY; NATIONAL PARK; PSYCHOLOGY; VISIBILITY; WILDERNESS AREA;

EID: 0347664214     PISSN: 00139165     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0013916503254747     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Air Resource Specialists. (1999). EPA issues final regional haze regulations for protection of visibility in Class I areas. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) Newsletter, 8(2), 2-5.
2. Anderson, T. W., Mulligan, B. E., Goodman, L. S., & Regen, H. Z. (1983). Effects of sounds on preferences for outdoor settings. Environment and Behavior, 15, 539-566.
3. Arrow, K. J., Solow, R., Portney, P. R., Learner, E. E., Radner, R., & Schuman, H. (1993). Report of the NOAA panel on contingent valuation. Federal Register, 58(10), 4602-4614.
4. Asleson, R., & Moore, B. (1985). Dialogue with nature. Baltimore: Garamond-Pridemark, Inc.
5. Balson, W. E., Carson, R. T., Hulse, A. E., & Mitchell, R. C. (1990, August). Development and design of a contingent value survey for measuring the public's value for visibility improvements at the Grand Canyon National Park (Revised Draft Rep. prepared for the Salt River Project). Mountain View, CA: Decision Focus, Inc.
6. Balson, W. E., & Hulse, A. E. (1993, June). Estimating the value of atmospheric visibility. Paper presented at the 86th Air and Waste Management Association (AWMA) Convention. Denver, CO.
7. Baum, A., Singer, J. E., & Baum, C. S. (1981). Stress and the environment. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 4-35.
8. Bell, P. A., Greene, T. C., Fisher, J. D., & Baum, A. (2001). Environmental psychology (5th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
9. Bell, P. A., Malm, W. C., Loomis, R. J., & McGlothin, G. E. (1985). Impact of impaired visibility on visitor enjoyment on the Grand Canyon: A test of an ordered logit utility model. Environment and Behavior, 17, 459-474.
10. Boyce, R. R., Brown, T. C., McClelland, G. D., Peterson, G. L., & Schulze, W. D. (1992). An experimental examination of intrinsic environmental values as a source of the WTA-WTP disparity. American Economic Review, 82, 1366-1373.
11. Bronzaft, A. L., Ahern, K. D., McGinn, R., O'Connor, J., & Savino, B. (1998). Aircraft noise: A potential health hazard. Environment and Behavior, 30(1), 101-113.
12. Brookshire, D. S., Coursey, D. L., & Schulze, W. D. (1990). Experiments in the solicitation of private and public values: An overview. In G. Leonard & J. H. Kagel (Eds.), Advances in behavioral economics, Vol. 2 (pp. 325-346). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
13. Bullinger, M. (1989). Psychological effects of air pollution on healthy residents: A time series approach. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 9, 103-118.
14. Campbell, J. M. (1983). Ambient stressors. Environment and Behavior, 15, 355-380.
15. Chestnut, L. G., & Rowe, R. D. (1990, February). Preservation values for visibility protection at the national parks (Draft Final Rep. prepared by RCG/Hagler, Bailly, Inc. for Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and National Park Service. Boulder, CO: RCG/Hagler, Bailley, Inc.
16. Clarke, A., Bell, P. A., & Peterson, G. L. (1999). The influence of attitude priming and social responsibility on the valuation of environmental public goods using paired comparisons. Environment and Behavior, 31, 838-857.
17. Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7401 (1977).
18. Cone, M. (1996, June 10). Strategy set for treating Grand Canyon smog problem. Las Vegas Review Journal, pp. A1-A3.
19. Crawford, J. O., & Bolas, S. M. (1996). Sick building syndrome, work factors and occupational stress. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 22, 243-250.
20. Dailey, T., & Redman, D. (1975). Guidelines for roadless area campsite spacing to minimize impact of human-related noises (USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-35). San Dimas, CA: USDA.
21. Daniel, T. C. (1984). Visual air quality and human perception of scenic vistas in Class I National Parks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4, 330-344.
22. Daniel, T. C. (1990). Measuring the quality of the natural environment. American Psychologist, 45, 633-637.
23. Dellora, G. B., Martin, B. V., & Saunders, R. E. (1984). Motorised recreational vehicles: perception and recreational conflict (Environmental Rep. No. 17). Melbourne, Australia: Monash University, Graduate School of Environmental Science.
24. Driver, B. L. (1996). Benefits-driven management of natural areas. Natural Areas Journal, 16. 94-99.
25. Driver, B. L., & Brown, P. J. (1978). The opportunity spectrum concept and behavioral information in outdoor recreation resource supply inventories: A rationale. In H. G. Lund, V. J. LaBau, P. F. Folliott, & D. W. Robinson (Tech. Coordinators), Proceedings, integrated inventories of renewable natural resources workshop (pp. 165-187). Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
26. Driver, B. L., & Brown, P. J. (1983). Contributions of behavioral scientists to recreation resource management. In I. Altman & J. F. Wholwill (Eds.), Behavior and the environment (pp. 307-339). New York: Plenum.
27. Driver, B. L., Nash R., & Haas, G. (1987). Wilderness benefits: A state-of-knowledge review. In R. C. Lucas (Ed.), Proceedings, National Wilderness Research Conference: Issues, state of knowledge, future directions (Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-220. pp. 294-319). Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service.
28. Driver, B. L., Tinsley, H. E. A., & Manfredo, M. J. (1991). Leisure and recreation experience preference scales: Results from two inventories designed to assess the breadth of the perceived psychological benefits of leisure. In B. L. Driver, P. J. Brown, & G. L. Peterson (Eds.), The benefits of leisure (pp. 263-287). State College, PA: Venture.
29. Eddy, M. (1997, September 19). EPA hears debate on haze. Denver Post, p. 1B.
30. Electric Power Research Institute and Decision Focus, Inc. (1991, January). Analysis of alternative sulfur dioxide reduction strategies (Final Rep., EPRI EN/ GS-7132). Palo Alto, CA: Author.
31. Evans, G. W., Allen, K. M., Tafalla, R., & O'Meara, T. (1996). Multiple stressors: Performance, psychophysiological and affective responses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 147-154.
32. Evans, G. W., Bullinger, M., & Hygge, S. (1998). Chronic noise exposure and physiological response: A prospective study of children living under environmental stress. Psychological Science, 9, 75-77.
33. Evans, G. W., Hygge, S., & Bullinger, M. (1995). Chronic noise and psychological stress. Psychological Science, 6, 333-338.
34. Evans, G. W., & Jacobs, S. V. (1982). Air pollution and human behavior. In G. W. Evans (Ed.), Environmental stress (pp. 105-132). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
35. Evans, G. W., Jacobs, S. V., Dooley, D., & Catalano, R. (1987). The interaction of stressful life events and chronic strains on community mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 23-34.
36. Galloway, W. J., & Jones, G. (1974). Motor vehicle noise: Identification and analysis of situation contributing to annoyance. In U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, International Congress on noise as a public health problem (pp. 785-803). Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
37. Glass, D. C., & Singer, J. E. (1972). Urban stress. New York: Academic Press.
38. Green, D. M., & Fidell, S. (1991). Variability in the criterion for reporting annoyance in community noise surveys. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 89, 234-243.
39. Haas, G. (1998). NPCA park news. National Parks, 72(11/12), 12-21.
40. Harrison, R. T. (1974). Sound propagation and annoyance under forest conditions (USDA Forest Service, Equipment Development and Test Rep. 7120-6). San Dimas, CA: San Dimas Equipment Development Center.
41. Harrison, R. T., Clark, R. N., & Stankey, G. H. (1980). Predicting impact of noise on recreationists (USDA Forest Service, Rep. No. 7120-6). San Dimas, CA: San Dimas Equipment Development Center.
42. Holgate, S. T., Samet, J. M., Maynard, R. L., & Koren, H. S. (Eds.), (1999). Air pollution and health. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
43. Horonjeff, R. D., Kimura, Y., Miller, N. P., Robert, W. E., Rossano, C. F., & Sanchez, G. (1993). Acoustic data collected at Grand Canyon, Haleakala, and Hawaii Volcanoes National Parks (USDI Rep. No. 290940.18). Denver, CO: National Park Service.
44. Jacobs, S. V., Evans, G. W., Catalano, R., & Dooley, D. (1984). Air pollution and depressive symptomatology: Exploratory analyses of intervening psychosocial factors. Population and Environment, 7, 260-272.
45. Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L., & Thaler, R. H. (1990). Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Caose theorem. Journal of Political Economy, 98, 1325-1348.
46. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, 341-350.
47. Kaiser, H. F. Brown, P. J., & Davis, R. K. (1988). The need for values of amenity resources in public natural resources management. In G. L. Peterson, B. L. Driver, & R. Gregory (Eds.), Amenity resource valuation: Integrating economics with other disciplines (pp. 7-12). State College, PA: Venture.
48. Kanamine, L. (1997, March 7). Rift widens over curtailed Grand Canyon air tours. USA Today, p. 3B.
49. Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
50. Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182.
51. Kariel, H. G. (1980). Mountaineers and the general public: A comparison of their evaluation of sounds in a recreational environment. Leisure Sciences, 3, 155-167.
52. Kariel, H. G. (1990). Factors affecting response to noise in outdoor recreational environments. The Canadian Geographer, 34(2), 142-149.
53. Kryter, K. D. (1994). The handbook of learning and effects of noise. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
54. Latimer, D. A., Hogo, H., & Daniel, T. C. (1981) The effects of atmospheric optical conditions on perceived scenic beauty. Atmospheric Environment, 15, 1865-1874.
55. Lee, D. (1994, July/August). Breaking the sound barrier. National Parks, 68, 25-29.
56. Leonard, S., & Borsky, P. N. (1974). A causal model for relating noise exposure, psycho-social variables and aircraft noise annoyance. In U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, International Congress on noise as a public health problem (pp. 691-705). Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
57. Loomis, R. J., Kiphart, M. J., Garnard, D. B., Malm, W. C., & Molenar, J. (1984). Human perception of visual air quality. Paper presented at the Conference on Air Pollution Effects on Parks and Wilderness Areas, Mesa Verde National Park, CO.
58. Mace, B. L., Bell, P. A., & Loomis, R. J. (1999). Aesthetic, affective, and cognitive effects of helicopter noise on natural landscape assessment. Society and Natural Resources, 12, 259-276.
59. Mace, B. L., Clarke, A., Bell, P. A., Peterson, G., & Brown, T. C. (1999, April). Valuation of public goods in a natural environment context. Paper presented at the meeting of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association. Fort Collins, CO.
60. Mace, B. L., & Loomis, R. J. (1995, April). Human visual detection of uniform haze in a scenic environment. Paper presented at the meeting of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Symposium on Environmental Psychology, Boulder, CO.
61. MacFarland, K. K., Malm, W. C., & Molenar, J. (1983). An examination of methodologies and social indicators for assessing the value of visibility in managing air quality. In R. D. Rowe & L. Chestnut (Eds.), Managing air quality and scenic resources at national parks and wilderness areas (pp. 151-171). Boulder, CO: Westview.
62. Malm, W. C. (1999). Introduction to visibility (Air Resources Division, National Park Service, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere [CIRA], NPS Visibility Program). Fort Collins: Colorado State University.
63. Malm, W. C., Leiker, K., & Molenar, J. (1980). Human perception of visual air quality. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 30, 122-131.
64. Malm, W. C., Ross, D. M., Loomis, R. J., Molenar, J., & Iyer, H. (1986). An examination of the ability of various physical indicators to predict perception thresholds of plumes as a function of their size and intensity. Paper presented at the Air Pollution Control Association International Specialty Conference, Grand Tetons, WY.
65. McDonald, C. D., Baumgartner, R. M., & Iachan, R. (1995). National Park Service aircraft management studies (USDI Rep. No. 94-2). Denver, CO: National Park Service.
66. Miedema, H. M. E., & Vos, H. (1999). Demographic and attitudinal factors that modify annoyance from transportation noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 105, 3336-3344.
67. Nash, R. (1982). Wilderness and the American mind (Rev. ed.) New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
68. National Park Service Air Quality Division Visibility Research Program. (1994). Visibility protection. Denver, CO: National Park Service.
69. National Park Scenic Overflight Concession Act, H.R. 1954 (1994).
70. National Wilderness Preservation Act, 40 U.S.C. § (1964).
71. Parry, H. J., & Parry, J. K. (1972). The interpretation and meaning of laboratory determinations of the effects of duration on the judged acceptability of noise. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 20, 51-57.
72. Persinger, M. A., Tiller, S. G., & Koren, S. A. (1999). Background sound pressure fluctuations (5 dB) from overhead ventilation systems increase subjective fatigue of university students during three-hour lectures. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 88, 451-456.
73. Peterson, G. L., Brown, T. C., McCollum, D. W., Bell, P. A., Birjulin, A. A., & Clarke, A. (1994). Estimation of willingness to accept compensation for public and private goods from the chooser reference point by the method of paired comparison. In R. C. Ready (Ed. , Benefits and costs transfer in natural resource planning (7th Interim Rep. of the W-133 Regional Research Project, pp. 329-360). Lexington: University of Kentucky.
74. Peterson, G. L., Driver, B. L., & Gregory, R. (Eds.). (1988). Amenity resources valuation: Integrating economics with other disciplines. State College, PA: Venture.
75. Rahmatian, M. (1986). Extensions of the disaggregate bid experiments: Variations in framing. Journal of Environment Management, 22, 191-202.
76. Randall, A., Ives, B., & Eastman, C. (1974). Bidding games for valuation of aesthetic environment improvements. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, I, 132-149.
77. Ross, D. (1988). Effects of visual air quality on visitors experience. The National Park Service Air Web. Retrieved January 6, 2003, from http://www.aqd.nps.gov/ardnew/aqmon/vis/EffectsofVAQ.htm
78. Ross, D. M., Haas, G. E., Loomis, R. J., & Malm, W. C. (1984, June). Visibility impairment and visitor enjoyment. Paper presented at the 77th Annual Air Pollution Control Association Meeting and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA.
79. Ross, D. M., Malm, W. C., & Loomis, R. J. (September, 1986). An examination of the relative importance of park attributes at several national parks. Paper presented at the 79th Annual Air Pollution Control Association Meeting and Exhibition, Grand Tetons, WY.
80. Rowe, R. D., d'Arge, R., & Brookshire, D. (1980). An experiment on the economic value of visibility. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 7, 1-19.
81. Schultz, T. J. (1978). Synthesis of social surveys on noise annoyance. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64, 377-405.
82. Schultz, W. D., Brookshire, D. S., Walther, E., & Kelley, K. (1981) Methods development for environmental control benefits assessment, Vol. X: The benefits of preserving visibility in the national parklands of the Southwest, Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development.
83. Shaver, C. (1998). Unveiling spacious skies. Women in Natural Resources, 19(4), 4-7.
84. Staples, S. L. (1996). Human response to environmental noise. American Psychologist, 51, 143-150.
85. Steinhauer, A., & Karlsen, C. (1997, January 13). Silence that's not so golden. Las Vegas Review Journal, pp. D1-D2.
86. Tabachnick, B., Howe, R. R., Fidell, S. (1992). Estimation of aircraft overcraft exposure in National Parks and Forest Service Wildernesses (USDI Rep. No. 92-1). Denver, CO: National Park Service.
87. Talbott, E. O., Findlay, R. C., Kuller, L. H., Lenkner, L. A., Matthews, K. A., Day, R. D., et al. (1990). Noise-induced hearing loss and blood pressure. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 32, 690-697.
88. Tarrant, M. A., Haas, G. E., & Manfredo, M. J. (1995). Factors affecting visitor evaluations of aircraft overflights of wilderness. Society and Natural Resources, 8, 351-360.
89. Tolley, G. (1984, March). Establishing and valuing the effects of improved visibility in Eastern United States (Rep. No. 807768-01-0). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
90. Ulrich, R. S. (1993). Biophilia, biophobia, and natural landscapes. In S. R. Kellert & E. O. Wilson (Eds.), The biophilia hypothesis (pp. 73-137). Washington DC: Island.
91. Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.
92. Willner, P., & Neiva, J. (1986). Brief exposure to uncontrollable but not to controllable noise biases the retrieval of information from memory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 93-100.
93. Yellowstone Act, 17 U.S.C. § 32 (1872).