Politics by other means: Justus von Liebig and the German translation of John Stuart Mill's Logic

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 403-418

  Munday, Pat ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347649604     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087498003379     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. John Stuart Mill, 'Review of Bailey's Rationale of Political Representation', London Review (July 1835), 1, 341-71, on 347-8. As quoted in J. H. Burns, 'J. S. Mill and democracy, 1829-61', in Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays (ed. J. B. Schneewind), Garden City, NY, 1968, 280-328.
2. John Stuart Mill, 'Review of Bailey's Rationale of Political Representation', London Review (July 1835), 1, 341-71, on 347-8. As quoted in J. H. Burns, 'J. S. Mill and democracy, 1829-61', in Mill: A Collection of Critical Essays (ed. J. B. Schneewind), Garden City, NY, 1968, 280-328.
3. John Stuart Mill, 'ART. VIII. - A letter to the Earl of Durham on reform in Parliament, by paying the elected', London and Westminster Review (April 1839), 32, 475-508, on 475-6. As quoted in Burns, op. cit. (1), 300. Cf. Alan S. Kahan, Aristocratic Liberalism, Oxford, 1992, and Oskar Kurer, John Stuart Mill: The Politics of Progress, New York, 1991.
4. John Stuart Mill, 'ART. VIII. - A letter to the Earl of Durham on reform in Parliament, by paying the elected', London and Westminster Review (April 1839), 32, 475-508, on 475-6. As quoted in Burns, op. cit. (1), 300. Cf. Alan S. Kahan, Aristocratic Liberalism, Oxford, 1992, and Oskar Kurer, John Stuart Mill: The Politics of Progress, New York, 1991.
5. John Stuart Mill, 'ART. VIII. - A letter to the Earl of Durham on reform in Parliament, by paying the elected', London and Westminster Review (April 1839), 32, 475-508, on 475-6. As quoted in Burns, op. cit. (1), 300. Cf. Alan S. Kahan, Aristocratic Liberalism, Oxford, 1992, and Oskar Kurer, John Stuart Mill: The Politics of Progress, New York, 1991.
6. John Stuart Mill, 'ART. VIII. - A letter to the Earl of Durham on reform in Parliament, by paying the elected', London and Westminster Review (April 1839), 32, 475-508, on 475-6. As quoted in Burns, op. cit. (1), 300. Cf. Alan S. Kahan, Aristocratic Liberalism, Oxford, 1992, and Oskar Kurer, John Stuart Mill: The Politics of Progress, New York, 1991.
7. John Stuart Mill, 'Spirit of the age, I', Examiner (January 1831), 20-1. Reprinted in Ann P. Robson and John P. Robson (eds.), Newspaper Writings by John Stuart Mill, Toronto, 1986, 227-34, on 230.
8. John Stuart Mill, 'Spirit of the age, I', Examiner (January 1831), 20-1. Reprinted in Ann P. Robson and John P. Robson (eds.), Newspaper Writings by John Stuart Mill, Toronto, 1986, 227-34, on 230.
9. John M. Robson, 'Textual introduction', J. S. Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence and the Methods of Scientific Investigation (ed. J. M. Robson), 2 vols., Toronto, 1973-74, i. The 1973 volume consists of Books I-III of Mill's Logic, and the 1974 volume consists of Books IV-VI.
10. Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Princeton, 1979, 308.
11. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 4th edn, 2 vols., London, 1856, bk 2, ch. 5, pt 6. Cf. John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method (ed. Ernest Nagel), New York, 1950, bk 3, ch. 7, pts 4-5. On the historical development of Mill's Logic, see Struan Jacobs, 'John Stuart Mill on induction and hypotheses', Journal of the History of Philosophy (1991), 29, 69-83. Jacobs is original in pointing out that Mill's emphasis on hypotheses does not merely complement his inductive method but, rather, transforms it as an account of scientific discovery.
12. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 4th edn, 2 vols., London, 1856, bk 2, ch. 5, pt 6. Cf. John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method (ed. Ernest Nagel), New York, 1950, bk 3, ch. 7, pts 4-5. On the historical development of Mill's Logic, see Struan Jacobs, 'John Stuart Mill on induction and hypotheses', Journal of the History of Philosophy (1991), 29, 69-83. Jacobs is original in pointing out that Mill's emphasis on hypotheses does not merely complement his inductive method but, rather, transforms it as an account of scientific discovery.
13. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 4th edn, 2 vols., London, 1856, bk 2, ch. 5, pt 6. Cf. John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method (ed. Ernest Nagel), New York, 1950, bk 3, ch. 7, pts 4-5. On the historical development of Mill's Logic, see Struan Jacobs, 'John Stuart Mill on induction and hypotheses', Journal of the History of Philosophy (1991), 29, 69-83. Jacobs is original in pointing out that Mill's emphasis on hypotheses does not merely complement his inductive method but, rather, transforms it as an account of scientific discovery.
14. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 4th edn, 2 vols., London, 1856, bk 2, ch. 5, pt 6. Cf. John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method (ed. Ernest Nagel), New York, 1950, bk 3, ch. 7, pts 4-5. On the historical development of Mill's Logic, see Struan Jacobs, 'John Stuart Mill on induction and hypotheses', Journal of the History of Philosophy (1991), 29, 69-83. Jacobs is original in pointing out that Mill's emphasis on hypotheses does not merely complement his inductive method but, rather, transforms it as an account of scientific discovery.
15. See, for example, Irving M. Copi and Carl Cohen, Introduction to Logic, 8th edn, New York, 1990, 377-417, or Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 5th edn, Belmont, CA, 1994, 486-505. 4Eote also that Mill's Logic was edited by Ernest Nagel and reprinted as John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method, New York, 1950 and 1974. Nagel, like most twentieth-century philosophers of science, seemed to have lost interest in how science actually was done, and he deleted the many examples Mill had compiled.
16. See, for example, Irving M. Copi and Carl Cohen, Introduction to Logic, 8th edn, New York, 1990, 377-417, or Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 5th edn, Belmont, CA, 1994, 486-505. 4Eote also that Mill's Logic was edited by Ernest Nagel and reprinted as John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method, New York, 1950 and 1974. Nagel, like most twentieth-century philosophers of science, seemed to have lost interest in how science actually was done, and he deleted the many examples Mill had compiled.
17. See, for example, Irving M. Copi and Carl Cohen, Introduction to Logic, 8th edn, New York, 1990, 377-417, or Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 5th edn, Belmont, CA, 1994, 486-505. 4Eote also that Mill's Logic was edited by Ernest Nagel and reprinted as John Stuart Mill's Philosophy of Scientific Method, New York, 1950 and 1974. Nagel, like most twentieth-century philosophers of science, seemed to have lost interest in how science actually was done, and he deleted the many examples Mill had compiled.
18. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 3rd edn, 2 vols., London, 1851, bk 3, ch, 9. This example translated by Schiel in the 2nd German edition (1865). Liebig's 'theory of metallic poisons' is from Justus Liebig, Animal Chemistry (tr. William Gregory), London, 1846, 335ff. In earlier editions of Logic, Mill used 'Liebig's theory of the contagiousness of chemical action' as his first example. Cf. Schiel's translation, 1st German edition (1849).
19. Mill, op. cit. (8), bk 3, ch. 9, on 419. 'Sulphuric-acid-lemonade' was a dilute mixture of sulphuric acid in sugar water.
20. John Stuart Mill, Logic, 6th edn, 2 vols., London, 1865, bk 3, ch. 8, pt 4.
21. Mill, op. cit. (10), bk 3, ch. 8, pt 6.
22. Mill, op. cit. (9), bk 2, ch. 4, pt 6.
23. Mill, op. cit. (9), bk 3, ch. 8. pt 1.
24. Mill, op. cit. (9), bk 3, ch. 9, pt 1.
25. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography (ed. Currin V. Shields), New York, 1957, 159n. Cited in Robson, op. cit. (4), p. lxviii.
26. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography (ed. Currin V. Shields), New York, 1957, 159n. Cited in Robson, op. cit. (4), p. lxviii.
27. Alexander Bain, John Stuart Mill: A Criticism with Personal Recollections, New York, 1969, 66. Bain was aided by John Shier. Bain continued his collaboration with Mill through the 8th edition of Logic. Cf. Robson, op. cit. (4), pp. lxxi-lxxii, lxxxviii.
28. Alexander Bain, John Stuart Mill: A Criticism with Personal Recollections, New York, 1969, 66. Bain was aided by John Shier. Bain continued his collaboration with Mill through the 8th edition of Logic. Cf. Robson, op. cit. (4), pp. lxxi-lxxii, lxxxviii.
29. Robson, op. cit. (4), p. lxxii n 62. 18 Mill to Comte, 31 December 1844, in Oscar A. Haac (tr. and ed.), The Correspondence of John Stuart Mill and Auguste Comte, New Brunswick, 1995, 278. Cf. 'I consider that school of philosophy [that is, German Naturphilosophie] as the greatest speculative hindrance to the regeneration so urgently required, of man and society.' Mill to Gomperz, 19 August 1854, in Francis Mineka and Dwight Lindley (eds.), The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1849-1873, Toronto, 1972, 239.
30. David Knight, The Age of Science: The Scientific World-View in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, 1986, 63-9. 20 On Oersted, I have used an unpublished manuscript by Andrew D. Wilson, Keene State College, Keene, New Hampshire.
31. On Liebig's many publications, see Carlo Paoloni, Justus von Liebig: Eine Bibliographie sämtlicher Veröffentlichungen mit biographischen Anmerkungen, Heidelberg, 1968.
32. Armin Wankmüller, 'Ausländische Studierende der Pharmazie und Chemie bei Liebig in Giessen', Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung (1967), 107, 463-6.
33. Pat Munday, 'Justus Liebig's Research School: historiographic artifact and anachronism', in History of Interrelations between Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the 19th and 20th Centuries (ed. Brigitte Hoppe), Munich, 1997, 398-414. Cf. chapter titled 'The Liebig Research School in Giessen', in Joseph S. Fruton, Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Philadelphia, 1990, 1-71. Note that Fruton includes Schiel in Appendix 1, 'The Liebig Research Group', ibid., 288. Vogt is listed in Appendix 2, 'Selected other Liebig pupils', ibid., 306. Ludwig Büchner is not listed.
34. Pat Munday, 'Justus Liebig's Research School: historiographic artifact and anachronism', in History of Interrelations between Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the 19th and 20th Centuries (ed. Brigitte Hoppe), Munich, 1997, 398-414. Cf. chapter titled 'The Liebig Research School in Giessen', in Joseph S. Fruton, Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Philadelphia, 1990, 1-71. Note that Fruton includes Schiel in Appendix 1, 'The Liebig Research Group', ibid., 288. Vogt is listed in Appendix 2, 'Selected other Liebig pupils', ibid., 306. Ludwig Büchner is not listed.
35. Pat Munday, 'Justus Liebig's Research School: historiographic artifact and anachronism', in History of Interrelations between Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the 19th and 20th Centuries (ed. Brigitte Hoppe), Munich, 1997, 398-414. Cf. chapter titled 'The Liebig Research School in Giessen', in Joseph S. Fruton, Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Philadelphia, 1990, 1-71. Note that Fruton includes Schiel in Appendix 1, 'The Liebig Research Group', ibid., 288. Vogt is listed in Appendix 2, 'Selected other Liebig pupils', ibid., 306. Ludwig Büchner is not listed.
36. Pat Munday, 'Justus Liebig's Research School: historiographic artifact and anachronism', in History of Interrelations between Biology, Chemistry and Physics in the 19th and 20th Centuries (ed. Brigitte Hoppe), Munich, 1997, 398-414. Cf. chapter titled 'The Liebig Research School in Giessen', in Joseph S. Fruton, Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Philadelphia, 1990, 1-71. Note that Fruton includes Schiel in Appendix 1, 'The Liebig Research Group', ibid., 288. Vogt is listed in Appendix 2, 'Selected other Liebig pupils', ibid., 306. Ludwig Büchner is not listed.
37. Justus Liebig, 'Ueber einen neuen Apparat zur Analyze organischer Körper und über die Zusammensetzung einiger organischer Substanzen', Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie (1831), 21, 1-43.
38. Friedrich Wöhler and Justus Liebig, 'Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harnsäure', Annalen der Pharmacie (1838), 26, 241-3. Cf. Justus Liebig, 'On the products of the decomposition of uric acid', Report of the Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1838), 6, 38-41.
39. Friedrich Wöhler and Justus Liebig, 'Untersuchungen über die Natur der Harnsäure', Annalen der Pharmacie (1838), 26, 241-3. Cf. Justus Liebig, 'On the products of the decomposition of uric acid', Report of the Seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1838), 6, 38-41.
40. Pat Munday, 'Liebig's metamorphosis: from organic chemistry to the chemistry of agriculture', AMBIX (1991), 38, 135-54.
41. As Jacobs (op. cit. (6), 77) points out, Mill never explicitly addressed how it is that hypotheses about unobservable entities such as atoms come to be proven.
42. On the 'quinidine caper', which involved the German pharmaceutical manufacturer Merck, the British industrial family of Muspratt and several of Liebig's students, see William H. Brock (ed.), Justus von Liebig und August Wilhelm Hofmann in ihren Briefen, Weinheim, 1984. Cf. Justus von Liebig, 'Ueber Chinoidin', a short article published anonymously in Augsburger Allgemeinen Zeitung in 1846; reprinted in Andreas Kleinert (ed.), Justus von Liebig: 'Hochwohlgeborner Freyherr', Mannheim, 1979, 25-6.
43. On further details of Liebig's British promotions, see Pat Munday, 'Sturm und Dung : Justus von Liebig and the Chemistry of Agriculture', doctoral thesis, Cornell University, 1990, ch. 7, 'The decline of Liebig's influence on agronomy', 247-87. Cf. William H. Brock, Justus von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper, Cambridge, 1997, for a full description of Liebig's British affairs.
44. On further details of Liebig's British promotions, see Pat Munday, 'Sturm und Dung : Justus von Liebig and the Chemistry of Agriculture', doctoral thesis, Cornell University, 1990, ch. 7, 'The decline of Liebig's influence on agronomy', 247-87. Cf. William H. Brock, Justus von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper, Cambridge, 1997, for a full description of Liebig's British affairs.
45. Liebig knew he was soon to be made a baron. He had been fishing for some kind of honour, though this might not be what he had in mind. See Liebig to the Hesse-Darmstadt state minister Justin von Linde, 29 December 1844, in Eva-Marie Felshow and Emil Heuser (eds.) Universität und Ministerium im Vormärz: Justus Liebigs Briefwechsel mit Justin von Linde, Giessen, 1992, 211.
46. Pat Munday, 'Social climbing through chemistry: Justus Liebig's rise from the niederer Mittelstand to the Bildungsbürgertum', AMBIX (1990), 37, 1-19.
47. Justus von Liebig, 'Der Zustand der Chemie in Preussen', Annalen der Chemie und der Pharmacie (1840), 34, 97-136. Cf. Regine Zott and Emil Heuser (eds.), Die streitbaren Gelehrten: Justus Liebig und die preuβischen Universitäten, Berlin, 1992.
48. Justus von Liebig, 'Der Zustand der Chemie in Preussen', Annalen der Chemie und der Pharmacie (1840), 34, 97-136. Cf. Regine Zott and Emil Heuser (eds.), Die streitbaren Gelehrten: Justus Liebig und die preuβischen Universitäten, Berlin, 1992.
49. On Naturphilosophie, see Kenneth L. Caneva, Robert Mayer and the Conservation of Energy, Princeton, 1993, especially 275-309. This is the only historically and philologically sensitive account of Naturphilosophie I have read. It is far too brief, and the subject deserves fuller treatment.
50. J. Harris and W. H. Brock, 'From Giessen to Gower Street: towards a biography of Alexander William Williamson', Annals of Science (1974), 31, 95-130. Though Williamson was 'a voluminous letter writer', these letters were inadvertently stolen by burglars who used them to wrap the stolen family silver.
51. Mill to Comte, 24 June 1845, in Haac, op. cit. (18), 306.
52. Note that Williamson's father and James Mill, among others, had helped to found University College London as an institution where middle class (and non-religious) students could find practical instruction.
53. E. Robert Paul, 'Alexander W. Williamson on the atomic theory: a study of nineteenth-century British atomism', Annals of Science (1978), 35, 17-31.
54. Liebig to Vieweg, 2 May 1847, in Margarete and Wolfgang Schneider (eds.), Justus von Liebig: Briefe an Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1986, 216-17, my translation. The German reads: 'Die Einlage enthält eine Anfrage, ob Du den Verlag eines englishcen Werkes übernehmen willst, dessen Erscheinen in Deutschland ganz an der Zeit ist und, wie ich glaube, Epoche machen dürfte. Es ist gesunde englische Philosophie, welche seit Bacon von Verulam und Galilei die Grundlage ist non aller wahren Naturforschung. Ich habe das System of Logic von Mill mit der größten Begierde und stets wachsender Befriedigung gelesen und studiert und bin der Ansicht, daß dieser Mann mehr weiß und besser weiß, wie man Chemie, Physik, Medizin, Staatswirtschaft etc. studieren muß, als wie die meisten Chemiker, Physiker, Mediziner in Deutschland. Die Art und Weise, wie man Philosophie bei uns getrieben, hat sie zum Gespötte und Gelächter der Naturforscher gemacht. Sie erleichterte unsere Forschungen nicht und klärte nicht unseren Geist auf, sondern sie führte uns durch Irrlichter auf Abwege und verwirrte uns. Mill hat mir die Ehre angetan, meine Methode der Untersuchung (aus der Agrikulturchemie und der Tierchemie) und Schlußwiesen als Muster in sein Buch aufzunehmen, und wenn Du lesen willst, was er darüber sagt, so wirst Du nicht widerstehen können, das Buch in Deinen Verlag zu nehmen. Dies soll Dich aber nicht bestechen. Die Zeit is da, wo ein solches Werk bei uns Leser und Verehrer findet, und ich zweifle nicht, daß es übersetzt werden wird, und es ist mir beinahe lieber, wenn es ein anderer Buchhändler übernimmt als Du, der in den Augen der Leute mit Liebig zusammengewachsen ist. Ich glaube gewiß, daß dieses Buch dem Verleger keinen Nachteil bringt, und ich würde, wenn Du der Verleger wirst, Herrn Mill selbst schreiben und ihn fragen, ob und welche Verbesserungen er vielleicht anzubringen hat. Schreibe mir oder besser Herrn Schiel (den ich nicht entfernt zur Übersetzung veranlaßt habe) eine Zeile recht bald darüber.'
55. John Stuart Mill, Die inductive Logik. Eine Darlegung der philosophischen Principien wissenschaftlicher Forschung, insbesondere der Naturforschung (tr. Jacob Schiel), Braunschweig, 1849.
56. Liebig to Kolbe, 22 July 1846, in Alan J. Rocke and Emil Heuser (eds.), Justus von Liebig und Hermann Kolbe in ihren Briefen, 1846-1873, Mannheim, 1994, 34.
57. Schiel to Vieweg, 29 April 1847, Vieweg Archive, Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Wiesbaden.
58. Schiel to Vieweg, 18 June 1847, Vieweg to Schiel, 13 June 1847, Schiel to Vieweg, 4 July 1847, Vieweg Archive.
59. Schiel to Vieweg, 21 January 1848 and 16 February 1848, Vieweg Archive. Mill heavily revised each of the eight editions of the Logic. See Robson, op. cit. (4), pp. lxxviii-lxxxix.
60. Liebig to Vieweg, 20 October 1849, in M. and W. Schneider, op. cit. (38), 239.
61. Schiel to Vieweg, 5 January 1849, Vieweg Archive.
62. Schiel to Vieweg, 8 February 1849, Vieweg Archive, my translation. The German reads: 'Ich kann meine Abreise nicht länger verschieben, und darf von Ihnen doch wohl erwarten, daß Sie das Ihrige thun werden, mir meine ganze Zukunft ohne Grund nicht zu verderben. Meine Reise geht vermutliche weiter als England. Nach kann ich nichts bestimmtes sagen, aber sie wird Anlaß zu einem Bericht geben, den jeder Buchhändler gerne nehmen wird, und [dassein ?] Verleger in Krieg und Frieden damit gut fahren wird. Wenn Sie unsere geschäftliche Verbindung nicht absichtlich zu unterbrechen wünschen, so werde ich Ihnen weiteres darüber schreiben in andere Falle wird es mir nicht schwer fallen, Ihnen zu beweisen, daß Sie diesmal den richtigen Griff verfehlt haben. -Ich schreibe heute an Prof. Liebig; ich hoffe, Ihre Antwort nicht viel später als die seinige zu erhalten.'
63. Liebig to Vieweg, 10 February 1849, M. and W. Schneider, op. cit. (38), 237-8, my translation. The German reads : 'Ich erhalte eben einen Brief von Dr. Schul [sic] von Heidelberg. Der Ärmste will nach Amerika und seufzt nach Geld. Er sagt, er hätte seit Wochen kein Antwort von Dir und sei in Verzweiflung, er wolle nach Frankfurt, um mit Mohl zu sprechen und könne nicht etc. Freund, habe Mitleid mit seiner Lage, und wenn er etwas gut bei Dir hat, so gib es ihm. Du tust, wenn es schnell geschieht, ein doppelt guites Werk.'
64. T. S. Hamerow, Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815-1871, Princeton, 1958, on 173, 191.
65. 'Gehorsamster Briefe des Oberamts Heidelberg', 18 July 1848, #236/8499, Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe.
66. Jacob Schiel, Reise durch die Felsen- & Humboldtgebirge, Schaffhausen, 1859.
67. According to Schiel, the second edition sold 1250 copies. Schiel to Vieweg, [?] September 1867, Vieweg Archive.
68. Cf. Mill to Gomperz, various letters c. 1862, in Marion Filipiuk et al. (eds.), Additional Letters of John Stuart Mill, Toronto, 1991.
69. Mill to Schiel, u.d., copied by Schiel and sent to Vieweg with Schiel's letter of 1 July 1862, Vieweg Archive.
70. Ministerium des Innern to the engerer Senat, 24 May 1859. E.N. 6208, R.N. 6838, Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe.
71. The situation recalls the original Act of Oblivion, invoked during the trial of Socrates, that forbade mention of Athenian political tyranny from the Peloponnesian War period.
72. Schiel to Vieweg, 25 August 1867, Vieweg Archive.
73. Vogt to Liebig, quoted in Brigitte Jaschke, Ideen und Naturwissenschaft: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Chemie und Philosophie am Beispiel des Justus von Liebig und Moriz Carrière, Stuttgart, 1996, 97, my translation. The German reads: 'Die Wissenschaften sollen mit Gewalt in einem gewissen magischen Halbdunkel gehalten werden und sobalt sie mit dem Leben in Beziehung treten wollen, klopft man ihnen auf die Finger. Ich bitte Sie ums Himmelswillen, seien Sie vorsichtig mit Ihren Fortschritten in der Agriculturchemie! Wenn das Unglück es will, daß Ihre Ideen über Bodenbebauung und Production thatsächlichen Fuß fassen und mit allgemein social-politischen Fragen, mit denen sich der Staat ex officio befaßt, sich verknüpfen, so ist es um die Chemie, als polizeilich erlaubte Wissenschaft geschehen [...] Ich begreife noch nicht, daß man auf Sie und Ihre ganz communistische Richtung in der Wissenschaft kein wachsames Auge haben will. O! Wenn ich Polizeiminister wäre! Sie müßten zuerst als Demogogue daran!'
74. Jaschke, op. cit. (57), 130-3, 196.
75. In Vogt's case, Liebig waged a battle of words to convince the Crown to approve him for a teaching post at Giessen. Though Liebig succeeded, Vogt became entangled in the events of 1848 and, like Schiel, was banished. See various correspondence c. 1842-43 involving Liebig, Linde and Vogt in Felschow and Heuser, op. cit. (30). Cf. Jaschke, op. cit. (57), 281-7.