Political Parties and Candidate Selection in Venezuela and Colombia

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 114, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 639-659

  Martz, John D ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347626606     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657787     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. A brief bibliographic overview is included in John D. Martz, "Party Elites and Leadership in Colombia and Venezuela," Journal of Latin American Studies 24 (February 1992): 87-89.
2. John D. Martz, "Economic Challenges and the Study of Democratization," Studies in Comparative International Development 31 (Spring 1996).
3. Philippe C. Schmitter, "Transitology: The Science or the Art of Democratization?" in Joseph S. Tulchin with Bernice Romero, eds., The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995), 23.
4. This is not the place for a detailed restatement that has already received considerable attention in the literature. In general, in Venezuela then-President Jaime Lusinchi in December 1984 established a special blue-ribbon committee for the reform of the state (COPRE - Comisión Presidencial para la Reforma del Estado). Its continuing efforts have encouraged a variety of provisions aimed at the revitalization of democracy; those directly related to internal party structure and organization have not been extensively implemented. For Colombia, the far-reaching reforms embedded in the new 1991 constitution, along with growing demands for new legislation regulating internal party affairs, have also received far greater rhetorical than practical attention. Among several convenient sources for more extended discussion, see Martz, "Party Elites and Leadership," 114-20.
5. Commentaries that closely examine party matters are republished in Manuel Felipe Sierra, Los hilos del poder (Caracas: Ediciones Galera, 1986).
6. See Carlos Andrés Pérez, El quehacer y la historia (Caracas: Afadil Ediciones, 1988).
7. There is discussion of these conflicts in Michael Coppedge, Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), 97-109, although his focus is more on the rivalry between "Ins" and "Outs."
8. For detailed discussion of internal copeyano conflict through the 1960s and 1970s, see Donald L. Herman, Christian Democracy in Venezuela (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980).
9. See his treatment of Herrera's campaign in "The Christian Democratic Party" in Howard R. Penniman, ed., Venezuela at the Polls: The National Elections of 1978 (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1980), 133-54.
10. An examination of party meetings and conventions is found in Paciano Padrón, Siembra de democracia (COPEI a través de sus convenciones nacionales) (Caracas: Ediciones Centauro, 1982).
11. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
12. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
13. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
14. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
15. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
16. The events of the early and mid-1990s are neatly analyzed and recapitulated by Richard S. Hillman, Democracy for the Privileged: Crisis and Transition in Venezuela (Boulder, CO: Rienner Publishers, 1994). Analyses by Venezuelan social scientists are now burgeoning, although some is little more than episodic narrative. Among recent works which seriously examine the crisis of the system, a few of the more notable include Aníbal Romero, Aproximación a la política (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); also his Decadencia y crisis de la democracia (Caracas: Editorial PANAPO, 1994); Heinz R. Sonntag and Thais Maingon, Venezuela: 4-F 1992: Un análisis sociopolítico (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1992); and Andrés Serbin, Andrés Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William Smith, eds., Venezuela: la democracia bajo presión (Caracas: Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 1993). For a somewhat idiosyncratic but highly suggestive study that appeared shortly after the presidential inauguration of Rafael Caldera, see Joaquín Matte Sosa, Patios cerrados/puertas abiertas: cambios, democracia y partidos en Venezuela 1988/1993 (Caracas: Monte Avila Editores Latinoamericana, 1994).
17. In addition, there are useful if often outdated remarks appearing in a conference report prepared by both Venezuelan and North American academics. See Louis W. Goodman et al., eds., Lessons of the Venezuelan Experience (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1995).
18. For a highly useful set of electoral analyses by experienced Venezuelan scholars accompanied by relevant data, see CENDES, Elproceso electoral de 1993: análisis de sus resultados (Caracas: Centro de Estudios del Desarrollo, Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1995).
19. A contentious journalistic treatment, which nonetheless portrays tellingly important facts of Rafael Caldera as political leader, was published as he returned to office in an exceptionally difficult and intimidating situation. See Departamento de Investigación de la Actualidad Política, Caldera en el ojo de la tormenta (Caracas: Fondo Editorial Venezolano, Colección Cultura Política, 1994).
20. In company with the late Eduardo Frei Montalvo of Chile, Caldera is the leading intellectual and ideological exponent of Latin American Christian Democracy. His writings are too extensive to be listed here. One of many representative samples would be Caldera, Especifidad de la democracia cristiana (Caracas: Editorial Nova Terra, 1972). For a broad overview of his writings, see Miguel Jorrin and John D. Martz, Latin-American Political Thought and Ideology (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), esp. 411-21. Two important and readily accessible, if general, works are Edward A. Lynch, Christian Democratic Parties: A Political Economy (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993); and the seminal work by Edward J. Williams, Latin American Christian Democratic Parties (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967).
21. In company with the late Eduardo Frei Montalvo of Chile, Caldera is the leading intellectual and ideological exponent of Latin American Christian Democracy. His writings are too extensive to be listed here. One of many representative samples would be Caldera, Especifidad de la democracia cristiana (Caracas: Editorial Nova Terra, 1972). For a broad overview of his writings, see Miguel Jorrin and John D. Martz, Latin-American Political Thought and Ideology (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), esp. 411-21. Two important and readily accessible, if general, works are Edward A. Lynch, Christian Democratic Parties: A Political Economy (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993); and the seminal work by Edward J. Williams, Latin American Christian Democratic Parties (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967).
22. In company with the late Eduardo Frei Montalvo of Chile, Caldera is the leading intellectual and ideological exponent of Latin American Christian Democracy. His writings are too extensive to be listed here. One of many representative samples would be Caldera, Especifidad de la democracia cristiana (Caracas: Editorial Nova Terra, 1972). For a broad overview of his writings, see Miguel Jorrin and John D. Martz, Latin-American Political Thought and Ideology (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), esp. 411-21. Two important and readily accessible, if general, works are Edward A. Lynch, Christian Democratic Parties: A Political Economy (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993); and the seminal work by Edward J. Williams, Latin American Christian Democratic Parties (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967).
23. In company with the late Eduardo Frei Montalvo of Chile, Caldera is the leading intellectual and ideological exponent of Latin American Christian Democracy. His writings are too extensive to be listed here. One of many representative samples would be Caldera, Especifidad de la democracia cristiana (Caracas: Editorial Nova Terra, 1972). For a broad overview of his writings, see Miguel Jorrin and John D. Martz, Latin-American Political Thought and Ideology (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970), esp. 411-21. Two important and readily accessible, if general, works are Edward A. Lynch, Christian Democratic Parties: A Political Economy (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993); and the seminal work by Edward J. Williams, Latin American Christian Democratic Parties (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1967).
24. An early comparison of parties that remained valid throughout the Frente Nacional years is John D. Martz, "Political Parties in Colombia and Venezuela: Contrasts in Substance and Style," Western Political Quarterly 18 (June 1965).
25. For a detailed accounting of the mechanistic process that ultimately led to the relatively unpopular selection of Lleras Restrepo's colorless minister of government, the ospinista Conservative Misael Pastrana Borrero, see John D. Martz, The Politics of Clientelism in Colombia: Democracy and the State (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996).
26. Useful sources include Marlo Latorre Rueda, Elecciones y partidos políticos en Colombia (Bogotá: Uniandes, 1974); Robert H. Dix, "The Varieties of Populism: The Case of Colombia," Western Political Quarterly 31 (September 1978): 334-51.
27. Useful sources include Marlo Latorre Rueda, Elecciones y partidos políticos en Colombia (Bogotá: Uniandes, 1974); Robert H. Dix, "The Varieties of Populism: The Case of Colombia," Western Political Quarterly 31 (September 1978): 334-51.
28. Detailed analysis is found in Rodrigo Losada Lora, Realidades de la concentración/dispersión del poder político en Colombia 1966-1978 (Bogotá: Pontíficia Universidad Javeriana, 1983). Also see Losada, Clientelismo & elecciones (Bogotá: Pontíficia Universidad Javeriana, 1984).
29. Detailed analysis is found in Rodrigo Losada Lora, Realidades de la concentración/dispersión del poder político en Colombia 1966-1978 (Bogotá: Pontíficia Universidad Javeriana, 1983). Also see Losada, Clientelismo & elecciones (Bogotá: Pontíficia Universidad Javeriana, 1984).
30. See the discussion in Marlo Latorre Rueda, Hechos y critíca política (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1986), 147-93.
31. Excellent analyses are found in Patricia Pinzón de Lewin, "Las elecciones de 1990" and Pinzón de Lewin with Dora Rothlisberger, "La participación electoral en 1990: un nuevo tipo de votante?" both in Rubén Sánchez David, comp., Los nuevos retos electorales: Colombia 1990; antesala del cambio (Bogotá: CEREC, 1991), 116-67.
32. Excellent analyses are found in Patricia Pinzón de Lewin, "Las elecciones de 1990" and Pinzón de Lewin with Dora Rothlisberger, "La participación electoral en 1990: un nuevo tipo de votante?" both in Rubén Sánchez David, comp., Los nuevos retos electorales: Colombia 1990; antesala del cambio (Bogotá: CEREC, 1991), 116-67.
33. Excellent analyses are found in Patricia Pinzón de Lewin, "Las elecciones de 1990" and Pinzón de Lewin with Dora Rothlisberger, "La participación electoral en 1990: un nuevo tipo de votante?" both in Rubén Sánchez David, comp., Los nuevos retos electorales: Colombia 1990; antesala del cambio (Bogotá: CEREC, 1991), 116-67.
34. The literature on Galán is extensive. For a massive retrospective volume, admittedly partisan, which records his career in detail, see Luis Carlos Galán, Ni um paso atrás, siempre adelante! (Bogotá: Fundación Luis Carlos Galán, 1991).
35. A detailed treatment of electoral party politics during this period is Rubén Sánchez David and Patricia Pinzón de Lewin, "Elecciones y democracia en Colombia" in Rodolfo Cerdas-Cruz, Juan Rial, and Daniel Zovatto, eds., Uno tarea inconclusa: elecciones y democracia en América Latina 1988-1991 (San José, Costa Rica: IIDH-CAPEL, 1992), 287-311.
36. A long-honored Colombian tradition is the dispatching abroad of leading presidential contenders, thus removing them from the pressures and pitfalls of daily politicking. This stands in sharp contrast to Venezuela, for example, where few serious presidential precandidates have held an ambassado-rial post.
37. A detailed account appears in Martz, The Politics of Clientelism. For a thorough presentation and review of the general elections' presidential candidates and their programs, see Juan A. Castellanos and Jorge Tellez, Presidenciales '94 (Bogotá: Planeta Colombiana Editorial S.A., 1994).
38. A detailed account appears in Martz, The Politics of Clientelism. For a thorough presentation and review of the general elections' presidential candidates and their programs, see Juan A. Castellanos and Jorge Tellez, Presidenciales '94 (Bogotá: Planeta Colombiana Editorial S.A., 1994).
39. Harvey F. Kline, Colombia: Democracy Under Assault, 2d ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), 78.