Making youth violence visible: The news media and the summer of violence

Denver University Law Review

Volumn 77, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 661-688

  Colomy, Paul ^a,b   Greiner, Laura Ross ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DENVER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347625390     PISSN: 08839409     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (172)

1. BARRY C. FIELD, BAD KIDS: RACE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE JUVENILE COURT 202 (1999).
2. JOEL BEST, THREATENED CHILDREN: RHETORIC AND CONCERN ABOUT CHILD-VICTIMS 29-31 (1990).
3. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, A1
4. See Jennifer Bavin & Steve Lipsher, Gun Bill Passes as Session Closes, DENV. POST, Sept. 12, 1993, at A1.
5. See John Sanko, Romer Signs 10 Bills to Curb Youth Violence, Rocky MNTN News, Sept. 14, 1993, at A12.
6. See Jennifer Bavin & Steve Lipsher, Gun Bill Passes as Session Closes, DENV. POST, Sept. 12, 1993, at A1.
7. See John Sanko, Romer Signs 10 Bills to Curb Youth Violence, Rocky MNTN News, Sept. 14, 1993, at A12.
8. Id.
9. See John Sanko, Romer Signs 10 Bills to Curb Youth Violence, Rocky MNTN News, Sept. 14, 1993, at A12.
10. See generally PATRICIA TORBET, ET AL., NATIONAL CTR. FOR JUVINILE JUSTICE, STATE RESPONSES TO SERIOUS AND VIOLENT JUVENILE CRIME XV (1996) (discussing the fact that from 1992 to 1995, forty-eight of fifty-one state legislatures (including the District of Columbia) enacted laws targeting serious juvenile offenders. In all but ten states these statutes make it easier to prosecute juveniles in adult, criminal courts; in twenty-five states, new legislation gives judges additional sentencing options to incarcerate young lawbreakers for longer periods of time; and in twenty-three states new laws created alternative and invariably more punitive correctional programs for juveniles).
11. See Session in Brief: What Passed and What Died, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, at A1.
12. Id.
13. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, A1.
14. See Session in Brief: What Passed and What Died, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, at A1.
15. Id.
16. Id.
17. See Proposal to Raise State Sales Tax for Prisons Shot Down, ROCKY MNTN. NEWS, May 7, 1993, at A20.
18. See, Dick Foster, Lesgislators Block Juvenile Proposal, ROCKY MNTN. NEWS, May 31, 1993, at A10.
19. See Dick Foster, Lesgislators Block Juvenile Proposal, ROCKY MNTN. NEWS, May 31, 1993, at A8.
20. See John Sanko, A Look at the Results of the 1993 Legislative Session, ROCKY MNTN. NEWS, May 16, 1993, at A28.
21. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, A1.
22. Id.
23. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, A16.
24. Id.
25. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, A1.
26. Id.
27. Id.
28. Herbert Blumer, Social Problems as Collective Behavior, 18 SOC. PROBLEMS 298 (1971).
29. See Id. at 301.
30. Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk, The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model, 94 AM. J. OF SOC. 53-78 (1998).
31. See Blumer, supra note 28, at 301.
32. Malcolm Spector and John Kitsuse, Social Problems: A Re-formulation 21 SOC. PROBLEMS 149 (1973); see also MALCOLM SPECTOR AND JOHN KITSUSE, CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL PROBLEMS 23-31 (1977) (discussing the fundamental tenets of social constructionist theory).
33. Malcolm Spector and John Kitsuse, Social Problems: A Re-formulation 21 SOC. PROBLEMS 149 (1973); see also MALCOLM SPECTOR AND JOHN KITSUSE, CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL PROBLEMS 23-31 (1977) (discussing the fundamental tenets of social constructionist theory).
34. JOEL BEST, THREATENED CHILDREN: RHETORIC AND CONCERN ABOUT CHILD-VICTIMS 14-15 (1990).
35. Id. at 14.
36. See Stephen Hilgartner & Charles L. Bosk, The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model, 94 AM. J. SOC. at 67.
37. See JOEL BEST, THREATENED CHILDREN: RHETORIC AND CONCERN ABOUT CHILD-VICTIMS 29-30 (1990); see also John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, Resource Mobilization and Social Movements, 82 AM.J. OF SOC. 1212-1241 (1977) (discussing strategies employed by professional social movement activists for mobilizing a variety of resources, including news media coverage).
38. See JOEL BEST, THREATENED CHILDREN: RHETORIC AND CONCERN ABOUT CHILD-VICTIMS 29-30 (1990); see also John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, Resource Mobilization and Social Movements, 82 AM.J. OF SOC. 1212-1241 (1977) (discussing strategies employed by professional social movement activists for mobilizing a variety of resources, including news media coverage).
39. See BEST, supra note 2, at 28-29.
40. See JOSEPH R. GUSFIELD, THE CULTURE OF PUBLIC PROBLEMS: DRINKING-DRIVING AND THE SYMBOLIC ORDER 27-28 (1981).
41. Joseph Schneider, Social Problems Theory: The Constructionist View, 11 SOC. PROB 209-229.
42. See ERVING GOFFMAN, THE PRESENTATION OF SELF 9 (1959).
43. See BEST, supra note 2, at 87.
44. See Id. at 88.
45. See Id.
46. See Id.
47. See Id.
48. See, e.g., Joel Best, "Road Warriors" on "Hair-Trigger Highways:" Cultural Resources and the Media's Construction of the 1987 Freeway Shootings Problem, 61 SOC. INQUIRY 327-345 (1991); Mark Fishman, Crime Waves as Ideology, 25 SOC. PROBLEMS 531-543 (1978); Kathleen S. Lowney and Joel Best, Stalking Strangers and Loves: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime, in IMAGES OF ISSUES: TYPIFYING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 33-57 (Joel Best ed., 2d ed. 1995).
49. See, e.g., Joel Best, "Road Warriors" on "Hair-Trigger Highways:" Cultural Resources and the Media's Construction of the 1987 Freeway Shootings Problem, 61 SOC. INQUIRY 327-345 (1991); Mark Fishman, Crime Waves as Ideology, 25 SOC. PROBLEMS 531-543 (1978); Kathleen S. Lowney and Joel Best, Stalking Strangers and Loves: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime, in IMAGES OF ISSUES: TYPIFYING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 33-57 (Joel Best ed., 2d ed. 1995).
50. See, e.g., Joel Best, "Road Warriors" on "Hair-Trigger Highways:" Cultural Resources and the Media's Construction of the 1987 Freeway Shootings Problem, 61 SOC. INQUIRY 327-345 (1991); Mark Fishman, Crime Waves as Ideology, 25 SOC. PROBLEMS 531-543 (1978); Kathleen S. Lowney and Joel Best, Stalking Strangers and Loves: Changing Media Typifications of a New Crime, in IMAGES OF ISSUES: TYPIFYING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 33-57 (Joel Best ed., 2d ed. 1995).
51. See BEST, supra note 2, at 108.
52. See Fishman, supra note 46, at 542.
53. See John Johnson, Media Manslaughter, in 9 STUDIES IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTION 201-208 (1988); see also John Johnson, Horror Stories and the Construction of Child Abuse, in TYPIFYING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 17-31 (Joel Best, ed., 2d ed. 1995).
54. See John Johnson, Media Manslaughter, in 9 STUDIES IN SYMBOLIC INTERACTION 201-208 (1988); see also John Johnson, Horror Stories and the Construction of Child Abuse, in TYPIFYING CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROBLEMS 17-31 (Joel Best, ed., 2d ed. 1995).
55. Johnson, Media Manslaughter, supra note 21, at 207.
56. Id.
57. GLADYS E. LANG & KURT LANG, THE BATTLE FOR PUBLIC OPINION: THE PRESIDENT, THE PRESS AND THE POLLS DURING WATERGATE 302 (1983).
58. Id.
59. Youth and violent crime articles were identified through the Denver Post Index using several topical categories: crime, crime prevention, criminal law, criminal sentences, detention centers, gangs, juvenile delinquency, murder and murder attempts, victims of crime, violent crime, and violence. Every story in the category of juvenile delinquency was included in the sample. For the category "gangs," every story was included with the exception of articles describing adult, mobster gangs. Stories for all other categories were included only if the Index indicated that the article contained one or more of the following phrases: youth/juvenile violence; youth/juvenile offender, epidemic of violence; crime wave; town meetings/marches/protests/press conferences/church sermons on crime/violence; correctional facilities for youth; criminal/juvenile system and youth; gangs; gang prevention; random violence; reports on patterns/distributions/trends/rates of crime/violence; fear of crime/violence; and funds/resources/personnel allocated to crime/violence prevention programs.
60. We selected the Denver Post because it had (in 1993 and today) the largest circulation of any newspaper in the state.
61. We focus on youth and violent crime because this topic, more so than any other, fueled local media coverage of the summer of violence.
62. This analysis revealed that the summer of violence, as portrayed by the local media, actually commenced on May 2, 1993, when an infant visiting the Denver Zoo was struck by a stray bullet. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, 16A. Consequently, our exploration of news themes begins with the "zoo shooting" in early May and concludes with the closing ceremonies of the Colorado General Assembly's Special Session on Youth Violence in mid-September, 1993. See John Sanko, Romer Signs 10 Bills to Curb Youth Violence, Rocky MNTN News, Sept. 14, 1993, at A12.
63. This analysis revealed that the summer of violence, as portrayed by the local media, actually commenced on May 2, 1993, when an infant visiting the Denver Zoo was struck by a stray bullet. See Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence, DENV. POST, Aug. 8, 1993, 16A. Consequently, our exploration of news themes begins with the "zoo shooting" in early May and concludes with the closing ceremonies of the Colorado General Assembly's Special Session on Youth Violence in mid-September, 1993. See John Sanko, Romer Signs 10 Bills to Curb Youth Violence, Rocky MNTN News, Sept. 14, 1993, at A12.
64. We also acquired footage of a local television station's coverage of several violent crimes featured in both print and electronic media reports during the summer of violence. Our discussion of news themes occasionally draws on this televised coverage.
65. Though we interviewed reporters, columnists, and editors, we will subsequently characterize all respondents generically as either journalists or reporters. We do this to protect the confidentiality we promised those who spoke to us. Similar concerns preclude using gender, age, race, or ethnicity to describe particular reporters.
66. William A. Gamson, ET AL., Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality, 18 ANN. REV. SOC. 388 (1992).
67. For a related project, we conducted interviews with five high-ranking officials in the Denver (and Colorado) juvenile justice systems; a half-dozen metro area, law enforcement officers; two members of the Denver mayor's administration; three members of the Colorado Governor's administration; two Denver gang intervention workers; and four state legislators. We occasionally draw on these interviews to clarify and extend our interpretation of the print media's coverage of the summer of violence.
68. DENVER POST, July 24, 1993, at 1A, 15A; DENVER POST, July 31, 1993, at 18A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 24, 1993 at 1A, 2A, 4A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 28, 1993 at 16A.
69. DENVER POST, July 24, 1993, at 1A, 15A; DENVER POST, July 31, 1993, at 18A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 24, 1993 at 1A, 2A, 4A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 28, 1993 at 16A.
70. DENVER POST, July 24, 1993, at 1A, 15A; DENVER POST, July 31, 1993, at 18A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 24, 1993 at 1A, 2A, 4A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 28, 1993 at 16A.
71. DENVER POST, July 24, 1993, at 1A, 15A; DENVER POST, July 31, 1993, at 18A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 24, 1993 at 1A, 2A, 4A; ROCKY MNT NEWS, July 28, 1993 at 16A.
72. See Stacey Baca et al., 2 Tots Wounded, DENVER POST, July 28, 1993, at 1A.
73. See Stacey Baca & Marilyn Robinson, Shots kill man driving in Park Hill, DENVER POST, July 29, 1993, at 1A.
74. NILS CHRISTIE, The Ideal Victim, in FROM CRIME POLICY TO VICTIM POLICY: REORIENTING THE JUSTICE SYSTEM 17-30 (Ezzat A. Fattah ed. 1986); David F. Luckenbill, Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction, 25 SOC. PROBS. 176-186 (1977).
75. NILS CHRISTIE, The Ideal Victim, in FROM CRIME POLICY TO VICTIM POLICY: REORIENTING THE JUSTICE SYSTEM 17-30 (Ezzat A. Fattah ed. 1986); David F. Luckenbill, Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction, 25 SOC. PROBS. 176-186 (1977).
76. See Christie, supra note 65.
77. See VIVIANA A. ZELIZER, PRICING THE PRICELESS CHILD (1984).
78. Lynn Bartels, Slaying shocks Park Hill: Residents say they realize they can't run from crime, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 30, 1993, at 16A.
79. John C. Ensslin, Wife mourns 'best friend,' Park Hill man found slain also 'fishing buddy,' she says, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 31, 1993, at 5A.
80. Ed Morrow & Marilyn Robinson, Slaying Part of Violent Scene, DENVER POST, July 30, 1993, at 1A.
81. See BEST, supra note 2, at 28-29 (describing how journalists start stories with examples to define the problem of violent crime, draw the reader's attention, and "shape perceptions of the problem").
82. Greg Lopez, Average victim leaving the cycle of gang violence, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Dec. 19, 1993, at 45A.
83. See Best, supra note 2, at 28-29.
84. Christopher Lopez, Mayor urged to organize a task force, DENVER POST, May 5, 1993, at 1A.
85. See Marilyn Robinson, Police: Violence escalating, DENVER POST, June 11, 1993, at 1A.
86. Steve Lipsher, Park Hill boy wounded in head, DENVER POST, June 10, 1993, at 1A.
87. Marilyn Robinson & Tracy Seipel, Teacher, 27, slain driving in parking lot, DENVER POST, Aug. 3, 1993, at 1A.
88. Ann Schrader, Trauma surgeon finds himself in 'battle zone', DENVER POST, June 11, 1993, at 1A.
89. Lopez, supra note 74.
90. Clifford D. May, Under Seige: Living with barbarians at the gate, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Aug. 8, 1993, at 86A.
91. Diane Carman, Urban terrorism requires more than just cops, prisons, DENVER POST, July 31, 1993, at 1E.
92. Craig Bowman, Violence begins before the gun is ever drawn, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Aug. 12 1993, at 62A.
93. Ken Hamblin, Where are our leaders as Denver dies?, DENVER POST, Aug. 5, 1993, at 9B.
94. EMILE DURKHEIM, THE ELEMENTARY FORMS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE 118,120 (1995).
95. Ken Hamblin, Fund targets punks who shot Broderick Bell, DENVER POST, July 13, 1993, at 7B.
96. See DURKHEIM, supra note 84, at 120.
97. Mircea Eliade, The Sacred And The Profane: The Nature Of Religion 47-48 (Willard R. Trask trans., 1959).
98. Jennifer Gavin & Marilyn Robinson, Romer urges fast action by lawmakers to halt violence, DENVER POST, July 28, 1993, at 13A.
99. Jennifer Gavin, Romer says not just guns on agenda, DENVER POST, June 23, 1993, at 1A.
100. Zoo Shooting is tragic metaphor for violence, DENVER POST, May 4, 1993, at 6B.
101. Marie Eddy et al., Denver neighborhood abuzz with caution, but not terror, DENVER POST, Aug. 1, 1993, at 4C.
102. Al Knight, First a diagnosis, then a cure, DENVER POST, Aug. 8, 1993, at 1D.
103. Kevin Simpson, A walk in the park: 'Put the angels around you and pray', DENVER POST, May 6, 1993, at 1B.
104. See Open up Juvenile Records, The Issue: The Arrest Records of Juveniles, Our view: It's time they were opened to the public, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Aug. 4, 1993, at 32A.
105. Paul Colomy & Martin Kretzmann, Projects and Institution Building: Judge Ben B. Lindsey and the Juvenile Court Movement, 42 SOC. PROBS. 191, 199 (1995).
106. Fred Brown, Majority favors banning guns from juveniles, DENVER POST, July 12, 1993, at 1A.
107. Clifford D. May, Kids and crime, What can special session do to solve Denver area's dilemma?, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Sept. 5, 1993, at 93A.
108. Jennifer Gavin, New breed of juveniles test legislative action, DENVER POST, Sept. 1, 1993, at 1F.
109. DENVER POST, Sept. 9, 1993 at 7B.
110. Penelope Purdy, What makes a kid kill a cop in cold blood?, DENVER POST, Sept. 5, 1993, at 3D.
111. Steve Lipsher, Romer shrugs off key rewrite, DENVER POST, Sept. 10, 1993, at 1A.
112. Emile Durkheim, Individualism and the Intellectuals, in EMILE DURKHEIM: ON MORALITY AND SOCIETY 46 (Robert N. Bellah ed., 1973).
113. DURKHEIM, supra note 84, at 412-414.
114. See CHRISTIE, supra note 65, at 25.
115. Id at 26.
116. Id. at 26, 28.
117. Id. at 26.
118. ELIJAH ANDERSON, STREETWISE: RACE, CLASS AND CHANGE IN AN URBAN COMMUNITY (1990); Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control, 27 LAW & SOC. 285-311 (1994).
119. ELIJAH ANDERSON, STREETWISE: RACE, CLASS AND CHANGE IN AN URBAN COMMUNITY (1990); Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub, Structural Variations in Juvenile Court Processing: Inequality, the Underclass, and Social Control, 27 LAW & SOC. 285-311 (1994).
120. See Gamson et al., supra note 60, at 375-380.
121. Anthony Downs, Up and Down with Ecology - The "Issue-Attention Cycle," 23 PUBLIC INTEREST 38-50 (1972).
122. Id. at 42.
123. Id. at 42.
124. See Gusfield, supra note 38, at 10.
125. Id. at 10-13.
126. See Todd Gitlin, The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (1980).
127. Everett Cherrington Hughes, Men and their Work 78-87 (1958).
128. See Best, supra note 2, at 12.
129. See Gusfield, supra note 38, at 13-16.
130. Id. at 14.
131. Robert A. Stallings, Media Discourse and the Social Construction of Risk, 21 SOC. PROB. 90 (1990).
132. See Guy Kelly, Now, There's No Rest for the Wary Shootings Inject Fear Into the Hearts of Law-Abiding, Ordinary Metro-Area People, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 29, 1993, at 20A.
133. See DENVER POST, July 29, 1993 at 9A; Aug. 1, 1993 at 4C; Aug. 4, 1993 at 1A, 4A, 6A; John Sanko, Lawmaker Urges Use of Emergency State Fund Sen. Groff of Denver Says Money Could Help Beef Up Police Patrols in City's Most-Violent Areas, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 11, 1993, at 26A; Guy Kelly, Now, There's No Rest for the Wary Shootings Inject Fear Into the Hearts of Law-Abiding, Ordinary Metro-Area People, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 29, 1993, at 20A.
134. See DENVER POST, July 29, 1993 at 9A; Aug. 1, 1993 at 4C; Aug. 4, 1993 at 1A, 4A, 6A; John Sanko, Lawmaker Urges Use of Emergency State Fund Sen. Groff of Denver Says Money Could Help Beef Up Police Patrols in City's Most-Violent Areas, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 11, 1993, at 26A; Guy Kelly, Now, There's No Rest for the Wary Shootings Inject Fear Into the Hearts of Law-Abiding, Ordinary Metro-Area People, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 29, 1993, at 20A.
135. See DENVER POST, July 29, 1993 at 9A; Aug. 1, 1993 at 4C; Aug. 4, 1993 at 1A, 4A, 6A; John Sanko, Lawmaker Urges Use of Emergency State Fund Sen. Groff of Denver Says Money Could Help Beef Up Police Patrols in City's Most-Violent Areas, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 11, 1993, at 26A; Guy Kelly, Now, There's No Rest for the Wary Shootings Inject Fear Into the Hearts of Law-Abiding, Ordinary Metro-Area People, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 29, 1993, at 20A.
136. John Sanko, Coloradans Fed Up With Gangs, Violence: Shootings of Tot at Zoo, 6-Year-Old in N. Park Hill by Gang Members Pushed People Past Boiling Point, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 22, 1993 at 16A.
137. DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A, 4A; June 17, 1993 at 1A, 27A; Aug. 2, 1993 at 1A; Laurence Washington, About 200 Rally, March to Protest Gang Violence: A Generation is Being Lost, Participant Says, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 17, 1993, at 5A; Lynn Bartels, Crowd Seeks Solutions, Sympathy: Students, Residents Among the Attendees Hoping to make Change in Gang-Ridden Areas, July 25, 1993, at 26A.
138. DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A, 4A; June 17, 1993 at 1A, 27A; Aug. 2, 1993 at 1A; Laurence Washington, About 200 Rally, March to Protest Gang Violence: A Generation is Being Lost, Participant Says, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 17, 1993, at 5A; Lynn Bartels, Crowd Seeks Solutions, Sympathy: Students, Residents Among the Attendees Hoping to make Change in Gang-Ridden Areas, July 25, 1993, at 26A.
139. DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A, 4A; June 17, 1993 at 1A, 27A; Aug. 2, 1993 at 1A; Laurence Washington, About 200 Rally, March to Protest Gang Violence: A Generation is Being Lost, Participant Says, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 17, 1993, at 5A; Lynn Bartels, Crowd Seeks Solutions, Sympathy: Students, Residents Among the Attendees Hoping to make Change in Gang-Ridden Areas, July 25, 1993, at 26A.
140. Fred Brown, Special Session Favored 4 to 1, DENVER POST, Sep. 6, 1993 at 1A.
141. Christopher Lopez, Candidates Focus on Gangs Five Denver Council Contenders Tout Ways to End Violence, DENVER POST, June 14, 1993 at 2B.
142. DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 14A; John C. Ensslin, Coloradans Tackle Gangs, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 15, 1993, at 6A.
143. DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 14A; John C. Ensslin, Coloradans Tackle Gangs, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 15, 1993, at 6A.
144. Rocky Mountain News, Sep. 7, 1993, at 4A, 35A.
145. DENVER POST, Sep. 7, 1993 at 12A.
146. Id.
147. Jennifer Gavin, Webb asks Clinton for gang funds, DENVER POST, Aug. 14, 1993 at 21A.
148. Ed Morrow, Priest fasts to spotlight youth violence, DENVER POST, July 13, 1993 at 3B.
149. Sarah Ellis, Archbishop will ask pope to address issue of violence, DENVER POST, July 30, 1993 at 1A.
150. Id.
151. Gary Massaro, Pope Wants Gang Peace in Denver, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Aug. 10, 1993, at 12A.
152. Paul Hutchinson, Pope Condemns Violence John Paul Urges Media, Urban Areas to Join Hands, DENVER POST, Aug. 15, 1993 at 1A.
153. Jennifer Gavin, Teens Join War Against Gang Threat HYPE Hopes to Help Kids, DENVER POST, June 23, 1993 at 4B.
154. John C. Ensslin, Gangs Converge on Park to Talk About a Truce: Optimistic City Official Says Gathering was Inconclusive, but more Meetings are Expected, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 24, 1993, at 4A.
155. Leroy Williams, Jr., Safety Stressed After Violent Summer Metro-Area: Educators Take Steps to Prevent Crime, Violence and to Keep Students Safe, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, Sep. 5, 1993, at 20A.
156. Christopher Lopez, Panel Begins Study of Youth Violence, DENVER POST, July 31, 1993 at 16A.
157. Jennifer Gavin, DAs Come Together to Stop Violence Area Prosecutors Have New Priority, DENVER POST, July 30, 1993 at 12A.
158. Jennifer Gavin, Reno Gets Anti-Gang Invitation Schroeder Cites Poor Metro Coordination, DENVER POST, July 3, 1993 at 1B.
159. Stacey Baca, Guard Plan Could Help Dropouts Schroeder Seeks $4.4 Million for Military-Style Colo. Camp, DENVER POST, Aug. 20, 1993 at 1B.
160. Brian Weber, Fed-Up Webb Declares War on City Gangs Mayor Orders Increased Police Patrols, Tough Prosecution to Stem Neighborhood Terrorism, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, June 11, 1993, at 4A.
161. Brian Weber, Extra $1 Million, 50 Officers Sought For Denver War on Gangs: Public Safety Officials Ask City Council to Approve Plan, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 7, 1993, at 5A.
162. John Sanko, Romer Unveils Proposal to Battle Gangs: Plan Targets Youths with Guns and Seeks to Expand the Juvenile Justice System; It May Cost Up to $18 Million, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 23, 1993, at 4A.
163. Id.
164. DENVER POST, July 2, 1993 at 1A.
165. See Gary Massaro, Romer Orders Special Session: Archbishop Prays for Safety of Youth Day Visitors, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NEWS, July 30, 1993 at 1A.
166. Alfred Blumstein & Daniel Cork, Linking Gun Availability to Youth Gun Violence, 59 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 5 (1996).
167. James Alan Fox, The Calm Before the Juvenile Crime Storm?, 24 POPULATION TODAY 4 (1996).
168. Laura Ross Greiner, Threatening Children; Mass Media and the Construction of a New Breed of Violent Youth Offender (1997) (Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, University of Denver.)
169. See Jim Kirksey, Kids-with-guns crime up slightly, DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A; Marilyn Robinson, Crime Rate Dips in Colo. Popular Perception Belied, DENVER POST, Aug. 7, 1993 at 1A; Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence Irrational Shootings Spark Fear in Areas Previously Untouched, DENVER POST, Aug. 8, 1993 at 1A.
170. See Jim Kirksey, Kids-with-guns crime up slightly, DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A; Marilyn Robinson, Crime Rate Dips in Colo. Popular Perception Belied, DENVER POST, Aug. 7, 1993 at 1A; Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence Irrational Shootings Spark Fear in Areas Previously Untouched, DENVER POST, Aug. 8, 1993 at 1A.
171. See Jim Kirksey, Kids-with-guns crime up slightly, DENVER POST, June 15, 1993 at 1A; Marilyn Robinson, Crime Rate Dips in Colo. Popular Perception Belied, DENVER POST, Aug. 7, 1993 at 1A; Steve Lipsher, Denver's Summer of Violence Irrational Shootings Spark Fear in Areas Previously Untouched, DENVER POST, Aug. 8, 1993 at 1A.
172. DENVER POST, May 3, 1993 at 23A.