Reconceptualizing the history of race psychology: Thomas Russell Garth (1872-1939) and how he changed his mind

Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 15-32

  Richards, Graham ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347597910     PISSN: 00225061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199824)34:1<15::aid-jhbs2>3.0.co;2-i     Document Type: Article

References (205)

1. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
2. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
3. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
4. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
5. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
6. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
7. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
8. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
9. William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994) for example concentrates on the eugenics side of the story and nowhere references T. R. Garth. Other relevant texts are: E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: Norton, 1981); D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change (New York: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1994); D. T. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995); A. Mama, Beyond the Masks: Race, Gender and Subjectivity (London: Routledge, 1995). Again, however, Garth, Peterson, and Porteus are cited in none of these. A fuller account of race psychology, its critics, and rival approaches is included in G. Richards, 'Race,' Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History (London: Routledge, 1997), chapters 4 and 5, wherein the contextual aspects of the story are also elaborated in more detail with extensive bibliographic references. On Porteus, see his autobiography: S. D. Porteus, A Psychologist of Sorts (Palo Alto: Pacific Books, 1969), though this is somewhat disingenuous regarding his race differences work; also the entry on him in Biographical Dictionary of Psychology, N. Sheehy, A. J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy, eds. (London: Routledge, 1997).
10. C. C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923). The major secondary coverage of the U.S. Army Alpha test episode is Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890-1930, M. M. Sokal, ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987), but see J. Carson, "Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence," Isis 84 (1993): 278-309, and Gould, The Mismeasure of Man.
11. C. C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923). The major secondary coverage of the U.S. Army Alpha test episode is Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890-1930, M. M. Sokal, ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987), but see J. Carson, "Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence," Isis 84 (1993): 278-309, and Gould, The Mismeasure of Man.
12. C. C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923). The major secondary coverage of the U.S. Army Alpha test episode is Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890-1930, M. M. Sokal, ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987), but see J. Carson, "Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence," Isis 84 (1993): 278-309, and Gould, The Mismeasure of Man.
13. C. C. Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1923). The major secondary coverage of the U.S. Army Alpha test episode is Psychological Testing and American Society, 1890-1930, M. M. Sokal, ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1987), but see J. Carson, "Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence," Isis 84 (1993): 278-309, and Gould, The Mismeasure of Man.
14. The two major discussions of this transition phase are: F. Samelson, "From 'Race Psychology' to 'Studies of Prejudice': Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 265-278; J. M. Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology: from Color to Culture," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology 4, L. Wheeler & P. Shaver, eds (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 117-150. See also R. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (London: Norton, 1985), 130-132. O. Klineberg's autobiographical entry in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, G. Lindzey, ed (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 161-182, also provides a useful account of his role at this time. On incipient doubts regarding the fixity of innate intelligence at this time see also Hamilton Cravens, "The case of the Manufactured Morons: Science and Social Policy in Two Eras, 1914-1966," in Technical Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the Early 1800s, Hamilton Cravens, Allen I. Marcus and David M. Katzman, eds. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 155-170. This focuses on the work of the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station during the inter-war period.
15. The two major discussions of this transition phase are: F. Samelson, "From 'Race Psychology' to 'Studies of Prejudice': Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 265-278; J. M. Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology: from Color to Culture," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology 4, L. Wheeler & P. Shaver, eds (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 117-150. See also R. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (London: Norton, 1985), 130-132. O. Klineberg's autobiographical entry in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, G. Lindzey, ed (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 161-182, also provides a useful account of his role at this time. On incipient doubts regarding the fixity of innate intelligence at this time see also Hamilton Cravens, "The case of the Manufactured Morons: Science and Social Policy in Two Eras, 1914-1966," in Technical Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the Early 1800s, Hamilton Cravens, Allen I. Marcus and David M. Katzman, eds. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 155-170. This focuses on the work of the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station during the inter-war period.
16. The two major discussions of this transition phase are: F. Samelson, "From 'Race Psychology' to 'Studies of Prejudice': Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 265-278; J. M. Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology: from Color to Culture," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology 4, L. Wheeler & P. Shaver, eds (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 117-150. See also R. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (London: Norton, 1985), 130-132. O. Klineberg's autobiographical entry in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, G. Lindzey, ed (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 161-182, also provides a useful account of his role at this time. On incipient doubts regarding the fixity of innate intelligence at this time see also Hamilton Cravens, "The case of the Manufactured Morons: Science and Social Policy in Two Eras, 1914-1966," in Technical Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the Early 1800s, Hamilton Cravens, Allen I. Marcus and David M. Katzman, eds. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 155-170. This focuses on the work of the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station during the inter-war period.
17. The two major discussions of this transition phase are: F. Samelson, "From 'Race Psychology' to 'Studies of Prejudice': Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 265-278; J. M. Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology: from Color to Culture," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology 4, L. Wheeler & P. Shaver, eds (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 117-150. See also R. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (London: Norton, 1985), 130-132. O. Klineberg's autobiographical entry in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, G. Lindzey, ed (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 161-182, also provides a useful account of his role at this time. On incipient doubts regarding the fixity of innate intelligence at this time see also Hamilton Cravens, "The case of the Manufactured Morons: Science and Social Policy in Two Eras, 1914-1966," in Technical Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the Early 1800s, Hamilton Cravens, Allen I. Marcus and David M. Katzman, eds. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 155-170. This focuses on the work of the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station during the inter-war period.
18. The two major discussions of this transition phase are: F. Samelson, "From 'Race Psychology' to 'Studies of Prejudice': Some Observations on the Thematic Reversal in Social Psychology," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 14 (1978): 265-278; J. M. Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology: from Color to Culture," in Review of Personality and Social Psychology 4, L. Wheeler & P. Shaver, eds (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1983), 117-150. See also R. Fancher, The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy (London: Norton, 1985), 130-132. O. Klineberg's autobiographical entry in A History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, G. Lindzey, ed (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1974), 161-182, also provides a useful account of his role at this time. On incipient doubts regarding the fixity of innate intelligence at this time see also Hamilton Cravens, "The case of the Manufactured Morons: Science and Social Policy in Two Eras, 1914-1966," in Technical Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the Early 1800s, Hamilton Cravens, Allen I. Marcus and David M. Katzman, eds. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996), 155-170. This focuses on the work of the University of Iowa's Child Welfare Research Station during the inter-war period.
19. I have identified over 50 publications, excluding book reviews. (A full bibliography of T. R. Garth's publications is provided in an appendix in Richards "Race," Racism and Psychology).
20. T. R. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 22 (1925): 343-364; "A Review of Race Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 27 (1930):329-356; and Race Psychology: A Study of Racial Mental Differences (New York: Whittlesey, 1931) respectively. Other citations of these two articles include the date of publication so that the reader can distinguish the two articles, which have near identical titles.
21. T. R. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 22 (1925): 343-364; "A Review of Race Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 27 (1930):329-356; and Race Psychology: A Study of Racial Mental Differences (New York: Whittlesey, 1931) respectively. Other citations of these two articles include the date of publication so that the reader can distinguish the two articles, which have near identical titles.
22. T. R. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 22 (1925): 343-364; "A Review of Race Psychology," Psychological Bulletin 27 (1930):329-356; and Race Psychology: A Study of Racial Mental Differences (New York: Whittlesey, 1931) respectively. Other citations of these two articles include the date of publication so that the reader can distinguish the two articles, which have near identical titles.
23. A. M. Padilla, "Early Psychological Assessments of Mexican-American Children," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 24 (1988):111-116.
24. C. C. Brigham, "Intelligence Test of Immigrant Groups," Psychological Review 37 (1930): 158-165. Prior to his recantation, his support was gratefully acknowledged in C. H. Rice, A Hindustani Binet Performance Scale (Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1929), suggesting that he remained interested in the issue even if he was not publishing on it.
25. C. C. Brigham, "Intelligence Test of Immigrant Groups," Psychological Review 37 (1930): 158-165. Prior to his recantation, his support was gratefully acknowledged in C. H. Rice, A Hindustani Binet Performance Scale (Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1929), suggesting that he remained interested in the issue even if he was not publishing on it.
26. The sources for this are primarily: (a) an anonymous university eulogy and press obituaries supplied by the Penrose Library, University of Denver, the sources of which are not all identifiable; (b) personal correspondence with, and additional material provided by, his surviving daughter, Nadine Jackson of Salt Lake City, and Mildred Garth of Los Gatos, California, the widow of his son, Thomas Russell Garth Jr; (c) Psychological Register Vol. 2, C. Murchison, (Worcester, Massachusetts: Clark University Press, 1929).
27. Towards the end of his life he published a short nostalgic memoir of the Union City of his childhood, date and precise provenance of which cannot be ascertained from my copy. It was, according to the header, "prompted by Mr. Garth's receiving from his nephew R. C. Garth a copy of the Young Business Men's Club Christmas Edition of The Daily Messenger," and "will be of interest to his community." The Daily Messenger was presumably a Union City newspaper and almost certainly the place where this memoir, entitled "I Remember! I Remember!" also appeared. His 1937 books are listed and so presumably it appeared in either early 1938 or early 1939.
28. Personal communication from Mildred Garth.
29. Ibid.
30. One obituary ascribes this to a need to recover from tuberculosis while other sources refer to asthma - of which he was a life-long sufferer.
31. "Writer Finds Races Equal in Mentality," interview by C. Bancroft, The Denver Post, February 1931.
32. Date and source not identified. Supplied by Penrose Library Archives. This research appears to have remained unpublished. All subjects in his 1918 doctoral monograph were white school children from Virginia.
33. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
34. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
35. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
36. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
37. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
38. R. S. Woodworth, "Racial differences in mental traits," Science N.S. 31 (1910): 171-186; F. G. Bruner, "The Hearing of Primitive Peoples: An Experimental Study of the Auditory Acuity and the Upper Limit of Hearing of Whites, Indians, Filipinos, Ainu, and African Pigmies," Archives of Psychology 11 (1908): 1-132. Two amateurish papers of an uncritically "scientific racist" character had appeared in U.S. journals in the 1890s: R. M. Bache, "Reaction Time with Reference to Race," Psychological Review 2 (1895): 475-486:; G. R. Stetson, "Some Memory Tests of Whites and Blacks," Psychological Review 4 (1897): 285-289. (This Stetson, incidentally, is not to be confused with R. H. Stetson who is erroneously credited with the paper in Psychological Register, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. R. S. Woodworth, "Comparative Psychology of Races," Psychological Bulletin 13 (1916): 388-397.
39. See Klineberg's autobiographical entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 6, Lindzey, ed.
40. As editor of Archives of Psychology, Woodworth published three major early race psychology texts: Bruner, "The hearing of primitive peoples;" M. J. Mayo; "The mental capacity of the American Negro," Archives of Psychology 4 (1913): 1-70; and G. O. Ferguson Jr, "The psychology of the negro: an experimental study," Archives of Psychology 36 (1916): 1-138. See also A. S. Winston, "'As His Name Indicates': R. S. Woodworth's Letters of Reference and Employment for Jewish Psychologists in the 1930s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 30-43. Woodworth's entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 359-380, is not very enlightening on the race topic.
41. As editor of Archives of Psychology, Woodworth published three major early race psychology texts: Bruner, "The hearing of primitive peoples;" M. J. Mayo; "The mental capacity of the American Negro," Archives of Psychology 4 (1913): 1-70; and G. O. Ferguson Jr, "The psychology of the negro: an experimental study," Archives of Psychology 36 (1916): 1-138. See also A. S. Winston, "'As His Name Indicates': R. S. Woodworth's Letters of Reference and Employment for Jewish Psychologists in the 1930s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 30-43. Woodworth's entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 359-380, is not very enlightening on the race topic.
42. As editor of Archives of Psychology, Woodworth published three major early race psychology texts: Bruner, "The hearing of primitive peoples;" M. J. Mayo; "The mental capacity of the American Negro," Archives of Psychology 4 (1913): 1-70; and G. O. Ferguson Jr, "The psychology of the negro: an experimental study," Archives of Psychology 36 (1916): 1-138. See also A. S. Winston, "'As His Name Indicates': R. S. Woodworth's Letters of Reference and Employment for Jewish Psychologists in the 1930s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 30-43. Woodworth's entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 359-380, is not very enlightening on the race topic.
43. As editor of Archives of Psychology, Woodworth published three major early race psychology texts: Bruner, "The hearing of primitive peoples;" M. J. Mayo; "The mental capacity of the American Negro," Archives of Psychology 4 (1913): 1-70; and G. O. Ferguson Jr, "The psychology of the negro: an experimental study," Archives of Psychology 36 (1916): 1-138. See also A. S. Winston, "'As His Name Indicates': R. S. Woodworth's Letters of Reference and Employment for Jewish Psychologists in the 1930s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 30-43. Woodworth's entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 359-380, is not very enlightening on the race topic.
44. As editor of Archives of Psychology, Woodworth published three major early race psychology texts: Bruner, "The hearing of primitive peoples;" M. J. Mayo; "The mental capacity of the American Negro," Archives of Psychology 4 (1913): 1-70; and G. O. Ferguson Jr, "The psychology of the negro: an experimental study," Archives of Psychology 36 (1916): 1-138. See also A. S. Winston, "'As His Name Indicates': R. S. Woodworth's Letters of Reference and Employment for Jewish Psychologists in the 1930s," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 32 (1996): 30-43. Woodworth's entry in History of Psychology in Autobiography, Vol. 2, C. Murchison, ed. (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961): 359-380, is not very enlightening on the race topic.
45. Personal communication from Mildred Garth.
46. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
47. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
48. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
49. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
50. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
51. This statement cannot be elaborated on here, but see: Mayo, "The Mental Capacity of the American Negro;" Ferguson, "The Psychology of the Negro;" A. M. Strong "Three Hundred Fifty White and Colored Children Measured by the Binet-Simon Measuring Scale of Intelligence: A Comparative Study," The Pedagogical Seminary 20 (1913): 485-515; and H. W. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro: Research into the Conditions of the Negro in Southern Towns," Studies in History, Economics & Public Law, vol. 37(3) (1910): 309-606 (1-302). The pessimistic mood that had settled over this debate, which dated from the end of Reconstruction, appears to have been a major factor in rendering those concerned receptive to a psychological explanation for 'Negro' underperformance as due to innate inferiority. See e.g. H. A. Bullock, A History of Negro Education in the South from 1619 to the Present (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1967); J. S. Haller, Jr, Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial Inferiority 1859-1900 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1971), among a vast historical literature on the subject.
52. T. R. Garth, "The Problem of Race Psychology: A General Statement," Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 319-327.
53. Assessment of musical ability usually involved Carl Emil Seashore's musical aptitude tests dating from 1919 [C. E. Seashore, Measures of Musical Talent. Manual of Instructions and Interpretations (Chicago: C. H. Stoelting & Co, 1919) with accompanying records by Columbia Gramaphone Co.]. The testing of "will-temperament" was initiated by J. E. Downey of the University of Wyoming. Her fullest exposition of the use of the Downey willtemperament tests was J. E. Downey, The Will-Temperament and Its Testing (New York: World Book, 1924). They were based primarily on handwriting under various conditions and were claimed to reveal traits "such as speed of reaction, decisiveness and forcefulness, carefulness, resistance to opposition" Dictionary of Psychology, Howard C. Warren, ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1934, 296, under "will-temperament test," an entry presumably written by Downey as she figures among the list of collaborators). Numerous techniques were used for assessing fatigue and color-preferences.
54. Assessment of musical ability usually involved Carl Emil Seashore's musical aptitude tests dating from 1919 [C. E. Seashore, Measures of Musical Talent. Manual of Instructions and Interpretations (Chicago: C. H. Stoelting & Co, 1919) with accompanying records by Columbia Gramaphone Co.]. The testing of "will-temperament" was initiated by J. E. Downey of the University of Wyoming. Her fullest exposition of the use of the Downey willtemperament tests was J. E. Downey, The Will-Temperament and Its Testing (New York: World Book, 1924). They were based primarily on handwriting under various conditions and were claimed to reveal traits "such as speed of reaction, decisiveness and forcefulness, carefulness, resistance to opposition" Dictionary of Psychology, Howard C. Warren, ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1934, 296, under "will-temperament test," an entry presumably written by Downey as she figures among the list of collaborators). Numerous techniques were used for assessing fatigue and color-preferences.
55. Assessment of musical ability usually involved Carl Emil Seashore's musical aptitude tests dating from 1919 [C. E. Seashore, Measures of Musical Talent. Manual of Instructions and Interpretations (Chicago: C. H. Stoelting & Co, 1919) with accompanying records by Columbia Gramaphone Co.]. The testing of "will-temperament" was initiated by J. E. Downey of the University of Wyoming. Her fullest exposition of the use of the Downey willtemperament tests was J. E. Downey, The Will-Temperament and Its Testing (New York: World Book, 1924). They were based primarily on handwriting under various conditions and were claimed to reveal traits "such as speed of reaction, decisiveness and forcefulness, carefulness, resistance to opposition" Dictionary of Psychology, Howard C. Warren, ed. (London: Allen and Unwin, 1934, 296, under "will-temperament test," an entry presumably written by Downey as she figures among the list of collaborators). Numerous techniques were used for assessing fatigue and color-preferences.
56. B. Spilka, "From Soul to Psyche and Frontier to Mainstream: A History of Psychology at the University of Denver to 1960," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 24 (1988): 51-55.
57. One cutting dated 26 October 1933 (source unidentified) refers to a biographical article in the British magazine Town and Country Review for 2 October. B. Petermann, "Wider die vorgebliche Überwerdung das Rassenseele-Idei bein Thomas Russell Garth," Archiv für gesamte Psychologie 92 (1936): 257-293.
58. One cutting dated 26 October 1933 (source unidentified) refers to a biographical article in the British magazine Town and Country Review for 2 October. B. Petermann, "Wider die vorgebliche Überwerdung das Rassenseele-Idei bein Thomas Russell Garth," Archiv für gesamte Psychologie 92 (1936): 257-293.
59. T. R. Garth and T. R. Garth, Jr., "The Personality of Indians," Journal of Applied Psychology 21 (1937): 464-467. His son's chauffering role is referred to in T. R. Garth, "The Incidence of Color Blindness among Indians," Report to National Research Council and University of Denver (1931).
60. T. R. Garth and T. R. Garth, Jr., "The Personality of Indians," Journal of Applied Psychology 21 (1937): 464-467. His son's chauffering role is referred to in T. R. Garth, "The Incidence of Color Blindness among Indians," Report to National Research Council and University of Denver (1931).
61. A. R. Jensen, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" Harvard Educational Review 39 (1969): 1-123.
62. Clipping in University of Denver Penrose Library Archives, source unidentified.
63. Garth, Race Psychology, vii. He reiterated the point in his press interviews of the 1930s.
64. Ibid. 221
65. T. R. Garth, "White, Indian and Negro Work Curves," Journal of Applied Psychology 5 (1921): 15-25
66. T. R. Garth, "The Problem of Racial Psychology," Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology 17 (1922): 215-219.
67. During his race psychology phase he published only two papers relating to African-Americans: "White, Indian and Negro work curves" (1921) and T. R. Garth and C. A. Whatley, "Intelligence of Southern Negro Children," School & Society 22 (1925): 501-504.
68. During his race psychology phase he published only two papers relating to African-Americans: "White, Indian and Negro work curves" (1921) and T. R. Garth and C. A. Whatley, "Intelligence of Southern Negro Children," School & Society 22 (1925): 501-504.
69. Garth, "White, Indian and Negro," 16.
70. Ibid.
71. Garth, "The Problem of Racial Psychology," 215, cited from E. L. Thorndike Educational Psychology (New York). Edition and publisher not identified, though probably the 3rd, 3 vol. edition of 1913-1914 (New York: Teachers College).
72. Garth, "The Problem of Racial Psychology," 215, cited from E. L. Thorndike Educational Psychology (New York). Edition and publisher not identified, though probably the 3rd, 3 vol. edition of 1913-1914 (New York: Teachers College).
73. R. S. Woodworth, Dynamic Psychology: The Jessup Lectures 1916-1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1918), 36.
74. Woodworth's Dynamic Psychology was, according to Kurt Danziger, the text which introduced the term 'drive' as a technical psychological concept. See K. Danziger, Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language (London: Sage, 1997), 118-119, 159-161.
75. Woodworth's Dynamic Psychology was, according to Kurt Danziger, the text which introduced the term 'drive' as a technical psychological concept. See K. Danziger, Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language (London: Sage, 1997), 118-119, 159-161.
76. Garth, "The problem of Racial Psychology" 218.
77. Readers should note that this usage of the phrase 'barely possible' is the reverse in meaning to the British use, signifying that the case in question is highly likely or most probable, i.e. "it is hardly conceivable that the . . . by-products . . . will not prove as valuable . . .". Garth uses this expression fairly frequently.
78. Garth, "The Problem of Racial Psychology," 218-219.
79. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," (1925) 343.
80. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
81. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
82. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
83. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
84. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
85. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
86. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
87. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
88. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
89. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
90. Ibid. 346 L. Lévy-Bruhl, Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inferieures (Paris: Alcan, 1922); L. Lévy-Bruhl, La mentalité primitive (Paris: Alcan, 1922) (Eng. trans. Primitive Mentality London: Allen & Unwin, 1923); M. Grant, The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History (New York: Scribner, 1916); S. K. Humphrey, Mankind: Racial Values and the Racial Prospect (New York: Scribner, 1917); T. L. Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World-Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1920); W. McDougall, Is America Safe for Democracy? (U.K. title: National Welfare and National Decay) (London: Methuen, 1921); A. M. Carr-Saunders, The Population Problem: A Study in Human Evolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1922); J. Oakesmith, Race and Nationality, an Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Patriotism (London: Heinemann, 1919); J. Finot, Race Prejudice (Miami: Mnemosyne Publishing Co, 1969 [1906]). Jean Finot was a French writer strongly opposed to race-differences doctrines.
91. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," (1925), 349.
92. The "Zulu" paper was H. R. Loades and S. G. Rich, "Binet Tests on South African Natives - Zulus," The Pedagogical Seminary 24 (1917): 373-383.
93. J. Peterson, "The comparative abilities of white and negro children," Comparative Psychology Monographs 1 (1923): 1-141
94. Garth, "A Review of Racial Psychology," (1925) 359.
95. Ibid.
96. Garth, "Race and Psychology," Science Monthly 23 (1926): 240-245.
97. Ibid. 242.
98. G. Le Bon, The Psychology of Peoples (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1899); W. Wundt, Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, 1916); his Conklin reference is probably to E. G. Conklin, The Direction of Human Evolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921).
99. G. Le Bon, The Psychology of Peoples (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1899); W. Wundt, Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, 1916); his Conklin reference is probably to E. G. Conklin, The Direction of Human Evolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921).
100. G. Le Bon, The Psychology of Peoples (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1899); W. Wundt, Elements of Folk Psychology: Outlines of a Psychological History of the Development of Mankind (London: Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, 1916); his Conklin reference is probably to E. G. Conklin, The Direction of Human Evolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921).
101. Garth, "Race and psychology," 243.
102. See G. S. Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education (2 vols.) (New York: Appleton, 1904) especially chapter 18. Hall proposes the theory that races have life-cycles similar to those of individuals and that current "primitive" races are at the adolescent stage. This of course reflects Hall's general recapitulationist orientation. It marked a significant divergence from much orthodox scientific racism, which held such peoples to be in a state of "arrested development" or stuck in evolutionary dead-ends. D. Muschinske suprisingly did not notice Adolescence, the fullest account of Hall's position which he published; see D. Muschinske, "The nonwhite as child: G. Stanley Hall on the Education of Nonwhite People," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13 (1977): 328-336.
103. See G. S. Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education (2 vols.) (New York: Appleton, 1904) especially chapter 18. Hall proposes the theory that races have life-cycles similar to those of individuals and that current "primitive" races are at the adolescent stage. This of course reflects Hall's general recapitulationist orientation. It marked a significant divergence from much orthodox scientific racism, which held such peoples to be in a state of "arrested development" or stuck in evolutionary dead-ends. D. Muschinske suprisingly did not notice Adolescence, the fullest account of Hall's position which he published; see D. Muschinske, "The nonwhite as child: G. Stanley Hall on the Education of Nonwhite People," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13 (1977): 328-336.
104. See G. S. Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education (2 vols.) (New York: Appleton, 1904) especially chapter 18. Hall proposes the theory that races have life-cycles similar to those of individuals and that current "primitive" races are at the adolescent stage. This of course reflects Hall's general recapitulationist orientation. It marked a significant divergence from much orthodox scientific racism, which held such peoples to be in a state of "arrested development" or stuck in evolutionary dead-ends. D. Muschinske suprisingly did not notice Adolescence, the fullest account of Hall's position which he published; see D. Muschinske, "The nonwhite as child: G. Stanley Hall on the Education of Nonwhite People," Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 13 (1977): 328-336.
105. Garth's "race mobility" notion is a somewhat hazy anticipation of the fact that gene-pool composition may change fairly rapidly when selection vectors are altered. This is of course quite distinct from speciation as such.
106. Garth, "Race and Psychology," 243
107. Garth, "Mental Fatigue of Indians of Nomadic and Sedentary Tribes," Journal of Applied Psychology 10 (1926): 437-452.
108. T. R. Garth & M. A. Barnard, "The Will-Temperament of Indians," Journal of Applied Psychology 11 (1927): 512-518.
109. I.e. the doctrine that people of 'mixed blood' are intermediate in their performance between the two parent stocks, an old scientific racism favorite, since it could be used to explain away instances of high "Negro" achievement as being due to their having some white ancestry.
110. See Conklin, The Direction of Human Evolution.
111. Garth, Race Psychology, 141.
112. Garth, "A Review of Race Psychology," (1930).
113. Ibid p. 329-330.
114. P. Radin, Primitive Man as Philosopher (New York: Appleton, 1927); W. H. R. Rivers, Psychology and Ethnology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1926).
115. P. Radin, Primitive Man as Philosopher (New York: Appleton, 1927); W. H. R. Rivers, Psychology and Ethnology (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1926).
116. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York: Morrow, 1928); M. J. Herskovits, "On the relation between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests," Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33 (1926): 30-42; M. J. Herskovits, The American Negro: A Study in Racial Crossing (New York: Knopf, 1928); B. Lasker, Race Attitudes in Children (New York: Holt, 1929); R. E. Park, "The Basis of Race Prejudice," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 11-21.
117. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York: Morrow, 1928); M. J. Herskovits, "On the relation between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests," Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33 (1926): 30-42; M. J. Herskovits, The American Negro: A Study in Racial Crossing (New York: Knopf, 1928); B. Lasker, Race Attitudes in Children (New York: Holt, 1929); R. E. Park, "The Basis of Race Prejudice," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 11-21.
118. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York: Morrow, 1928); M. J. Herskovits, "On the relation between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests," Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33 (1926): 30-42; M. J. Herskovits, The American Negro: A Study in Racial Crossing (New York: Knopf, 1928); B. Lasker, Race Attitudes in Children (New York: Holt, 1929); R. E. Park, "The Basis of Race Prejudice," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 11-21.
119. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York: Morrow, 1928); M. J. Herskovits, "On the relation between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests," Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33 (1926): 30-42; M. J. Herskovits, The American Negro: A Study in Racial Crossing (New York: Knopf, 1928); B. Lasker, Race Attitudes in Children (New York: Holt, 1929); R. E. Park, "The Basis of Race Prejudice," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 11-21.
120. M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York: Morrow, 1928); M. J. Herskovits, "On the relation between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests," Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 33 (1926): 30-42; M. J. Herskovits, The American Negro: A Study in Racial Crossing (New York: Knopf, 1928); B. Lasker, Race Attitudes in Children (New York: Holt, 1929); R. E. Park, "The Basis of Race Prejudice," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 11-21.
121. L. L. Thurstone, "An Experimental Study of National Preferences," Journal of General Psychology 1 (1928): 405-25; R. T. Lapiere, "Race Prejudice: France and England," Social Forces 7 (1928): 102-11; R. Frederick, "An Investigation into some Social Attitudes of High School Pupils," School & Society 25 (1927): 410-412; E. S. Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes (New York: Heath, 1928).
122. L. L. Thurstone, "An Experimental Study of National Preferences," Journal of General Psychology 1 (1928): 405-25; R. T. Lapiere, "Race Prejudice: France and England," Social Forces 7 (1928): 102-11; R. Frederick, "An Investigation into some Social Attitudes of High School Pupils," School & Society 25 (1927): 410-412; E. S. Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes (New York: Heath, 1928).
123. L. L. Thurstone, "An Experimental Study of National Preferences," Journal of General Psychology 1 (1928): 405-25; R. T. Lapiere, "Race Prejudice: France and England," Social Forces 7 (1928): 102-11; R. Frederick, "An Investigation into some Social Attitudes of High School Pupils," School & Society 25 (1927): 410-412; E. S. Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes (New York: Heath, 1928).
124. L. L. Thurstone, "An Experimental Study of National Preferences," Journal of General Psychology 1 (1928): 405-25; R. T. Lapiere, "Race Prejudice: France and England," Social Forces 7 (1928): 102-11; R. Frederick, "An Investigation into some Social Attitudes of High School Pupils," School & Society 25 (1927): 410-412; E. S. Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes (New York: Heath, 1928).
125. Garth, "A Review of Race Psychology," (1930) 348.
126. These are not quite the same thing. "Modification" refers to genetic level changes a race might have undergone due to episodes of selection. These are, however, not irreversible, being essentially transient phases in a never-ending process of change. See note 52.
127. Garth, Race Psychology, vii.
128. Garth, Race Psychology, 221.
129. It is unclear why his cut-off date is 1928 rather than 1929 or 1930. There is some archival evidence that he had difficulty finding a publisher, so the work may have been completed rather earlier: in an undated University of Denver "Professional Report-Annual Supplement" (probably 1930), he notes, "Since the book is rather technical I am having some difficulty getting it past the salesmanager." Woodworth, H. A. Carr and Clark Wissler were mentioned as all having recommended it for publication. (1929 figures appears in Garth, "A Review of Race Psychology.") Of these subjects, about 25,000 were "American Negroes" (about 18,800 from the 1917-1918 Army Alpha tests), 6,857 were Indians, 1,306 Chinese (mostly Hawaiian or U.S.-based), 3,447 Japanese, 4,650 Italian, 1,999 Poles, and 2,440 Jewish. Subjects classified as "Nordic," "Alpine," and "Mediterranean" totalled 3,456, 3,766 and 4,196, respectively. At the other extreme are 102 Danes and 32 Koreans. Of 129 psychological tests used, over two-thirds, 88, were intelligence tests (48 group, 24 individual, 11 non-language group and 5 non-language individual). There is some confusion here: the 1917-1918 "Negro" sample was 23,604 (Brigham, A Study of American Intelligence, 77) which leaves only about 1,400 studied in other research, clearly an underestimate.
130. Garth, Race Psychology, 82.
131. Ibid. 83, 84.
132. Ibid. 206-210.
133. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
134. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
135. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
136. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
137. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
138. See in particular John Dewey, "Interpretation of Savage Mind," Psychological Review 9 (1902): 217-30 and W. I. Thomas, "The Scope and Method of Folk-Psychology," American Journal of Sociology 1 (1896): 434-445; The Psychology of Race-Prejudice (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1904); "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races," American Journal of Sociology 12 (1907): 435-469; "Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire, with Particular Reference to the Immigrant and the Negro." American Journal of Sociology 17 (1912): 725-775. "The Mind of Woman and the Lower Races" is a remarkably prescient text, rejecting virtually all "scientific racist" and "scientific sexist" doctrines. Thomas even noted the distorting and restricting effects on methodology and theorizing of excluding non-Europeans and women from being scientific practitioners.
139. Garth, "The problem of Race Psychology: A General Statement."
140. Ibid., 323
141. Garth, "The Incidence of Color Blindness Among Indians."
142. Garth, "A Study of the Foster Indian Child in the White Home," Psychological Bulletin 32 (1935).
143. Clipping, University of Denver Penrose Library Archives.
144. His writings never, for example, contain passages expressing fear of race-mixing or the quality of the national stock being threatened by inferior immigrants, and he rarely indulged in what would now be considered as racist stereotyping regarding the temperaments of African-Americans, Indians or Mexicans, even if on occasion he unthinkingly conformed to the culturally racist discourse of the day.
145. See 1-2 of the anonymous eulogy, "Thomas Russell Garth 1872-1939," in Denver University Penrose Library Archives.
146. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
147. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
148. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
149. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
150. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
151. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
152. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
153. Two recent examples are D. Howitt and J. Owusu-Bempah, The Racism of Psychology: Time for a Change and A Mama, Beyond the Masks. An earlier, widely read, example is R. V. Guthrie, Even the Rat was White: A Historical View of Psychology (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), which the same author followed up with "The Psychology of Black Americans in Historical Perspective," in Black Psychology, R. L. Jones ed. (New York: Harper, 1980). Gould's The Mismeasure of Man is not in this category, but he too makes no mention of Garth. Like Tucker's The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Kevles, In The Name of Eugenics, also quite naturally focuses on the eugenics camp and the success of these two works has further reinforced the image in question here. Balkan's The Retreat of Scientific Racism contains much relevant material on the eugenics, genetics, and anthropological aspects of the story but, as previously noted, the most prolific race psychologists and their research again fail to figure.
154. Terman and Thorndike continued endorsing race differences findings in intelligence, but they did little research on the issue themselves. Yerkes's direct involvement with race psychology is really confined to his role in the Army Alpha tests and support of Brigham's Study of American Intelligence for which he wrote an introduction. He sought to publicize this in Britain in R. M. Yerkes "Eugenic bearing of measurements of intelligence in the United States Army," Eugenics Review 14 (1922): 225-245. See Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (especially 80-83, 97) and Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research, 80-84 for Yerkes's role.
155. Terman and Thorndike continued endorsing race differences findings in intelligence, but they did little research on the issue themselves. Yerkes's direct involvement with race psychology is really confined to his role in the Army Alpha tests and support of Brigham's Study of American Intelligence for which he wrote an introduction. He sought to publicize this in Britain in R. M. Yerkes "Eugenic bearing of measurements of intelligence in the United States Army," Eugenics Review 14 (1922): 225-245. See Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (especially 80-83, 97) and Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research, 80-84 for Yerkes's role.
156. Terman and Thorndike continued endorsing race differences findings in intelligence, but they did little research on the issue themselves. Yerkes's direct involvement with race psychology is really confined to his role in the Army Alpha tests and support of Brigham's Study of American Intelligence for which he wrote an introduction. He sought to publicize this in Britain in R. M. Yerkes "Eugenic bearing of measurements of intelligence in the United States Army," Eugenics Review 14 (1922): 225-245. See Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (especially 80-83, 97) and Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research, 80-84 for Yerkes's role.
157. Terman and Thorndike continued endorsing race differences findings in intelligence, but they did little research on the issue themselves. Yerkes's direct involvement with race psychology is really confined to his role in the Army Alpha tests and support of Brigham's Study of American Intelligence for which he wrote an introduction. He sought to publicize this in Britain in R. M. Yerkes "Eugenic bearing of measurements of intelligence in the United States Army," Eugenics Review 14 (1922): 225-245. See Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (especially 80-83, 97) and Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial Research, 80-84 for Yerkes's role.
158. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
159. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
160. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
161. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
162. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
163. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
164. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
165. J. Peterson and his colleagues were towards this end of the spectrum too, although somewhat less so than Garth They certainly had no qualms about raising methodological and interpretational difficulties. See J. Peterson, "Problems Methods and Some Results in Race Testing," Social Science Research Council Proceedings of Hanover Conference Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH August 15-30 (1927): 34-60; "Methods of Investigating Comparative Abilities in Races," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (1928): 178-185, "Comparison of White and Negro Children in the Rational Learning Test," Yearbook of the National Society for Studies in Education, vol. 27. (1928): 333-341; "Some Effects of Environmental Factors and of Unreliability on Rate and Variability in Psychological Development," Conference on Individual Differences in the Character and Rate of Individual Development, Iowa City, Dec. 28 1930 (Washington: National Research Council, 1931); The Comparative Abilities of White and Negro Children (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1932); J. Peterson, L. H. Lanier & H. M. Walker, "Comparisons of White and Negro Children in Certain Ingenuity and Speed Tasks," Journal of Comparative Psychology 5 (1925): 271-283; J. Peterson & C. W. Telford, "Results of Group and of Individual Tests Applied to the Practically Pure-Blood Negro Children on St. Helena Island," Journal of Comparative Psychology 11 (1930): 115-144. What is curious is that L. H. Lanier, "Joseph Peterson, Editor, Psychological Monographs, 1934-1935" Psychological Review 43 (1936): 1-8, an obituary notice, makes no mention of Peterson's race differences work whatsoever, even though Lanier had been one of his closest associates in this research.
166. S. D. Porteus, "Race and Social Differences in Performance Tests," Genetic Psychology Monographs 8(2) (1930): 1-208; The Psychology of a Primitive People; A Study of the Australian Aborigine (New York: Longmans Green, 1931); Primitive Intelligence and Environment (New York: Macmillan, 1937) and S. D. Porteus and M. E. Babcock, Temperament and Race (Boston: Badger, 1926).
167. S. D. Porteus, "Race and Social Differences in Performance Tests," Genetic Psychology Monographs 8(2) (1930): 1-208; The Psychology of a Primitive People; A Study of the Australian Aborigine (New York: Longmans Green, 1931); Primitive Intelligence and Environment (New York: Macmillan, 1937) and S. D. Porteus and M. E. Babcock, Temperament and Race (Boston: Badger, 1926).
168. S. D. Porteus, "Race and Social Differences in Performance Tests," Genetic Psychology Monographs 8(2) (1930): 1-208; The Psychology of a Primitive People; A Study of the Australian Aborigine (New York: Longmans Green, 1931); Primitive Intelligence and Environment (New York: Macmillan, 1937) and S. D. Porteus and M. E. Babcock, Temperament and Race (Boston: Badger, 1926).
169. S. D. Porteus, "Race and Social Differences in Performance Tests," Genetic Psychology Monographs 8(2) (1930): 1-208; The Psychology of a Primitive People; A Study of the Australian Aborigine (New York: Longmans Green, 1931); Primitive Intelligence and Environment (New York: Macmillan, 1937) and S. D. Porteus and M. E. Babcock, Temperament and Race (Boston: Badger, 1926).
170. Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits, A. C. Haddon ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1901, 1903) vol. 2. Part 1 (1901) contains the relevant research by Rivers, Woodworth. "Racial differences in mental traits," summarizing the St. Louis Exposition findings of 1904, was noted above.
171. The huge expansion of this genre during the 1930s is another facet of the situation absent from virtually all historical accounts. See Richards, "Race," Racism and Psychology, 69, for data showing the dramatic rise of this atheoretical and often intra-racial applied work. This, after all, was where many of the constant stream of psychology graduates were seeking their professional careers, including the first trickle of African-American psychologists such as those behind Howard University's Journal of Negro Education, started in 1931 (notably A. S. Beckham).
172. The huge expansion of this genre during the 1930s is another facet of the situation absent from virtually all historical accounts. See Richards, "Race," Racism and Psychology, 69, for data showing the dramatic rise of this atheoretical and often intra-racial applied work. This, after all, was where many of the constant stream of psychology graduates were seeking their professional careers, including the first trickle of African-American psychologists such as those behind Howard University's Journal of Negro Education, started in 1931 (notably A. S. Beckham).
173. To this list one might add a considerable body of work by Chinese and Japanese investigators comparing the intelligence of Asian groups using translations of American intelligence tests, and isolated contributions from South Africa India and other sites in the British Empire-though most of these appeared in the 1930s, when U.S. race psychology was in decline. On the inter-war British scene see "Race," Racism and Psychology, chap. 7.
174. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro." His subsequent shift may be tracked in the novel, Rainbow Round my Shoulder (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1928), Race and Rumors of Race: Challenge to American Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); H. W. Odum and G. B. Johnson, The Negro and his Songs (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925). His base for studies of African-American culture was the University of North Carolina.
175. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro." His subsequent shift may be tracked in the novel, Rainbow Round my Shoulder (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1928), Race and Rumors of Race: Challenge to American Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); H. W. Odum and G. B. Johnson, The Negro and his Songs (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925). His base for studies of African-American culture was the University of North Carolina.
176. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro." His subsequent shift may be tracked in the novel, Rainbow Round my Shoulder (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1928), Race and Rumors of Race: Challenge to American Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); H. W. Odum and G. B. Johnson, The Negro and his Songs (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925). His base for studies of African-American culture was the University of North Carolina.
177. Odum, "Social and Mental Traits of the Negro." His subsequent shift may be tracked in the novel, Rainbow Round my Shoulder (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1928), Race and Rumors of Race: Challenge to American Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943); H. W. Odum and G. B. Johnson, The Negro and his Songs (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1925). His base for studies of African-American culture was the University of North Carolina.
178. C. H. Thompson, "The Conclusions of Scientists Relative to Racial Differences," Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 494-512.
179. R. Pintner, "Intelligence Differences between American Negroes and Whites," Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 513-518; J. Peterson 'Basic Considerations of Methodology in Race Testing,' Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 403-410.
180. R. Pintner, "Intelligence Differences between American Negroes and Whites," Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 513-518; J. Peterson 'Basic Considerations of Methodology in Race Testing,' Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 403-410.
181. O. Klineberg, Race Differences (New York: Harper, 1935).
182. See Mayo, "The mental capacity of the American Negro."
183. E. S. Bogardus, "Social Distance and Its Origins," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 216-226; "Measuring Social Distances," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 299-308; and Bogardus, Immigration and
184. E. S. Bogardus, "Social Distance and Its Origins," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 216-226; "Measuring Social Distances," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 299-308; and Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes. See also Samelson, "From Race Psychology to Studies of Prejudice;" Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology."
185. E. S. Bogardus, "Social Distance and Its Origins," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 216-226; "Measuring Social Distances," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 299-308; and Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes. See also Samelson, "From Race Psychology to Studies of Prejudice;" Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology."
186. E. S. Bogardus, "Social Distance and Its Origins," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 216-226; "Measuring Social Distances," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 299-308; and Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes. See also Samelson, "From Race Psychology to Studies of Prejudice;" Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology."
187. E. S. Bogardus, "Social Distance and Its Origins," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 216-226; "Measuring Social Distances," Journal of Applied Sociology 9 (1925): 299-308; and Bogardus, Immigration and Race Attitudes. See also Samelson, "From Race Psychology to Studies of Prejudice;" Jones, "The Concept of Race in Social Psychology."
188. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
189. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
190. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
191. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
192. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
193. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
194. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
195. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
196. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
197. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
198. Their major criticisms were: M. Mead, "The Methodology of Racial Testing: Its Significance for Sociology," American Journal of Sociology 31 (1926): 657-667; "Group Intelligence Tests and Linguistic Disability among Italian Children," School & Society 25 (1927): 465-68; M. J. Herskovits (1926) "On the Relation between Negro and White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests"; ' A Critical Discussion of the "Mulatto Hypothesis'", Journal of Negro Education 3 (1934): 389-402; O. Klineberg, Race Differences; "An Experimental Study of Speed and Other Factors in "Racial" Differences," Archives of Psychology 93 (1928); "A Study of Psychological Differences between 'Racial' and National Groups in Europe," Archives of Psychology 132 (1931); Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1935); G. H. Estabrooks, "The Enigma of Racial Intelligence," Journal of Genetic Psychology 35 (1928): 137-139; "That Question of Racial Inferiority," American Anthropologist 30 (1928): 470-475; D. Yoder, "Present status of the Question of Racial Differences," Journal of Educational Psychology 19 (1928): 463-470.
199. Though "race prejudice" remained the preferred term.
200. In "Race," Racism and Psychology, I have proposed - for purposes of historical writing - pragmatically using the term "racialism" for the intellectual doctrine (which Garth initially accepted) that "race" really existed as distinct biological entities with inherently different psychological characters. The distinction is of less value in other contexts, e.g. in discussing contemporary institutional racism. In retrospect most racialists in this sense also appear clearly racist, but not all; the left-wing British anthropologist H. P. Fleure, for example, accepted this doctrine but was extremely opposed to any political use being made of it (see E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism, 59-65).
201. In "Race," Racism and Psychology, I have proposed - for purposes of historical writing - pragmatically using the term "racialism" for the intellectual doctrine (which Garth initially accepted) that "race" really existed as distinct biological entities with inherently different psychological characters. The distinction is of less value in other contexts, e.g. in discussing contemporary institutional racism. In retrospect most racialists in this sense also appear clearly racist, but not all; the left-wing British anthropologist H. P. Fleure, for example, accepted this doctrine but was extremely opposed to any political use being made of it (see E. Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism, 59-65).
202. O. Klineberg, Social Psychology (New York: Holt, 1940) 381; E. L. Horowitz "'Race' Attitudes," in O. Klineberg (ed.) Characteristics of the American Negro (New York: Harper, 1944), especially 182-184. It has become commonplace to accuse social psychologists at this time of proposing unduly individual-centered models of prejudice and ignoring social factors. The present author's growing impression, however, is that up to and including the authoritarian personality phase of the early 1950s, the psychologists were seeing themselves as concerned with the psychological end of a more collective multi-disciplinary project. They were investigating individual susceptibility to racist ideologies, not the origins of these ideologies themselves as social phenomena. Did post-mid-1950s specialization trends turn what began as a complementary perspective into a rival one? This issue is further explored in Richards, "Race," Racism and Psychology.
203. O. Klineberg, Social Psychology (New York: Holt, 1940) 381; E. L. Horowitz "'Race' Attitudes," in O. Klineberg (ed.) Characteristics of the American Negro (New York: Harper, 1944), especially 182-184. It has become commonplace to accuse social psychologists at this time of proposing unduly individual-centered models of prejudice and ignoring social factors. The present author's growing impression, however, is that up to and including the authoritarian personality phase of the early 1950s, the psychologists were seeing themselves as concerned with the psychological end of a more collective multi-disciplinary project. They were investigating individual susceptibility to racist ideologies, not the origins of these ideologies themselves as social phenomena. Did post-mid-1950s specialization trends turn what began as a complementary perspective into a rival one? This issue is further explored in Richards, "Race," Racism and Psychology.
204. O. Klineberg, Social Psychology (New York: Holt, 1940) 381; E. L. Horowitz "'Race' Attitudes," in O. Klineberg (ed.) Characteristics of the American Negro (New York: Harper, 1944), especially 182-184. It has become commonplace to accuse social psychologists at this time of proposing unduly individual-centered models of prejudice and ignoring social factors. The present author's growing impression, however, is that up to and including the authoritarian personality phase of the early 1950s, the psychologists were seeing themselves as concerned with the psychological end of a more collective multi-disciplinary project. They were investigating individual susceptibility to racist ideologies, not the origins of these ideologies themselves as social phenomena. Did post-mid-1950s specialization trends turn what began as a complementary perspective into a rival one? This issue is further explored in Richards, "Race," Racism and Psychology.
205. Samelson, "From Race Psychology to Studies of Prejudice." Samelson is in a sense right in this, but it was hardly a thought-out strategy by those involved. As he himself points out, the prejudice researchers were themselves a more ethnically diverse group. The present paper is offered more as a complement to Samelson's than in opposition to it.