Sport and the Contestation of Cultural and Ethnic Identities in Scottish Society

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 127-150

  Bradley, Joseph M ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0347597089     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1998.9974932     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. J. Hoberman, in J. Sugden and A. Bairner, Sport, Sectarianism and Society in a Divided Ireland (Leicester, 1993), p.10.
2. S. Kuper, Football Against the Enemy (London, 1994), p.102.
3. See D. Hill, Out of His Skin: The John Barnes Phenomenon (London, 1989).
4. D. Shaw, 'The Politics of Futbol', History Today, Vol.35 (Aug. 1985), pp.38-42.
5. See K. Medhurst, The Basques and Catalans, The Minority Rights Group Report, No.9 (London, 1987).
6. L. Allison, The Politics of Sport (Manchester, 1986), pp.2-3.
7. J. McGrory and G. McNee, A Lifetime in Paradise, published by authors (Glasgow, 1975).
8. B. Murray, The Old Firm: Sectarianism, Sport and Society in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1984), p.66.
9. Celtic View, 9 March 1966, p.4; 20 July 1966, p.4; 19 April 1967, p.1.
10. Celtic View, 9 March 1966, p.4; 20 July 1966, p.4; 19 April 1967, p.1.
11. Ibid., 6 April 1966, p.3.
12. Ibid., 13 Dec. 1995, pp.12-13.
13. See J.M. Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity in Modern Scotland: Culture, Politics and Football (Aldershot, 1995).
14. Ibid.
15. For the symbolic role of the Scottish international football side in Scottish politics and culture, see also, B. Moorhouse, 'Scotland versus England: Football and Popular Culture' International Journal of Sport, Part 4 (1987), pp.189-202 and 'Repressed Nationalism And Professional Football: Scotland Versus England', in J. Mangan and R. Small (eds.), Sport, Culture, Society (London, 1986), pp.52-9. Also J. Brand, The National Movement in Scotland (London, 1978).
16. For the symbolic role of the Scottish international football side in Scottish politics and culture, see also, B. Moorhouse, 'Scotland versus England: Football and Popular Culture' International Journal of Sport, Part 4 (1987), pp.189-202 and 'Repressed Nationalism And Professional Football: Scotland Versus England', in J. Mangan and R. Small (eds.), Sport, Culture, Society (London, 1986), pp.52-9. Also J. Brand, The National Movement in Scotland (London, 1978).
17. For the symbolic role of the Scottish international football side in Scottish politics and culture, see also, B. Moorhouse, 'Scotland versus England: Football and Popular Culture' International Journal of Sport, Part 4 (1987), pp.189-202 and 'Repressed Nationalism And Professional Football: Scotland Versus England', in J. Mangan and R. Small (eds.), Sport, Culture, Society (London, 1986), pp.52-9. Also J. Brand, The National Movement in Scotland (London, 1978).
18. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity.
19. See E. McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), T. Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace (Manchester, 1987) and T.M. Devine (ed.), Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1989/90 (Edinburgh, 1991).
20. See E. McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), T. Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace (Manchester, 1987) and T.M. Devine (ed.), Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1989/90 (Edinburgh, 1991).
21. See E. McFarland, Protestants First: Orangeism in 19th century Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), T. Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace (Manchester, 1987) and T.M. Devine (ed.), Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Proceedings of the Scottish Historical Studies Seminar, University of Strathclyde, 1989/90 (Edinburgh, 1991).
22. G.P.T. Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice: Irish Catholic Clubs, Soccer and Scottish Society - I The Historical Roots of Prejudice', The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.8, No.1 (1991), pp.72-95; also, 'Racism, Soccer and Scottish Society - II Social Identities and Conspiracy Theories', The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.8, No.3 (1991), pp.370-97.
23. G.P.T. Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice: Irish Catholic Clubs, Soccer and Scottish Society - I The Historical Roots of Prejudice', The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.8, No.1 (1991), pp.72-95; also, 'Racism, Soccer and Scottish Society - II Social Identities and Conspiracy Theories', The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.8, No.3 (1991), pp.370-97.
24. T. Campbell and P. Woods, The Glory and the Dream: The History of Celtic F.C. 1887-1986 (Edinburgh, 1986).
25. Murray, The Old Firm, p.31.
26. G.P.T. Finn, 'Faith, Hope and Bigotry: Case Studies of Anti-Catholic Prejudice in Scottish Soccer and Society', in Scottish Sport in the Making of the Nation: Ninety-Minute Patriots (Leicester, 1994). Also see 'Sporting Symbols, Sporting Identities: Soccer and Intergroup Conflict in Scotland and Northern Ireland', in I.S. Wood (ed.), Scotland and Ulster, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp.33-5.
27. G.P.T. Finn, 'Faith, Hope and Bigotry: Case Studies of Anti-Catholic Prejudice in Scottish Soccer and Society', in Scottish Sport in the Making of the Nation: Ninety-Minute Patriots (Leicester, 1994). Also see 'Sporting Symbols, Sporting Identities: Soccer and Intergroup Conflict in Scotland and Northern Ireland', in I.S. Wood (ed.), Scotland and Ulster, (Edinburgh, 1994), pp.33-5.
28. Murray, The Old Firm; also see B. Murray, Glasgow's Giants: 100 years of the Old Firm (Edinburgh, 1988).
29. Murray, The Old Firm; also see B. Murray, Glasgow's Giants: 100 years of the Old Firm (Edinburgh, 1988).
30. Finn, Scottish Sport in the Making of the Nation.
31. B. Wilson, Celtic: A Century with Honour (Glasgow, 1988), p.94.
32. Ibid., pp.97-8.
33. For example, see Gerry McNee, chief sports columnist of The Sunday Mail, 2 Oct. 1994, p.75. During current research among the Scottish international football support a recurrent focus for dissatisfaction amongst some of the fans has been the presence of the Irish flag at Celtic Park (as well as the Irishness of Celtic's support).
34. Daily Record, editorial, 13 Oct. 1976, p.2. Such was also the case in the late 1950s when Glasgow's Evening Citizen almost crashed financially after the publication of an article critical of the Orange Institution: 'A readership boycott ensued which caused such panic that Donald MacDonald, then a journalist on the paper, recalls that nothing was written about the Order in the Glasgow press for many years to come.' See Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace, p.256.
35. Daily Record, editorial, 13 Oct. 1976, p.2. Such was also the case in the late 1950s when Glasgow's Evening Citizen almost crashed financially after the publication of an article critical of the Orange Institution: 'A readership boycott ensued which caused such panic that Donald MacDonald, then a journalist on the paper, recalls that nothing was written about the Order in the Glasgow press for many years to come.' See Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace, p.256.
36. Sunday Mail, 17 March 1991, p.5.
37. See the Sunday Mail article by Gerry McNee, 23 Oct. 1994, p.71. This sentiment has been repeated by McNee on both radio and television at least until 1996, a time also characterized by his personal campaign to have Celtic remove the Irish flag from above their stadium and his belief that Celtic supporters should not display the same (Radio Clyde, 13 Jan. 1996). By the end of 1995 the Celtic Football Club's supporters had apparently influenced the uptake of the Fields of Athenry on the part of the followers of the Republic of Ireland's football team.
38. See J.R. Mackay, The Hibees, The Story of Hibernian Football Club (Edinburgh, 1986); G. Docherty and P. Thomson, 100 Years of Hibs 1875/1975 (Edinburgh, 1975); M. Watson, Rags to Riches: The Official History of Dundee United (printed in Dundee, 1985). Also see Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice', for concise accounts of the changing nature of these once Irish clubs.
39. See J.R. Mackay, The Hibees, The Story of Hibernian Football Club (Edinburgh, 1986); G. Docherty and P. Thomson, 100 Years of Hibs 1875/1975 (Edinburgh, 1975); M. Watson, Rags to Riches: The Official History of Dundee United (printed in Dundee, 1985). Also see Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice', for concise accounts of the changing nature of these once Irish clubs.
40. See J.R. Mackay, The Hibees, The Story of Hibernian Football Club (Edinburgh, 1986); G. Docherty and P. Thomson, 100 Years of Hibs 1875/1975 (Edinburgh, 1975); M. Watson, Rags to Riches: The Official History of Dundee United (printed in Dundee, 1985). Also see Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice', for concise accounts of the changing nature of these once Irish clubs.
41. See J.R. Mackay, The Hibees, The Story of Hibernian Football Club (Edinburgh, 1986); G. Docherty and P. Thomson, 100 Years of Hibs 1875/1975 (Edinburgh, 1975); M. Watson, Rags to Riches: The Official History of Dundee United (printed in Dundee, 1985). Also see Finn, 'Racism, Religion and Social Prejudice', for concise accounts of the changing nature of these once Irish clubs.
42. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. Also see T.M. Devine (ed.), St Mary's Hamilton: A Social History, 1846-1996 (Edinburgh, 1995).
43. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. Also see T.M. Devine (ed.), St Mary's Hamilton: A Social History, 1846-1996 (Edinburgh, 1995).
44. J. Cooney, Scotland and the Papacy (Edinburgh, 1982), p.19.
45. S.J. Brown, 'Outside the Covenant: The Scottish Presbyterian Churches and Irish Immigration, 1922-1938', The Innes Review, Vol.XL11, No.1 (Spring 1991), pp.19-45.
46. Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace, pp.168-72.
47. Hansard, 261, 22 Nov. 1932, p.245.
48. Michael Ignatieff, The Observer, 16 Sept. 1990, p.17.
49. Such comment was particularly evident during the 1988 European Championships and the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. For examples see The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6; The Evening Times, 10 June 1994, pp.58-9; Daily Record, 16 June 1994, p.35, also, articles in The Irish Post, 12 Dec. 1992, p.33 and 27 March 1993, p.35.
50. Such comment was particularly evident during the 1988 European Championships and the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. For examples see The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6; The Evening Times, 10 June 1994, pp.58-9; Daily Record, 16 June 1994, p.35, also, articles in The Irish Post, 12 Dec. 1992, p.33 and 27 March 1993, p.35.
51. Such comment was particularly evident during the 1988 European Championships and the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. For examples see The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6; The Evening Times, 10 June 1994, pp.58-9; Daily Record, 16 June 1994, p.35, also, articles in The Irish Post, 12 Dec. 1992, p.33 and 27 March 1993, p.35.
52. Such comment was particularly evident during the 1988 European Championships and the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. For examples see The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6; The Evening Times, 10 June 1994, pp.58-9; Daily Record, 16 June 1994, p.35, also, articles in The Irish Post, 12 Dec. 1992, p.33 and 27 March 1993, p.35.
53. Such comment was particularly evident during the 1988 European Championships and the 1990 and 1994 World Cups. For examples see The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6; The Evening Times, 10 June 1994, pp.58-9; Daily Record, 16 June 1994, p.35, also, articles in The Irish Post, 12 Dec. 1992, p.33 and 27 March 1993, p.35.
54. Adam Lively, The Observer, 22 July 1990, p.18.
55. Orange Torch, June 1984.
56. July/Aug. 1986. Moderators address to the Church Assembly. From Church records.
57. Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace, p.162.
58. Glasgow Herald (also 'The Herald'), 14 Dec. 1990, p.14.
59. Ibid, 5 Nov. 1990, p.10.
60. It should also be noted that although there are no anti-Protestant organisations in Scotland, nor has there been any apparent Catholic plans to invoke or propagate such sentiments, sectarian and bigoted Catholics also exist.
61. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity.
62. Dr B.C. Campbell, letter to the Glasgow Herald, 6 May 1989, p.6.
63. S. Kendrick, 'Scotland, Social Change and Politics', in D. McCrone, D. Kendrick and P. Straw (eds.), The Making of Scotland: Nation, Culture and Social Change (Edinburgh, 1989).
64. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. In Britain as a whole, most surveys indicate the population favouring a united Ireland. J. Curtice and T. Gallagher, in R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 7th Report, Social and Community Planning Research (Aldershot, 1990); also see System 3 Poll in The Herald, 9 Feb. 1995, p.6. See also J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland', unpublished paper presented to Seminar on Religion and Scottish Politics, University of Edinburgh, 1992. In addition, J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992: Religion, Ideology or Economics?', Journal of Contemporary British History, Vol.9. No.2 (1995), pp.319-412.
65. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. In Britain as a whole, most surveys indicate the population favouring a united Ireland. J. Curtice and T. Gallagher, in R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 7th Report, Social and Community Planning Research (Aldershot, 1990); also see System 3 Poll in The Herald, 9 Feb. 1995, p.6. See also J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland', unpublished paper presented to Seminar on Religion and Scottish Politics, University of Edinburgh, 1992. In addition, J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992: Religion, Ideology or Economics?', Journal of Contemporary British History, Vol.9. No.2 (1995), pp.319-412.
66. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. In Britain as a whole, most surveys indicate the population favouring a united Ireland. J. Curtice and T. Gallagher, in R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 7th Report, Social and Community Planning Research (Aldershot, 1990); also see System 3 Poll in The Herald, 9 Feb. 1995, p.6. See also J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland', unpublished paper presented to Seminar on Religion and Scottish Politics, University of Edinburgh, 1992. In addition, J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992: Religion, Ideology or Economics?', Journal of Contemporary British History, Vol.9. No.2 (1995), pp.319-412.
67. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. In Britain as a whole, most surveys indicate the population favouring a united Ireland. J. Curtice and T. Gallagher, in R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 7th Report, Social and Community Planning Research (Aldershot, 1990); also see System 3 Poll in The Herald, 9 Feb. 1995, p.6. See also J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland', unpublished paper presented to Seminar on Religion and Scottish Politics, University of Edinburgh, 1992. In addition, J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992: Religion, Ideology or Economics?', Journal of Contemporary British History, Vol.9. No.2 (1995), pp.319-412.
68. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity. In Britain as a whole, most surveys indicate the population favouring a united Ireland. J. Curtice and T. Gallagher, in R. Jowell, S. Witherspoon, L. Brook (eds.), British Social Attitudes: The 7th Report, Social and Community Planning Research (Aldershot, 1990); also see System 3 Poll in The Herald, 9 Feb. 1995, p.6. See also J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland', unpublished paper presented to Seminar on Religion and Scottish Politics, University of Edinburgh, 1992. In addition, J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992: Religion, Ideology or Economics?', Journal of Contemporary British History, Vol.9. No.2 (1995), pp.319-412.
69. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity.
70. The Sun, 30 Oct. 1989, pp.1 and 7, and 31 Oct. 1989, p.5.
71. The Sun, 30 Oct. 1989, pp.1 and 7, and 31 Oct. 1989, p.5.
72. Daily Record, 31 Oct. 1989, p.17.
73. The Sun, 27 June 1990, p.6.
74. See Finn and collection of papers on sectarianism, racism and conspiracy theories at Strathclyde University, Jordanhill Campus. Also, see feature writer, John McLeod, The Herald, 20 Oct. 1994, p.21.
75. M. Hickman, 'A Study of the Incorporation of the Irish in Britain with Special Reference to Catholic State Education: Involving a Comparison of the Attitudes of Pupils and Teachers in Selected Catholic Schools in London and Liverpool', Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1990. Also Religion, Class and Identity: The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot, 1995). See L. Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War (London, 1984), and Nothing but the Same Old Story: The Roots of Anti-Irish Racism (published by Information on Ireland, 5th edition, 1988).
76. M. Hickman, 'A Study of the Incorporation of the Irish in Britain with Special Reference to Catholic State Education: Involving a Comparison of the Attitudes of Pupils and Teachers in Selected Catholic Schools in London and Liverpool', Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1990. Also Religion, Class and Identity: The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot, 1995). See L. Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War (London, 1984), and Nothing but the Same Old Story: The Roots of Anti-Irish Racism (published by Information on Ireland, 5th edition, 1988).
77. M. Hickman, 'A Study of the Incorporation of the Irish in Britain with Special Reference to Catholic State Education: Involving a Comparison of the Attitudes of Pupils and Teachers in Selected Catholic Schools in London and Liverpool', Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1990. Also Religion, Class and Identity: The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot, 1995). See L. Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War (London, 1984), and Nothing but the Same Old Story: The Roots of Anti-Irish Racism (published by Information on Ireland, 5th edition, 1988).
78. M. Hickman, 'A Study of the Incorporation of the Irish in Britain with Special Reference to Catholic State Education: Involving a Comparison of the Attitudes of Pupils and Teachers in Selected Catholic Schools in London and Liverpool', Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1990. Also Religion, Class and Identity: The State, the Catholic Church and the Education of the Irish in Britain (Aldershot, 1995). See L. Curtis, Ireland: The Propaganda War (London, 1984), and Nothing but the Same Old Story: The Roots of Anti-Irish Racism (published by Information on Ireland, 5th edition, 1988).
79. See Donall MacAmhlaigh, Ireland's Own, 5 July 1985, for reference to John Junor's (editor of the Daily Express) remark that he would rather go looking for worms in a dunghill than visit Ireland as 'but one example of a quite unrepentant anti-Irishness of so much of the Tory press'. Also article by Michael Foley, 'Skin Deep Impression of Emigration' in the Irish Reporter, Issue 1, First Quarter, 1991, pp.14-15. Also see Curtis's studies of anti-Irish racism in Britain.
80. See Donall MacAmhlaigh, Ireland's Own, 5 July 1985, for reference to John Junor's (editor of the Daily Express) remark that he would rather go looking for worms in a dunghill than visit Ireland as 'but one example of a quite unrepentant anti-Irishness of so much of the Tory press'. Also article by Michael Foley, 'Skin Deep Impression of Emigration' in the Irish Reporter, Issue 1, First Quarter, 1991, pp.14-15. Also see Curtis's studies of anti-Irish racism in Britain.
81. In considering Catholics as a 'community' in Scotland, this relates to the vast majority of them sharing a common background, schools, religion (churched and unchurched) and often a common perception of many features of their identity. In an era of Americanization, globalization, and with the pervasiveness of popular television and sport, they also share features with the non-immigrant or more indigenous population. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity.
82. Interview with member of staff at Celtic Park.
83. Not The View (a Celtic fanzine), Nov. 1990, No.24.
84. The Celtic View, 3 Aug, 1966, No.52, p.3; 31 Aug. 1966, No.56, p.3; 21 Sept. 1966, No.59, p.3. 2 Nov. 1987, No.979, p.2.
85. The Celtic View, 3 Aug, 1966, No.52, p.3; 31 Aug. 1966, No.56, p.3; 21 Sept. 1966, No.59, p.3. 2 Nov. 1987, No.979, p.2.
86. The Celtic View, 3 Aug, 1966, No.52, p.3; 31 Aug. 1966, No.56, p.3; 21 Sept. 1966, No.59, p.3. 2 Nov. 1987, No.979, p.2.
87. The Celtic View, 3 Aug, 1966, No.52, p.3; 31 Aug. 1966, No.56, p.3; 21 Sept. 1966, No.59, p.3. 2 Nov. 1987, No.979, p.2.
88. Scottish Catholic Observer (SCO) 19 Oct. 1990, p.4.
89. SCO, 16 Nov. 1990, p.7.
90. Celtic match programme versus Dunfermline, 30 Nov. 1991. Article written by Celtic View editor, Andrew Smith.
91. Celtic match programme versus St Mirren, 14 Dec. 1991. Article written by freelance reporter, Joe McHugh.
92. See Gallagher, Glasgow: The Uneasy Peace, pp.251-86.
93. There are, of course, a number of conceptual problems when it comes to viewing the Irish in Scotland. For example, the significant number of marriages across communities invariably affects this concept, as does the fact that many also consider themselves as 'Scots'. However, for others, particularly in the towns and areas of the west of Scotland, where there are meaningful numbers (almost all of whom are of the Catholic faith) who owe their descent to Irish-born parents, grandparents and great grandparents, 'Irishness' is a clearly distinguishable identity
94. S. Rokkan and D. Urwin, Economy, Territory and Identity: Politics of West European Peripheries (London, 1983), p.89.
95. See Murray, The Old Firm and Glasgow's Giants.
96. J.E. Handley, The Irish in Scotland (Glasgow) (this book incorporates both The Irish in Scotland 1798-1845 and The Irish in Modern Scotland 1943 & 1947 (Cork, 1964).
97. J.E. Handley, The Irish in Scotland (Glasgow) (this book incorporates both The Irish in Scotland 1798-1845 and The Irish in Modern Scotland 1943 & 1947 (Cork, 1964).
98. See J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland'. Also J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992', pp.319-42.
99. See J. Mitchell, 'Religion and Politics in Scotland'. Also J. Curtice and D. Seawright, 'The Decline of the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 1950-1992', pp.319-42.
100. The Scottish Referee, 3 Feb. 1905. Similar more recent comment denigrating the Irish has originated from some writers in Glasgow and west of Scotland newspapers. See also the Irish Post, 27 Feb. 1993 for two such reports.
101. The Scottish Referee, 3 Feb. 1905. Similar more recent comment denigrating the Irish has originated from some writers in Glasgow and west of Scotland newspapers. See also the Irish Post, 27 Feb. 1993 for two such reports.
102. See Finn, 'Religion and Social Prejudice', p.73.
103. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity, pp.176-97.
104. See M. Ritchie and M. Dyer, The Herald, 25 Sept. 1991, p.8 and 26 Sept. 1991, p.8: 'It would be even more helpful to the separatist cause if the Catholic community could lose its religious and political faith, allowing a reinvented national community [and identity] to transcend historic divisions'. Another writer on the Irish in Scotland and the religious divisions therein also supported this idea in an interview with the author.
105. See M. Ritchie and M. Dyer, The Herald, 25 Sept. 1991, p.8 and 26 Sept. 1991, p.8: 'It would be even more helpful to the separatist cause if the Catholic community could lose its religious and political faith, allowing a reinvented national community [and identity] to transcend historic divisions'. Another writer on the Irish in Scotland and the religious divisions therein also supported this idea in an interview with the author.
106. A further example of this discourse is found in several articles by The Herald's then main sports journalist, James Traynor, in which he argues for a 'united' support for the Scottish team. The appeal is essentially aimed towards Rangers fans British Ulster-Loyalist culture and to Celtic fans Irish identity. In part however, it is an appeal which exemplifies a lack of understanding of religious and ethnic identity as well as the possibility of a multicultural and pluralist society in Scotland, whilst it also resembles the arguments of such as Norman Tebbit. Irish identity and anti-Catholicism are construed as opposites and therefore both are condemned in the guise of 'neutrality' and 'unity'. Despite its high claim (and one which is a popular one), Traynor fails to recognize cultural and ethnic diversity and seeks to marginalise a large proportion of the Irish community by invalidating their identity. In addition, for Rangers fans, their British identity sits comfortably above or alongside that of a Scottish one. A similar view was expressed by the same writer in a later column (22 Aug. 1994, Sports Section, p.9) which argued that Rangers in Europe in 1994 should be supported by everyone in Scotland. Everyone had to set aside their 'trivial little loyalties' while 'only the most bigoted' would not allow themselves to support Rangers.
107. Devine, Irish Immigrants and Scottish Society, pp.19-43.
108. Rev I.A. Muirhead, Catholic Emancipation in Scotland: the debate and the aftermath, The Innes Review, Vol.24, No.2 (Autumn 1973), pp.103-20.
109. G. Walker and T. Gallagher (eds.), Sermons and Battle Hymns; Protestant Popular Culture in Modern Scotland (Edinburgh, 1990), p.5.
110. P.O. Farrell, Ireland's English Question (New York, 1972).
111. A 1990 survey showed 93 per cent of Celtic supporters as Catholic and four per cent of the Protestant faith. Three per cent claimed no religion. See Bradley, Ethnic and Religious Identity, p.61.
112. Irish Post, 8 Dec. 1990.
113. By 1998 Celtic had 50,000 season ticket holders. For growing confidence amongst the Irish diaspora in Scotland during the 1980s and 1990s see forthcoming research as well as Joseph M. Bradley, Sport, Culture, Politics and Scottish Society: Irish Immigrants and the Gaelic Athletic Association (Edinburgh, 1998).
114. Jay Raynor, The Independent on Sunday, 28 June 1992, p.28.