Teammates On and Off the Field? Contact with Black Teammates and the Racial Attitudes of White Student Athletes

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 1379-1403

  Brown, Kendrick T ^a   Brown, Tony N ^b   Jackson, James S ^c   Sellers, Robert M ^c   Manuel, Warde J ^c  

^a MACALESTER COLLEGE   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347593824     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01954.x     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Anchor.
2. Bettencourt, B. A., Brewer, M. B., Croak, M. R., & Miller, N. (1992). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup bias: The role of reward structure and social orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 301-319.
3. Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1984). Beyond the contact hypothesis: Theoretical perspectives on desegregation. In N. Miller & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation (pp. 281-302). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
4. Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1988). Contact and cooperation: When do they work? In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 315-326). New York, NY: Plenum.
5. Brown, B. S., & Albee, G. W. (1966). The effect of integrated hospital experiences on racial attitudes: A discordant note. Social Problems, 13, 324-333.
6. Brown, T. N., Manuel, W. J., Jackson, J. S., Sellers, R. M., Brown, K. T., & Keiper, S. (2003). "There's no race on the playing field": Athletes' perceptions of racial discrimination. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 2, 162-183.
7. Chu, D., & Griffey, D. (1985). The contact theory of racial integration: The case of sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2, 323-333.
8. Colman, M. M., & Carron, A. V. (2001). The nature and norms in individual sport teams. Small Group Research, 32, 206-222.
9. Cook, S. W. (1978). Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes operating in interracial groups. Journal of Research on Development and Education, 12, 97-113.
10. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994). Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 503-513.
11. Dixon, J. A., & Reicher, S. (1997). Intergroup contact and desegregation in the new South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 361-381.
12. Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Validzic, A. (1998). Intergroup bias: Status, differentiation, and a common in-group identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 109-120.
13. Ellison, C. G., & Powers, D. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis and racial attitudes among Black Americans. Social Science Quarterly, 75, 385-400.
14. Ford, W. S. (1973). Interracial public housing in a border city. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 426-444.
15. Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common in-group identity model. Ann Arbor, MI: Psychology Press.
16. Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., & Bachman, B. A. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common in-group identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 271-290.
17. Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J., & Pomare, M. (1990). How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 692-704.
18. Gaertner, S. L., Rust, M. C., Dovidio, J. F., Bachman, B. A., & Anastasio, P. A. (1994). The contact hypothesis: The role of a common in-group identity on reducing intergroup bias. Small Group Research, 25, 224-249.
19. Hamburger, Y. (1994). The contact hypothesis reconsidered: Effects of atypical out-group member on the out-group stereotype. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 339-358.
20. Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (1986). Contact is not enough: An intergroup perspective on the "contact hypothesis." In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 1-44). New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.
21. Jackman, M. R., & Crane, M. (1986). Some of my best friends are Black: Interracial friendship and Whites' racial attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50, 459-486.
22. Jackson, J. S., Brown, K. T., Brown, T. N., & Marks, B. (2001). Contemporary immigration policy attitudes among dominant group members in Europe. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 431-456.
23. Johnson, M. K., & Marini, M. M. (1998). Bridging the racial divide in the United States: The effect of gender. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 247-258.
24. Lapchick, R. E. (1995). Race and college sport: A long way to go. Race and Class, 36(4), 87-95.
25. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the Modern Racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91-125). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
26. Miracle, A. W., Jr. (1981). Factors affecting interracial cooperation: A case study of a high school football team. Human Organization, 40, 150-154.
27. Moskos, C., Jr. (1966). Racial integration in the armed forces. American Journal of Sociology, 72, 132-148.
28. Myrdal, G. (1944). An American dilemma. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
29. Pettigrew, T. F. (1961). Social psychology and desegregation research. American Psychologist, 16, 105-112.
30. Pettigrew, T. F. (1986). The contact hypothesis revisited. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 169-195). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
31. Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 173-185.
32. Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85.
33. Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93-114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. Rothbart, M., & John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 81-104.
35. Sigelman, L., & Welch, S. (1993). The contact hypotheses revisited: Black-White interaction and positive racial attitudes. Social Forces, 71, 781-795.
36. Smith, C. B. (1994). Back and to the future: The intergroup contact hypothesis revisited. Sociological Inquiry, 64, 438-455.
37. Stephan, W. G. (1987). The contact hypothesis in intergroup relations. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Group processes and intergroup relations (pp. 13-40). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
38. Stouffer, S. A., Suchman, E. A., DeVinney, L. C., Star, S. A., & Williams, R. M., Jr. (1949). The American soldier in social psychology in World War II (Vol. I). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
39. Teahan, J. E. (1975). A longitudinal study of attitude shifts among Black and White police officers. Journal of Social Issues, 31, 47-56.
40. Tuch, S. A., & Hughes, M. (1996). Whites' racial policy attitudes. Social Science Quarterly, 77, 723-745.
41. Wagner, U., & Machleit, U. (1986). "Gestarbeiter" in the Federal Republic of Germany: Contact between Germans and migrant populations. In M. Hewstone & R. Brown (Eds.), Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters (pp. 59-78). Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
42. Waldman, S., & Bingham, C. (1992, August 17). Sports, race, and politics: What Jack Kemp and Bill Bradley learned from playing pro ball with Black teammates. Newsweek, 120, 35.
43. Wilner, D. M., Walkley, R. P., & Cook, S. W. (1952). Residential proximity and intergroup relations in public housing projects. Journal of Social Issues, 8, 45-69.
44. Wittig, M. A., & Grant-Thompson, S. (1998). The utility of Allport's conditions of intergroup contact for predicting perceptions of improved racial attitudes and beliefs. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 795-812.
45. Zeul, C. R., & Humphrey, C. (1971). The integration of Black residents in suburban neighborhoods: A re-examination of the contact hypothesis. Social Problems, 18, 462-474.