African Americans, Mules, and the Southern Mindscape, 1850-1950

Agricultural History

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 381-398

  Ellenberg, George B ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0347571847     PISSN: 00021482     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Robert Byron Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963); Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984); Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, vol. 2, part 2, 1082.
2. Robert Byron Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963); Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984); Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, vol. 2, part 2, 1082.
3. Robert Byron Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963); Sam Bowers Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Agriculture (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984); Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930, Agriculture, vol. 2, part 2, 1082.
4. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
5. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
6. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
7. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
8. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
9. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (New York: Peter Smith, 1941); U. B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1918), 219; Eugene Genovese, "Livestock in the Slave Economy of the Old South - A Revised View," Agricultural History 36 (July 1962): 143-49; John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 78, 82; Lamb, The Mule in Southern Agriculture; Jack Temple Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920-1960 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 196-204.
10. Martin A. Garrett Jr., "The Mule in Southern Agriculture: A Requiem," Journal of Economic History 50 (December 1990): 925-30; Kyle D. Kauffman, "Why Was the Mule Used in Southern Agriculture? Empirical Evidence of Principal-Agent Solutions," Explorations in Economic History 30 (July 1993): 337.
11. Martin A. Garrett Jr., "The Mule in Southern Agriculture: A Requiem," Journal of Economic History 50 (December 1990): 925-30; Kyle D. Kauffman, "Why Was the Mule Used in Southern Agriculture? Empirical Evidence of Principal-Agent Solutions," Explorations in Economic History 30 (July 1993): 337.
12. Kirby, Rural Worlds Lost, 196.
13. C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 6; Harry Crews, A Childhood: The Biography of a Place (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
14. C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1968), 6; Harry Crews, A Childhood: The Biography of a Place (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).
15. Pamela Barefoot and Burt Komegay, "Mules and Memories," Sandlapper 12 (March 1979): 32-37; Woodward, Burden of Southern History.
16. Pamela Barefoot and Burt Komegay, "Mules and Memories," Sandlapper 12 (March 1979): 32-37; Woodward, Burden of Southern History.
17. Jimmie Lewis Franklin, "Black Southerners, Shared Experience, and Place: A Reflection," Journal of Southern History 60 (February 1994): 13; David M. Potter, "The Enigma of the South," Yale Review 51 (October 1961): 142.
18. Jimmie Lewis Franklin, "Black Southerners, Shared Experience, and Place: A Reflection," Journal of Southern History 60 (February 1994): 13; David M. Potter, "The Enigma of the South," Yale Review 51 (October 1961): 142.
19. Delta and Pine Land Oral History Interviews, Delta and Pine Land Company Records, Special Collections, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University (hereafter cited as DPLOHI); Billy Skelton, "Tribute to Mule, Vanishing Breed That Once Filled State's Big Need," Jackson (Mississippi) Clarion-Ledger, 4 April 1971; David L. Conn, "Drunk on Cotton," in David L. Cohn, unpublished autobiography, John D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, quoted in James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 131.
20. Delta and Pine Land Oral History Interviews, Delta and Pine Land Company Records, Special Collections, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University (hereafter cited as DPLOHI); Billy Skelton, "Tribute to Mule, Vanishing Breed That Once Filled State's Big Need," Jackson (Mississippi) Clarion-Ledger, 4 April 1971; David L. Conn, "Drunk on Cotton," in David L. Cohn, unpublished autobiography, John D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, quoted in James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 131.
21. Delta and Pine Land Oral History Interviews, Delta and Pine Land Company Records, Special Collections, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University (hereafter cited as DPLOHI); Billy Skelton, "Tribute to Mule, Vanishing Breed That Once Filled State's Big Need," Jackson (Mississippi) Clarion-Ledger, 4 April 1971; David L. Conn, "Drunk on Cotton," in David L. Cohn, unpublished autobiography, John D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, quoted in James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 131.
22. Delta and Pine Land Oral History Interviews, Delta and Pine Land Company Records, Special Collections, Mitchell Memorial Library, Mississippi State University (hereafter cited as DPLOHI); Billy Skelton, "Tribute to Mule, Vanishing Breed That Once Filled State's Big Need," Jackson (Mississippi) Clarion-Ledger, 4 April 1971; David L. Conn, "Drunk on Cotton," in David L. Cohn, unpublished autobiography, John D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, quoted in James C. Cobb, The Most Southern Place on Earth: The Mississippi Delta and the Roots of Regional Identity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 131.
23. Theodore Rosengarten, All God's Dangers: The Life of Nate Shaw (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975), 113-18, 461-62, 493, 532.
24. Joseph Jones, Agricultural Resources of Georgia (Augusta, Ga.: Steam Press of Chronicle and Sentinel, 1861), 5; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974), 79-85; Southern Planter 15 (May 1855): 134, emphasis added; American Farmer, 27 October 1820, 242.
25. Joseph Jones, Agricultural Resources of Georgia (Augusta, Ga.: Steam Press of Chronicle and Sentinel, 1861), 5; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974), 79-85; Southern Planter 15 (May 1855): 134, emphasis added; American Farmer, 27 October 1820, 242.
26. Joseph Jones, Agricultural Resources of Georgia (Augusta, Ga.: Steam Press of Chronicle and Sentinel, 1861), 5; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974), 79-85; Southern Planter 15 (May 1855): 134, emphasis added; American Farmer, 27 October 1820, 242.
27. Joseph Jones, Agricultural Resources of Georgia (Augusta, Ga.: Steam Press of Chronicle and Sentinel, 1861), 5; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina From 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1974), 79-85; Southern Planter 15 (May 1855): 134, emphasis added; American Farmer, 27 October 1820, 242.
28. Southern Cultivator 11 (October 1853): 301; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard States in the Years 1853-1854, With Remarks on Their Economy, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 51; Southern Planter 10 (March 1850): 84; Harvey Riley, The Mule: A Treatise on the Breeding, Training and Uses to Which He May Be Put (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1867), 54.
29. Southern Cultivator 11 (October 1853): 301; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard States in the Years 1853-1854, With Remarks on Their Economy, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 51; Southern Planter 10 (March 1850): 84; Harvey Riley, The Mule: A Treatise on the Breeding, Training and Uses to Which He May Be Put (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1867), 54.
30. Southern Cultivator 11 (October 1853): 301; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard States in the Years 1853-1854, With Remarks on Their Economy, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 51; Southern Planter 10 (March 1850): 84; Harvey Riley, The Mule: A Treatise on the Breeding, Training and Uses to Which He May Be Put (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1867), 54.
31. Southern Cultivator 11 (October 1853): 301; Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey in the Seaboard States in the Years 1853-1854, With Remarks on Their Economy, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), 51; Southern Planter 10 (March 1850): 84; Harvey Riley, The Mule: A Treatise on the Breeding, Training and Uses to Which He May Be Put (New York: Dick & Fitzgerald, Publishers, 1867), 54.
32. J. T. Warder, "Mule Raising," in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1863 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1863), 183-84.
33. Albert Stowe Lee-Craft, The Devil's Inkwell: A Story of Humanity, Embracing Biblical Evidence Establishing Irrefutable and Utter Supremacy of the White Man on the Earth since the Beginning of Historical Time (Houston: n.p., 1923), quoted in Claude Nolen, The Negro's Image in the South: The Anatomy of White Supremacy (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 9-10; David R. Goldfield, "Modernization and the Southern Renaissance, 1920-1960," paper presented to Clemson University Department of History Seminar, Clemson, South Carolina, 29 March 1982, 20, in possession of the author.
34. Albert Stowe Lee-Craft, The Devil's Inkwell: A Story of Humanity, Embracing Biblical Evidence Establishing Irrefutable and Utter Supremacy of the White Man on the Earth since the Beginning of Historical Time (Houston: n.p., 1923), quoted in Claude Nolen, The Negro's Image in the South: The Anatomy of White Supremacy (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 9-10; David R. Goldfield, "Modernization and the Southern Renaissance, 1920-1960," paper presented to Clemson University Department of History Seminar, Clemson, South Carolina, 29 March 1982, 20, in possession of the author.
35. Albert Stowe Lee-Craft, The Devil's Inkwell: A Story of Humanity, Embracing Biblical Evidence Establishing Irrefutable and Utter Supremacy of the White Man on the Earth since the Beginning of Historical Time (Houston: n.p., 1923), quoted in Claude Nolen, The Negro's Image in the South: The Anatomy of White Supremacy (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 1968), 9-10; David R. Goldfield, "Modernization and the Southern Renaissance, 1920-1960," paper presented to Clemson University Department of History Seminar, Clemson, South Carolina, 29 March 1982, 20, in possession of the author.
36. Minor Gray, interview by Bill Boyd, 8 May 1974, tape 15-74, transcript, DPLOHI.
37. Cornelius Bostic, interview by Bill Boyd, 6 May 1974, tape 5-74, transcript, DPLOHI; Harry H. Fain, "Horse Trader," 20 March 1939, typescript in Federal Writers Project Papers, Life Histories files, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; R. M. (Dick) Holman, interview by Bill Boyd, 13 May 1974, tape 20-74, transcript, DPLOHI.
38. Cornelius Bostic, interview by Bill Boyd, 6 May 1974, tape 5-74, transcript, DPLOHI; Harry H. Fain, "Horse Trader," 20 March 1939, typescript in Federal Writers Project Papers, Life Histories files, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; R. M. (Dick) Holman, interview by Bill Boyd, 13 May 1974, tape 20-74, transcript, DPLOHI.
39. Cornelius Bostic, interview by Bill Boyd, 6 May 1974, tape 5-74, transcript, DPLOHI; Harry H. Fain, "Horse Trader," 20 March 1939, typescript in Federal Writers Project Papers, Life Histories files, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; R. M. (Dick) Holman, interview by Bill Boyd, 13 May 1974, tape 20-74, transcript, DPLOHI.
40. Donald Davidson, "Still Rebels, Still Yankees," Still Rebels, Still Yankees and Other Essays, ed. Donald Davidson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1957), 239, 248; Paul K. Conkin, The Southern Agrarians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 97.
41. Donald Davidson, "Still Rebels, Still Yankees," Still Rebels, Still Yankees and Other Essays, ed. Donald Davidson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1957), 239, 248; Paul K. Conkin, The Southern Agrarians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1988), 97.
42. Thomas D. Clark, "The Trade Between Kentucky and the Cotton Kingdom in Livestock, Hemp, and Slaves from 1840 to 1860" (master's thesis, University of Kentucky, 1929) 42; Louis D. Rubin Jr., "The American South: The Continuity of Self-Definition," The American South: Portrait of a Culture, ed. Louis D. Rubin Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980); William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (New York: Random House, 1929), 106.
43. Thomas D. Clark, "The Trade Between Kentucky and the Cotton Kingdom in Livestock, Hemp, and Slaves from 1840 to 1860" (master's thesis, University of Kentucky, 1929) 42; Louis D. Rubin Jr., "The American South: The Continuity of Self-Definition," The American South: Portrait of a Culture, ed. Louis D. Rubin Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980); William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (New York: Random House, 1929), 106.
44. Thomas D. Clark, "The Trade Between Kentucky and the Cotton Kingdom in Livestock, Hemp, and Slaves from 1840 to 1860" (master's thesis, University of Kentucky, 1929) 42; Louis D. Rubin Jr., "The American South: The Continuity of Self-Definition," The American South: Portrait of a Culture, ed. Louis D. Rubin Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980); William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury (New York: Random House, 1929), 106.
45. George Winston, "The Relation of the Whites to the Negroes," in America's Race Problems: Addresses at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, April Twelfth and Thirteenth, 1901 (Philadelphia: n.p., 1901), 105-18, as quoted in Nolen, The Negro's Image in the South, 25-26.
46. George Winston, "The Relation of the Whites to the Negroes," in America's Race Problems: Addresses at the Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, April Twelfth and Thirteenth, 1901 (Philadelphia: n.p., 1901), 105-18, as quoted in Nolen, The Negro's Image in the South, 25-26.
47. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 70-71. Agricultural journals continued to carry articles and letters discussing the use of oxen in cotton cultivation. See "Oxen for the Plow," Southern Cultivator 29 (February 1871): 53-54; Southern Cultivator 31 (May 1873): 178; Southern Cultivator 45 (February 1887): 76; and F. L. Teuton, "Resettlement to Help the South," Southern Agriculturist (October 1935), 5.
48. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 70-71. Agricultural journals continued to carry articles and letters discussing the use of oxen in cotton cultivation. See "Oxen for the Plow," Southern Cultivator 29 (February 1871): 53-54; Southern Cultivator 31 (May 1873): 178; Southern Cultivator 45 (February 1887): 76; and F. L. Teuton, "Resettlement to Help the South," Southern Agriculturist (October 1935), 5.
49. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 70-71. Agricultural journals continued to carry articles and letters discussing the use of oxen in cotton cultivation. See "Oxen for the Plow," Southern Cultivator 29 (February 1871): 53-54; Southern Cultivator 31 (May 1873): 178; Southern Cultivator 45 (February 1887): 76; and F. L. Teuton, "Resettlement to Help the South," Southern Agriculturist (October 1935), 5.
50. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 70-71. Agricultural journals continued to carry articles and letters discussing the use of oxen in cotton cultivation. See "Oxen for the Plow," Southern Cultivator 29 (February 1871): 53-54; Southern Cultivator 31 (May 1873): 178; Southern Cultivator 45 (February 1887): 76; and F. L. Teuton, "Resettlement to Help the South," Southern Agriculturist (October 1935), 5.
51. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 70-71. Agricultural journals continued to carry articles and letters discussing the use of oxen in cotton cultivation. See "Oxen for the Plow," Southern Cultivator 29 (February 1871): 53-54; Southern Cultivator 31 (May 1873): 178; Southern Cultivator 45 (February 1887): 76; and F. L. Teuton, "Resettlement to Help the South," Southern Agriculturist (October 1935), 5.
52. "Julia Henderson Interview," in Georgia Narratives, vol. 3, pt. 1, of The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, ed. George P. Rawick (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977), 321.
53. "Caroline Ates Interview," The American Slave, supplement, ser. 1, vol. 3 (Georgia Narratives, pt. 1), 24; "Robert Kimbrough Interview," and "Hannah Murphy Interview," The American Slave, supplement, ser. 1, vol. 4 (Georgia Narratives, pt. 2), 365 and 469.
54. "Caroline Ates Interview," The American Slave, supplement, ser. 1, vol. 3 (Georgia Narratives, pt. 1), 24; "Robert Kimbrough Interview," and "Hannah Murphy Interview," The American Slave, supplement, ser. 1, vol. 4 (Georgia Narratives, pt. 2), 365 and 469.
55. Herbert N. Richardson, "Black Workers and Their Responses to Work Through the Songs They Sang" (Ed.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1987), 139-40.
56. William Reynolds Ferris Jr., "Black Folklore from the Mississippi Delta" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1969), 68; Richardson, "Black Workers and Their Responses to Work Through the Songs They Sang," 140-41. "Gee" and "haw" were the traditional voice commands for draft animals. Gee meant that the animal should turn right, and haw demanded a left turn.
57. William Reynolds Ferris Jr., "Black Folklore from the Mississippi Delta" (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1969), 68; Richardson, "Black Workers and Their Responses to Work Through the Songs They Sang," 140-41. "Gee" and "haw" were the traditional voice commands for draft animals. Gee meant that the animal should turn right, and haw demanded a left turn.
58. Pete Daniel, Breaking The Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 9-10; Edwin War Hullinger, Plowing Through: The Story of the Negro in Agriculture (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1940), 11-12; John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 68; typed agreement between C. D. Bolton Company and Willis Jones, 20 February 1936, in possession of the author.
59. Pete Daniel, Breaking The Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 9-10; Edwin War Hullinger, Plowing Through: The Story of the Negro in Agriculture (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1940), 11-12; John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 68; typed agreement between C. D. Bolton Company and Willis Jones, 20 February 1936, in possession of the author.
60. Pete Daniel, Breaking The Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 9-10; Edwin War Hullinger, Plowing Through: The Story of the Negro in Agriculture (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1940), 11-12; John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 68; typed agreement between C. D. Bolton Company and Willis Jones, 20 February 1936, in possession of the author.
61. Pete Daniel, Breaking The Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 9-10; Edwin War Hullinger, Plowing Through: The Story of the Negro in Agriculture (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1940), 11-12; John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture During the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), 68; typed agreement between C. D. Bolton Company and Willis Jones, 20 February 1936, in possession of the author.
62. "King's Last March," Time 91 (19 April 1968): 19; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 497; Shirelle Phelps, ed., Who's Who among African Americans: 1996-97 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1996), 920; Lisa C. Jones, "40 Acres and a Mule Revisited," Ebony 48 (August 1993): 66, 68, 70.
63. "King's Last March," Time 91 (19 April 1968): 19; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 497; Shirelle Phelps, ed., Who's Who among African Americans: 1996-97 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1996), 920; Lisa C. Jones, "40 Acres and a Mule Revisited," Ebony 48 (August 1993): 66, 68, 70.
64. "King's Last March," Time 91 (19 April 1968): 19; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 497; Shirelle Phelps, ed., Who's Who among African Americans: 1996-97 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1996), 920; Lisa C. Jones, "40 Acres and a Mule Revisited," Ebony 48 (August 1993): 66, 68, 70.
65. "King's Last March," Time 91 (19 April 1968): 19; Stephen B. Oates, Let the Trumpet Sound: The Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Harper & Row, 1982), 497; Shirelle Phelps, ed., Who's Who among African Americans: 1996-97 (Detroit: Gale Research, 1996), 920; Lisa C. Jones, "40 Acres and a Mule Revisited," Ebony 48 (August 1993): 66, 68, 70.
66. Douglas C. Bachtel, "Georgia's Shrinking Farm Population," Georgia Farmers and Consumers Bulletin 75 (23 September 1992): 1, 7; Eric Bates, "Plow Up a Storm: The UFO [United Farmers Organization] Story," Southern Exposure 16 (Spring 1988): 7; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996), 661.
67. Douglas C. Bachtel, "Georgia's Shrinking Farm Population," Georgia Farmers and Consumers Bulletin 75 (23 September 1992): 1, 7; Eric Bates, "Plow Up a Storm: The UFO [United Farmers Organization] Story," Southern Exposure 16 (Spring 1988): 7; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996), 661.
68. Douglas C. Bachtel, "Georgia's Shrinking Farm Population," Georgia Farmers and Consumers Bulletin 75 (23 September 1992): 1, 7; Eric Bates, "Plow Up a Storm: The UFO [United Farmers Organization] Story," Southern Exposure 16 (Spring 1988): 7; Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1996 (Washington, D.C., 1996), 661.
69. Paul M. Gaston, The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 8.
70. Vern E. Smith and Daniel Pedersen, "South Toward Home," Newsweek (14 July 1997): 36-38; Michael O'Brien, The Idea of the American South, 1920-1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), xxiii.
71. Vern E. Smith and Daniel Pedersen, "South Toward Home," Newsweek (14 July 1997): 36-38; Michael O'Brien, The Idea of the American South, 1920-1941 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), xxiii.