Functional Anatomy of the Shoulder

Journal of Athletic Training

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 248-255

  Terry, Glenn C ^a   Chopp, Thomas M ^a  

^a HUGHSTON CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Articulation; Dynamic; Stability; Static

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347561430     PISSN: 10626050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Powell JW, Barber-Foss KD. Injury patterns in selected high school sports: a review of the 1995-1997 seasons. J Athl Train. 1999;34:277-284.
2. Steinbruck K. Epidemiology of sports injuries: 25-year analysis of sports orthopedic-traumatologic ambulatory care. Sportverletz Sportschaden. 1999;13:38-52.
3. Kronberg M, Brostrom LA, Soderlund V. Retroversion of the humeral head in the normal shoulder and its relationship to the normal range of motion. Clin Orthop. 1990;253:113-117.
4. Bigliani LU, Craig EV, Butters KP. Fractures of the shoulder, part I: fractures of the proximal humerus. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, eds. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1991:871-927.
5. Hall MC, Rosser M. The structure of the upper end of the humerus with reference to osteoporotic changes in senescence leading to fractures. Can Med Assoc J. 1963;8:290-294.
6. Rose SH, Melton LJ, Morrey BF, Ilstrup DM, Riggs LB. Epidemiologic features of humeral fractures. Clin Orthop. 1982;168:24-30.
7. Codman EA. The Shoulder, Rupture of the Supraspinatus Tendon and Other Lesions in or about the Subacromial Bursa. Boston, MA: Thomas Todd; 1934:313-331.
8. Rockwood CA Jr, Williams GR, Young DC. Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, eds. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1991:1181-1252.
9. Jobe CM. Gross anatomy of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Matsen FA III, eds. The Shoulder. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:34-97.
10. Bigliani LU, Morrison DS, April EW. The morphology of the acromion and rotator cuff impingement. Orthop Trans. 1987;11:234.
11. Warner JJP, Krushell RJ, Masquelet A, Gerber C. Anatomy and relationships of the suprascapular nerve: anatomical constraints to mobilization of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles in the management of massive rotator-cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:36-45.
12. Ticker JB, Djurasovic M, Strauch RJ. Incidence of ganglion cysts and other variations in anatomy along the course of the suprascapular nerve. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1998;7:472-478.
13. Randelli M, Gambrioli PL. Glenohumeral osteometry by computed tomography in normal and unstable shoulders. Clin Orthop. 1986;208:151-156.
14. Morrey BF, Itoi E, Kai-Nan A. Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Matsen FA III, eds. The Shoulder. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:233-263.
15. Ljunggren AE. Clavicular function. Acta Orthop Scand. 1979;50:261-268.
16. Craig EV. Fractures of the clavicle. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Matsen FA III, eds. The Shoulder. Vol 1. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1998:428-482.
17. Hertz H. Die bedeutung des limbus glenoidalis fur die stabilitat des schultergelenks. Wein Klin Wochenschr Suppl. 1984;152:1-23.
18. Poppen NK, Walker PS. Normal and abnormal motion of the shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1976;58:195-201.
19. Howell SM, Galinat BJ, Renzi AJ, Marone PJ. Normal and abnormal mechanics of the glenohumeral joint in the horizontal plane. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:227-232.
20. McMahon P, Debski R, Thompson W, Warner J, Fu F, Woo S. Shoulder muscle forces and tendon excursions during glenohumeral abduction in the scapular plane. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1995;4:199-208.
21. Lippitt SB, Vanderhooft JE, Harris SL, Sidles JA, Harryman DT II, Matsen FA III. Glenohumeral stability from concavity-compression: a quantitative analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1993;2:27-35.
22. Soslowsky LJ, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, Mow VC. Articular geometry of the glenohumeral joint. Clin Orthop. 1992;285:181-190.
23. Gibb TD, Sidles JA, Harryman DT II, McQuade KJ, Matsen FA III. The effect of capsular venting on glenohumeral laxity. Clin Orthop. 1991;268:120-127.
24. Cole BJ, Warner JJP. Anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of glenohumeral instability. In: Iannotti JP, Williams GR Jr, eds. Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia, PA; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:207-232.
25. Cooper DE, Arnoczky SP, O'Brien SJ, Warren RF, DiCarlo E, Allen AA. Anatomy, histology, and vascularity of the glenoid labrum: an anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74:46-52.
26. Howell SM, Galinat BJ. The glenoid-labral socket: a constrained articular surface. Clin Orthop. 1989;243:122-125.
27. Moseley H. Overgaard B. The anterior capsular mechanism in recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder: morphological and clinical studies with special reference to the glenoid labrum and the glenohumeral ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1962;44:913-927.
28. Bankart ASB. The pathology and tratment of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder joint. Br Med J. 1923;2:1132-1133.
29. Pagnani M, Deng XH, Warren R, Torzilli P, O'Brien S. Role of the long head of the biceps brachii in glenohumeral stability: a biomechanical study in cadavera. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996;4:255-262.
30. Pagnani M, Deng XD, Warren R, Torzilli P, Altchek D. Effect of lesions of the superior portion of the glenoid labrum on glenohumeral translation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:1003-1010.
31. O'Brien SJ, Neves MC, Arnoczky SP, et al. The anatomy and histology of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 1990;18:449-456.
32. Warner JJP, Deng XH, Warren RF, Torzilli PA. Static capsuloligamentous restraints to superior-inferior translation of the glenohumeral joint. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:675-685.
33. Cole BJ, Warner JJP. Anatomy, biomechanics, and pathophysiology of glenohumeral instability. In: Iannotti JP, Williams GR Jr, eds. Disorders of the Shoulder: Diagnosis and Management. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:207-232.
34. Basmajian JV, Bazant FJ. Factors preventing downward dislocation of the adducted shoulder joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41:1182-1186.
35. Boardman ND III, Debski RE, Warner JJP, et al. Tensile properties of the superior glenohumeral ligament and coracohumeral ligaments. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996;5:249-254.
36. Turkel SJ, Panio MW, Marshall JL, Girgis FG. Stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1208-1217.
37. Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations on the function of the shoulder joint. J Bone Joint Surg. 1944;26:1-30.
38. Rodosky MW, Harner CD, Fu FH. The role of the long head of the biceps muscle and superior glenoid labrum in anterior stability of the shoulder. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:121-130.
39. McCluskey GM III, Todd J. Acromioclavicular joint injuries. J South Orthop Assoc. 1995;4:206-213.
40. Bearn JG. Direct observations on the function of the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint in clavicular support. J Anat. 1967;101:159-170.
41. Rockwood CA Jr. Injuries to the sternoclavicular joint. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP, Bucholz RW, eds. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. Vol 1. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1991:1253-1308.
42. Sidles JA, Harryman DT, Matsen FA III. Glenohumeral and scapulothoracic contributions to shoulder motion. Orthop Trans. 1991;15:762.
43. Flatow EL. Shoulder anatomy and biomechanics. In: Post M, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU, Pollock RG. The Shoulder: Operative Technique. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1998:1-42.