Flaws in the Nuremberg legacy: An impediment to International War Crimes Tribunals' prosecution of crimes against humanity

Holocaust and Genocide Studies

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 434-453

  Wolfe, Robert ^a  

^a National Archives and Records Administration

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0347554822     PISSN: 87566583     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/hgs/12.3.434     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Portions of this paper are revisions of the author's "Prelude to Nuremberg: A Flawed Compromise" in 1945-1995: Critical Perspectives on the Nuremberg Trials, Fifth Annual Ernst C. Stiefel Symposium, New York Law School, April 4, 1995
2. U.S. Army, A Code for the Government of Armies in the Field (New York, 1863). Modified in 1914 and again in 1940, Lieber's code continues to be the core of the regulations that bind American military personnel
3. Frank Freidel, Francis Lieben Nineteenth-Century Liberal (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1947), p. 403
4. For text, see Edmund Jan Osmañczyk, Encyclopedia of the United Nations [hereafter U.N. Encyclopedia] (Philadelphia/London: Taylor and Francis, 1985), p. 904
5. For text, see Osmañczyk, pp. 904-5
6. or Foreign Relations of the United States [hereafter FRUS] I (1943), pp. 768-69
7. War Department, German Country Unit (GCU), Handbook of Military Government for Germany
8. Cited in Bradley F. Smith, The American Road to Nuremberg [hereafter Road] (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1982), p. 222, as deposited in the Eisenhower Library, Walter Bedell Smith Collection of World War II Documents, Box 28
9. Road, Document 7, pp. 21-22
10. "I dislike making plans for a country we do not occupy." Roosevelt to Hull, FRUS I (1944), p. 358
11. Bernays' conspiracy plan struck a responsive chord in Stimson's memories of his own trustbusting days as U.S. Attorney in the Southern District of New York, Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War (New York: Harper, 1947), pp. 585-86
12. Photocopy in OASW, Working File, printed in Road, Document 26, pp. 83-84
13. OASW, December 1, 1944
14. Compare Aronson, pp. 269-70
15. See Petra Marquardt-Bigman, "Amerikanische Geheimdienstanalysen des nazionalsozialistischen Deutschlands," Tel-Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte (1994), pp. 325-44
16. Neumann, "Anti-Semitism," R&A Political Intelligence Weekly (May 18-24, 1943)
17. cited in Barry M. Katz, "The Criticism of Arms: The Frankfurt School Goes to War," Journal of Modern History 59, p. 472
18. Along with Neumann, Katz includes Herbert Marcuse and Otto Kirchheimer, p. 439
19. Behemoth, p. 551
20. Executive Order 9547, May 2, 1945, printed in Report, Document III, p. 21
21. See Aronson, pp. 264-66, note 25, citing NA RG 200, National Archives Gift Collection, Duker/Dwork OSS Papers, Box 10, #99
22. Aronson, p. 265
23. For the London Charter, as well as the transcript of trial proceedings, documents in evidence, verdicts, and sentences, see The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 [hereafter Blue Series] 42 volumes (Nuremberg, 1947-49)
24. Report, pp. 57-429, passim
25. Compare Aronson, p. 264
26. Blue Series IX, p. 421
27. Nuremberg Document PS 3052, Blue Series XXXI, pp. 520-24
28. Hague Convention (1907), Articles 42-56
29. Telford Taylor, Final Report to the Secretary of the Army on The Nürnberg War Crimes Trials under Control Council Law No. 10 [hereafter Final Report], p. 224
30. Blue Scries I, pp. 253-55
31. See also Robert Wolfe, "Putative Threat to National Security as a Nürnberg Alibi for Genocide," Annals of the American Association for the Political and Social Sciences (July 1980), pp. 46-67
32. Green Series IV, p. 382
33. U.S. v. Altstötter et al., transcript, p. 10645
34. from Das moderne Völkerrecht der civilisierten Staaten als Rechtsbuch dargestellt (Nordlingen, 1868), p. 270
35. Printed in U.N. Yearbook 4 (1948), pp. 959-60. This either/or is at the nub of U.S. objections to the 1998 charter
36. For debate and text, see U.N. Yearbook 28 (Resolution 3314/XXIX), December 14, 1974, pp. 840-48
37. U.N. Encyclopedia, pp. 356-61
38. Compare Aronson, pp. 266-69
39. See Robert Wolfe, "Introduction: The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services" in J. Mendelsohn, ed. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes, Volume 11 (New York: Garland, 1982)
40. Compare Aronson, p. 271
41. Compare Aronson's contrasting assessment, pp. 276-77
42. Compare Aronson, p. 277