Signs and senses: Diagnosis and prognosis in early medieval pulse and urine texts

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 265-278

  Wallis, Faith ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alexander (of Tralles?); Diagnosis; Hermogenes; Monte Cassino MS. 69; Monte Cassino MS. 97; Prognosis; Prophecy; Pulse; Religion; Uroscopy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DIAGNOSIS; HISTORY; ITALY; PROGNOSIS; PUBLICATION; PULSE RATE; RELIGION; TEACHING; UROLOGY;

DIAGNOSIS; HISTORY, MEDIEVAL; ITALY; MANUSCRIPTS, MEDICAL; PROGNOSIS; PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION; PULSE; RELIGION AND MEDICINE; UROLOGY;

EID: 0347487847     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/13.2.265     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalemitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) (Rome, 1956), no. 95, and cf. 16, 84, and 108. The Monte Cassino MS. 97 version was edited by S. De Renzi, Collectio saleniitana, vol. 2 (Naples, 1853), p. 73, from which it was reprinted by M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin (Stuttgart, 1906-11), vol. II, pt. 1, p. 257. H. Sigerist edits this text from Montpellier, École de Médecine, MS. 185 in 'Early Medieval Medical Texts in Manuscripts of Montpellier', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1941), 31-2. For an English translation, see L. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Early Middle Ages: the Persistence of Hippocratic Ideals', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 26 (1952), p. 24.
2. A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalemitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) (Rome, 1956), no. 95, and cf. 16, 84, and 108. The Monte Cassino MS. 97 version was edited by S. De Renzi, Collectio saleniitana, vol. 2 (Naples, 1853), p. 73, from which it was reprinted by M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin (Stuttgart, 1906-11), vol. II, pt. 1, p. 257. H. Sigerist edits this text from Montpellier, École de Médecine, MS. 185 in 'Early Medieval Medical Texts in Manuscripts of Montpellier', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1941), 31-2. For an English translation, see L. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Early Middle Ages: the Persistence of Hippocratic Ideals', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 26 (1952), p. 24.
3. A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalemitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) (Rome, 1956), no. 95, and cf. 16, 84, and 108. The Monte Cassino MS. 97 version was edited by S. De Renzi, Collectio saleniitana, vol. 2 (Naples, 1853), p. 73, from which it was reprinted by M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin (Stuttgart, 1906-11), vol. II, pt. 1, p. 257. H. Sigerist edits this text from Montpellier, École de Médecine, MS. 185 in 'Early Medieval Medical Texts in Manuscripts of Montpellier', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1941), 31-2. For an English translation, see L. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Early Middle Ages: the Persistence of Hippocratic Ideals', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 26 (1952), p. 24.
4. A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalemitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) (Rome, 1956), no. 95, and cf. 16, 84, and 108. The Monte Cassino MS. 97 version was edited by S. De Renzi, Collectio saleniitana, vol. 2 (Naples, 1853), p. 73, from which it was reprinted by M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin (Stuttgart, 1906-11), vol. II, pt. 1, p. 257. H. Sigerist edits this text from Montpellier, École de Médecine, MS. 185 in 'Early Medieval Medical Texts in Manuscripts of Montpellier', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1941), 31-2. For an English translation, see L. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Early Middle Ages: the Persistence of Hippocratic Ideals', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 26 (1952), p. 24.
5. A. Beccaria, I codici di medicina del periodo presalemitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) (Rome, 1956), no. 95, and cf. 16, 84, and 108. The Monte Cassino MS. 97 version was edited by S. De Renzi, Collectio saleniitana, vol. 2 (Naples, 1853), p. 73, from which it was reprinted by M. Neuburger, Geschichte der Medizin (Stuttgart, 1906-11), vol. II, pt. 1, p. 257. H. Sigerist edits this text from Montpellier, École de Médecine, MS. 185 in 'Early Medieval Medical Texts in Manuscripts of Montpellier', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1941), 31-2. For an English translation, see L. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Early Middle Ages: the Persistence of Hippocratic Ideals', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 26 (1952), p. 24.
6. F. Wallis, 'The Experience of the Book: Manuscripts, Texts, and the Role of Epistemology in Early Medieval Medicine', in D. Bates (ed.), Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions (Cambridge, 1995), 101-26.
7. On the Articella, see C. O'Boyle, The Art of Medicine: Medical Teaching at the University of Paris, 1250-1400 (Leiden, 1998).
8. J. Riddle, 'Gargilius Martialis as a Medical Writer', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 39 (1984), 408-29. On late antique adaptations of Pliny's pharmaceutical lore (Medicina Plinii and Physica Plinii), see literature cited in G. Sabbah, P.-P. Corsetti and K.-D. Fischer, Bibliographie des textes médicaux latins (Saint-Etienne, 1987), pp. 113-14 and 127-9.
9. J. Riddle, 'Gargilius Martialis as a Medical Writer', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 39 (1984), 408-29. On late antique adaptations of Pliny's pharmaceutical lore (Medicina Plinii and Physica Plinii), see literature cited in G. Sabbah, P.-P. Corsetti and K.-D. Fischer, Bibliographie des textes médicaux latins (Saint-Etienne, 1987), pp. 113-14 and 127-9.
10. Cf. D. W. Amundsen's classic studies collected in his Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore and London, 1996). A number of essays in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 38 (1984), underscore the theoretical tensions and practical accommodations between sacred healing and secular medicine; e.g. S. Harvey, 'Physicians and Ascetics in John of Ephesus: An Expedient Alliance', pp. 87-93; as does O. Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore, 1991).
11. Cf. D. W. Amundsen's classic studies collected in his Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore and London, 1996). A number of essays in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 38 (1984), underscore the theoretical tensions and practical accommodations between sacred healing and secular medicine; e.g. S. Harvey, 'Physicians and Ascetics in John of Ephesus: An Expedient Alliance', pp. 87-93; as does O. Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore, 1991).
12. Cf. D. W. Amundsen's classic studies collected in his Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore and London, 1996). A number of essays in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 38 (1984), underscore the theoretical tensions and practical accommodations between sacred healing and secular medicine; e.g. S. Harvey, 'Physicians and Ascetics in John of Ephesus: An Expedient Alliance', pp. 87-93; as does O. Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore, 1991).
13. Cf. D. W. Amundsen's classic studies collected in his Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds (Baltimore and London, 1996). A number of essays in J. Scarborough (ed.), Symposium on Byzantine Medicine, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 38 (1984), underscore the theoretical tensions and practical accommodations between sacred healing and secular medicine; e.g. S. Harvey, 'Physicians and Ascetics in John of Ephesus: An Expedient Alliance', pp. 87-93; as does O. Temkin, Hippocrates in a World of Pagans and Christians (Baltimore, 1991).
14. Republic, 370B.
15. Richer, Historia 4.50, ed. R. Latouche (Paris, 1964), II, p. 230. The translation by L. MacKinney, 'Tenth-Century Medicine as Seen in the Historia of Richer of Rheims', Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 2 (1934), pp. 357-60, is rather free, and I have substituted my own.
16. Richer, Historia 4.50, ed. R. Latouche (Paris, 1964), II, p. 230. The translation by L. MacKinney, 'Tenth-Century Medicine as Seen in the Historia of Richer of Rheims', Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 2 (1934), pp. 357-60, is rather free, and I have substituted my own.
17. John Contreni speculates that ninth-century scolastici applied their medical knowledge in informal, or at least unremunerated practice, though they were also interested in medicine as physica (natural science): 'Masters and Medicine in Northern France During the Reign of Charles the Bald', in M. Gibson and J. Nelson (eds.), Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom, 2nd edn (Aldershot, 1990), 267-82. This trend increased with time: see L. MacKinney, Early Medieval Medicine with Special Reference to France and Chartres (Baltimore, 1937), p. 129.
18. John Contreni speculates that ninth-century scolastici applied their medical knowledge in informal, or at least unremunerated practice, though they were also interested in medicine as physica (natural science): 'Masters and Medicine in Northern France During the Reign of Charles the Bald', in M. Gibson and J. Nelson (eds.), Charles the Bald: Court and Kingdom, 2nd edn (Aldershot, 1990), 267-82. This trend increased with time: see L. MacKinney, Early Medieval Medicine with Special Reference to France and Chartres (Baltimore, 1937), p. 129.
19. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics'; for examples of humoralism in learned circles, see Isidore, Etymologies, IV.5, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911); W. D. Sharpe (trans.), Isidore of Seville: the Medical Writings (Philadelphia, 1964), pp. 55-6.
20. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics'; for examples of humoralism in learned circles, see Isidore, Etymologies, IV.5, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911); W. D. Sharpe (trans.), Isidore of Seville: the Medical Writings (Philadelphia, 1964), pp. 55-6.
21. MacKinney, 'Medical Ethics'; for examples of humoralism in learned circles, see Isidore, Etymologies, IV.5, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911); W. D. Sharpe (trans.), Isidore of Seville: the Medical Writings (Philadelphia, 1964), pp. 55-6.
22. For a more detailed account, see C. R. S. Harris, The Heart and Vascular System in Ancient Creek Medicine from Alcmaeon to Galen (Oxford, 1973).
23. See F. Wallis, 'Inventing Diagnosis: Theophilus' De urini's in the Classroom', Dynamis (forthcoming), and literature cited therein.
24. A commentary on Galen's On Pulses for Beginners, apparently notes of lectures held in Ravenna during the Ostrogothic hegemony, survives in Milan, MS. Ambrosiana G. 108 inf. (second half of ninth century). However, Galen's text does not, and the commentary takes the form of detached scholia from which it would be very difficult to reconstruct the text's content; see A. Beccaria, 'Sulle tracce di un antico canone latino di Ippocrate e di Galeno III: Quattro opere di Galeno nei commenti della scuola di Ravenna all'inizio del medioevo', Italia medioevale e umanistica, 14 (1971), 1-23, and N. Palmieri, 'La théorie de la médecine des Alexandrins aux Arabes', in D. Jacquart (ed.), Les voies de la science grècque (Geneva, 1997), pp. 34-7.
25. A commentary on Galen's On Pulses for Beginners, apparently notes of lectures held in Ravenna during the Ostrogothic hegemony, survives in Milan, MS. Ambrosiana G. 108 inf. (second half of ninth century). However, Galen's text does not, and the commentary takes the form of detached scholia from which it would be very difficult to reconstruct the text's content; see A. Beccaria, 'Sulle tracce di un antico canone latino di Ippocrate e di Galeno III: Quattro opere di Galeno nei commenti della scuola di Ravenna all'inizio del medioevo', Italia medioevale e umanistica, 14 (1971), 1-23, and N. Palmieri, 'La théorie de la médecine des Alexandrins aux Arabes', in D. Jacquart (ed.), Les voies de la science grècque (Geneva, 1997), pp. 34-7.
26. A commentary on Galen's On Pulses for Beginners, apparently notes of lectures held in Ravenna during the Ostrogothic hegemony, survives in Milan, MS. Ambrosiana G. 108 inf. (second half of ninth century). However, Galen's text does not, and the commentary takes the form of detached scholia from which it would be very difficult to reconstruct the text's content; see A. Beccaria, 'Sulle tracce di un antico canone latino di Ippocrate e di Galeno III: Quattro opere di Galeno nei commenti della scuola di Ravenna all'inizio del medioevo', Italia medioevale e umanistica, 14 (1971), 1-23, and N. Palmieri, 'La théorie de la médecine des Alexandrins aux Arabes', in D. Jacquart (ed.), Les voies de la science grècque (Geneva, 1997), pp. 34-7.
27. On the Aurelius-Esculapius corpus, see V. Rose's edition of Theodorus Priscianus, Euporista (Leipzig, 1894), pp. XII ff.; Beccaria, Codici de medicina, pp. 35 ff.; and Fischer, above, pp. 247-8. On pharmacological corpora, see G. Baader, 'Zur Überlieferung der lateinischen medizinischen Literatur des frühen Mittelalters', Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung, 17 (1966), 139-41. On letter-corpora, see G. Baader, 'Lehrbrief und Kurztraktat in der medizinischen Wissenvermittlung des Früh- und Hochmittelalters', in N. R. Wolf (ed.), Wissenorganisierende und wissenvennittelnde Litteratur im Mittelalter: Perspektiven ihrer Forschung (Weisbaden, 1987), pp. 253-4, and V. Scherer, 'Die Epistula de ratione ventris uel uiscerum. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Galenismus im frühen Mittelalter' (dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1976).
28. On the Aurelius-Esculapius corpus, see V. Rose's edition of Theodorus Priscianus, Euporista (Leipzig, 1894), pp. XII ff.; Beccaria, Codici de medicina, pp. 35 ff.; and Fischer, above, pp. 247-8. On pharmacological corpora, see G. Baader, 'Zur Überlieferung der lateinischen medizinischen Literatur des frühen Mittelalters', Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung, 17 (1966), 139-41. On letter-corpora, see G. Baader, 'Lehrbrief und Kurztraktat in der medizinischen Wissenvermittlung des Früh- und Hochmittelalters', in N. R. Wolf (ed.), Wissenorganisierende und wissenvennittelnde Litteratur im Mittelalter: Perspektiven ihrer Forschung (Weisbaden, 1987), pp. 253-4, and V. Scherer, 'Die Epistula de ratione ventris uel uiscerum. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Galenismus im frühen Mittelalter' (dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1976).
29. On the Aurelius-Esculapius corpus, see V. Rose's edition of Theodorus Priscianus, Euporista (Leipzig, 1894), pp. XII ff.; Beccaria, Codici de medicina, pp. 35 ff.; and Fischer, above, pp. 247-8. On pharmacological corpora, see G. Baader, 'Zur Überlieferung der lateinischen medizinischen Literatur des frühen Mittelalters', Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung, 17 (1966), 139-41. On letter-corpora, see G. Baader, 'Lehrbrief und Kurztraktat in der medizinischen Wissenvermittlung des Früh- und Hochmittelalters', in N. R. Wolf (ed.), Wissenorganisierende und wissenvennittelnde Litteratur im Mittelalter: Perspektiven ihrer Forschung (Weisbaden, 1987), pp. 253-4, and V. Scherer, 'Die Epistula de ratione ventris uel uiscerum. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Galenismus im frühen Mittelalter' (dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1976).
30. On the Aurelius-Esculapius corpus, see V. Rose's edition of Theodorus Priscianus, Euporista (Leipzig, 1894), pp. XII ff.; Beccaria, Codici de medicina, pp. 35 ff.; and Fischer, above, pp. 247-8. On pharmacological corpora, see G. Baader, 'Zur Überlieferung der lateinischen medizinischen Literatur des frühen Mittelalters', Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung, 17 (1966), 139-41. On letter-corpora, see G. Baader, 'Lehrbrief und Kurztraktat in der medizinischen Wissenvermittlung des Früh- und Hochmittelalters', in N. R. Wolf (ed.), Wissenorganisierende und wissenvennittelnde Litteratur im Mittelalter: Perspektiven ihrer Forschung (Weisbaden, 1987), pp. 253-4, and V. Scherer, 'Die Epistula de ratione ventris uel uiscerum. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Galenismus im frühen Mittelalter' (dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1976).
31. On the Aurelius-Esculapius corpus, see V. Rose's edition of Theodorus Priscianus, Euporista (Leipzig, 1894), pp. XII ff.; Beccaria, Codici de medicina, pp. 35 ff.; and Fischer, above, pp. 247-8. On pharmacological corpora, see G. Baader, 'Zur Überlieferung der lateinischen medizinischen Literatur des frühen Mittelalters', Forschung, Praxis, Fortbildung, 17 (1966), 139-41. On letter-corpora, see G. Baader, 'Lehrbrief und Kurztraktat in der medizinischen Wissenvermittlung des Früh- und Hochmittelalters', in N. R. Wolf (ed.), Wissenorganisierende und wissenvennittelnde Litteratur im Mittelalter: Perspektiven ihrer Forschung (Weisbaden, 1987), pp. 253-4, and V. Scherer, 'Die Epistula de ratione ventris uel uiscerum. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Galenismus im frühen Mittelalter' (dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin, 1976).
32. Hermogenes, Book of Medicine from Urines, Monte Cassino MS. 69, pp. 545a-551a/fols. 282r-283r.
33. Signa urine, que cognoscitur cum nocte in calice miseris et ad lucem videris.
34. Critical edition by M. Stoffregen, 'Eine frühmittelalterliche lateinische Übersetzung des byzantinischen Puls- und Urintraktats des Alexandros' (Ph.D. thesis, Freie Universität, Berlin, 1977). Monte Cassino MS. 69 contains a variant version, ascribed to one Dionysius.
35. Stoffregen 76, l. 180-78, l. 37; cf. Monte Cassino MS. 97, p. 26b. Note that Monte Cassino MS. 97 is paginated rather than foliated, and 'a' and V refer to columns of text. On my translation of causa as 'circumstance', see below, p. 276.
36. Stoffregen 88, l. 88-98, l. 164; cf. Monte Cassino MS. 97, p. 28a-b.
37. The term 'connoisseurship' in connection with pulse was suggested to me by the anthropologist/historian of Chinese traditional medicine, Judith Farquar. Particularly in his On the Diagnosis of Pulses, Galen emphasizes that perception of differences in pulse is a sort of acquired intuition, akin to judging wine, perfume, or music: Harris, The Heart, pp. 405-7. Cf. S. Kuriyama, 'Pulse Diagnosis in Greek and Chinese Traditions', in Y. Kawakita (ed.), History of Diagnostics (Osaka, 1984), 43-69.
38. The term 'connoisseurship' in connection with pulse was suggested to me by the anthropologist/historian of Chinese traditional medicine, Judith Farquar. Particularly in his On the Diagnosis of Pulses, Galen emphasizes that perception of differences in pulse is a sort of acquired intuition, akin to judging wine, perfume, or music: Harris, The Heart, pp. 405-7. Cf. S. Kuriyama, 'Pulse Diagnosis in Greek and Chinese Traditions', in Y. Kawakita (ed.), History of Diagnostics (Osaka, 1984), 43-69.
39. E.g. ch. 11 on pleurisy: Stoffregen 111, l.270-112, l.276; cf. Monte Cassino MS. 97, p. 31b.
40. Stoffregen 117, ll.318-19; cf. Monte Cassino MS. 97, p. 32a.
41. This text has never been edited. For an Italian translation, see L. Stroppiana, 'Ermogene. Liber medicine orinalibus (codice Cassinese 69 V-secolo IX)', Corpus scriptorum medicorum infunae latinitatis et prioris medii aevi I (Rome, 1958), pp. 343-62. Stroppiana is to be preferred over L. Iorio and F. Avagliano, Observations on the Liber medicine orinalibus by Hermogenes', American Journal of Nephrology, 19 (1999), 185-8.
42. This text has never been edited. For an Italian translation, see L. Stroppiana, 'Ermogene. Liber medicine orinalibus (codice Cassinese 69 V-secolo IX)', Corpus scriptorum medicorum infunae latinitatis et prioris medii aevi I (Rome, 1958), pp. 343-62. Stroppiana is to be preferred over L. Iorio and F. Avagliano, Observations on the Liber medicine orinalibus by Hermogenes', American Journal of Nephrology, 19 (1999), 185-8.
43. Monte Cassino MS. 69, pp. 546b-547b.
44. Ibid., p. 548a.
45. Some have been edited by G. Keil, 'Die "Kurze Hamtraktat" des Breslauer "Codex Salernitanus" und seine Sippe' (Ph.D. thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn, 1969), and 'Die urognostische Praxis in vor- und frühsalemitanischer Zeit' (Habilitationsschrift, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1970), pp. 66-72.
46. Some have been edited by G. Keil, 'Die "Kurze Hamtraktat" des Breslauer "Codex Salernitanus" und seine Sippe' (Ph.D. thesis, Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn, 1969), and 'Die urognostische Praxis in vor- und frühsalemitanischer Zeit' (Habilitationsschrift, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1970), pp. 66-72.
47. Monte Cassino MS. 69, p. 550.
48. E. Wickersheimer, 'Figures médico-astrologiques des IXe, Xe et Xe siècles', Janus, 19 (1914), 157-77; L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. I (New York, 1923), ch. 29; H. Sigerist, 'The Sphere of Life and Death in Early Medieval Manuscripts', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1942), 293-303; C. Weisser, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa (Hanover, 1981).
49. E. Wickersheimer, 'Figures médico-astrologiques des IXe, Xe et Xe siècles', Janus, 19 (1914), 157-77; L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. I (New York, 1923), ch. 29; H. Sigerist, 'The Sphere of Life and Death in Early Medieval Manuscripts', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1942), 293-303; C. Weisser, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa (Hanover, 1981).
50. E. Wickersheimer, 'Figures médico-astrologiques des IXe, Xe et Xe siècles', Janus, 19 (1914), 157-77; L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. I (New York, 1923), ch. 29; H. Sigerist, 'The Sphere of Life and Death in Early Medieval Manuscripts', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1942), 293-303; C. Weisser, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa (Hanover, 1981).
51. E. Wickersheimer, 'Figures médico-astrologiques des IXe, Xe et Xe siècles', Janus, 19 (1914), 157-77; L. Thorndike, History of Magic and Experimental Science, vol. I (New York, 1923), ch. 29; H. Sigerist, 'The Sphere of Life and Death in Early Medieval Manuscripts', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 11 (1942), 293-303; C. Weisser, Studien zum mittelalterlichen Krankheitslunar: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte laienastrologischer Fachprosa (Hanover, 1981).
52. See D. W. Peterson, 'Galen's "Therapeutics to Glaucon" and its Early Commentaries' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 1974), ch. 3 passim.
53. Ibid., p. 97.
54. See notes to Stoffregen's edition. There is no modern edition of the medieval version of the Therapeutics to Glaucon.
55. No modern edition exists; the Renaissance edition by Günther of Andemach, Oribasii medici clarissimi Commentaria in Aphorismos Hippocratis (Paris, 1533), based on an unidentified manuscript, was heavily revised.
56. Monte Cassino MS. 97, p. 250a.
57. Ibid., p. 251a, in the commentary on ch. 74 of book 4.
58. P.-G. Ottosson, Scholastic Medicine and Philosophy: A Study of Commentaries on Galen's Tegni (ca 1300-1450) (Naples, 1984), pp. 197-205.
59. For example, the medieval version of the Therapeutics to Glaucon uses causa as a synonym for 'disease': Deuet [recte Debet] antem scire median quattuor esse tempora omnium causarum, maxime febrium (The physician should know that there are four phases in all diseases, especially fevers). Monte Cassino, MS. 97, p. 34a.
60. Monte Cassino, MS. 97, p. 34a.
61. On the Capsula ebumea, see P. Kibre, Hippocrates latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, rev. edn. (New York, 1985), pp. 110-11, and F. S. Paxton, 'Signa Mortifera: Death and Prognostication in Early Medieval Monastic Medicine', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 639-43.
62. On the Capsula ebumea, see P. Kibre, Hippocrates latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, rev. edn. (New York, 1985), pp. 110-11, and F. S. Paxton, 'Signa Mortifera: Death and Prognostication in Early Medieval Monastic Medicine', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67 (1993), 639-43.
63. C. G. Kühn (ed.), Claudii Galeni Opera Omnia, 22 vols. (Leipzig, 1821-33), VIII, pp. 361, l.12-366, l.5.
64. Athanasius, Life of Anthony, 33, trans. R. C. Gregg (New York, 1980), p. 56.
65. Cassiodorus, Variae VI.19, ed. A. J. Fridh, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 96 (Brepols, 1973), p. 249, ll.11-16; trans. MacKinney, Early Medieval Medicine, p. 47.
66. Cassiodorus, Variae VI.19, ed. A. J. Fridh, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 96 (Brepols, 1973), p. 249, ll.11-16; trans. MacKinney, Early Medieval Medicine, p. 47.
67. From his Commentary on the Prognosticon of Hippocrates, quoted by Temkin, Hippocrates, p. 192.
68. See chs. 27-28 of The Rule of St Benedict, ed. A. de Vogüé, Sources chrétiennes 181-6, Textes monastiques d'Occident nos. 34-9 (Paris, 1971-77), II, pp. 548-52.
69. K. Uhalde, 'Proof and Reproof: the Judicial Component of Episcopal Confrontation', Early Medieval Europe, 8 (1999), 1-11.
70. H. F. Haefele (ed.), Ekkehard IV, Casus sancti Galli, Ausgewählte Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters 10 (Darmstadt, 1980), p. 240.
71. Harris, The Heart, p. 408.
72. R. McKitterick, The Caralingians and the Written Word (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 40-60.