Guild organisation and the instrument-making trade, 1550-1830: The grocers’ and clockmakers’ companies

Annals of Science

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 1979, Pages 1-34

  Brown, Joyce ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347318540     PISSN: 00033790     EISSN: 1464505X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00033797900200101     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. E. G. B. Taylor, Mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England (Cambridge, 1954), 20, 166.
2. Thomas Geminus, Compendiosa totius anatomie delineatio (London, 1545), composed from Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, and De humani corporis fabrica librorum epitome (both publ. Basle, 1543).
3. Astrolabe in the Observatoire Royal de Belgique (Central National d’Histoire des Sciences, Inventaire des instruments scientifiques historiques conserves en Belgique (Brussels, 1959-60), pt. 1 (1959), 85).
4. Humfray Cole, Map of the Holy Land in the Bishop’s Bible (fol. ed. 1572). Reproduced in A. M. Hind, Engraving in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Part I. The Tudor period (Cambridge, 1952), Plate 45.
5. R. T. Gunther, Early science in Oxford, vol. 1 (Oxford, 1923), pt. 2, 87.
6. Robert Adams, Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam vera descriptio (1588). The plates were sold along with P. Ubaldini, A discourse concerning the Spanish fleete invadinge England in the year 1588,… written in Italian… and translated for A. Ryther; unto the which discourse are annexed certaine tables expressinge the several exploites, and conflictes had with the said fleete (London, 1590). They are reproduced in [P. Ubaldini], Lard Howard of Effingham and the Spanish Armada with exact facsimiles of the tables of Augustin Ryther, A.D. 1590 (London, Roxburghe Club, 1919).
7. M. L. Righini Bonelli, II Museo di Storia delta Scienza a Firenze (Florence, 1968), 182.
8. The theodolite is an improved version of Digges’s Topographical Instrument, described by his son Thomas in Leonard Digges, A geometrical practise named Pantometria… lately finished by Thomas Digges, his sonne (London, 1571).
9. Joyce Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers (Science Museum Monograph: London, 1978), 60-61.
10. Joyce Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers., 62-65.
11. G. Unwin, Industrial organization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (facsimile ed. London, 1957; first publ. 1904), 1-14.
12. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix (London.’ 1884), vol. 1, 12.
13. G. Unwin, The Gilds and Companies of London (facsimile ed., London, 1963; first published 1908)
14. W. Herbert, The history of the twelve great Livery Companies of London (London, 1834-1837), vol. 1, 1-224
15. Toulmin Smith, English gilds (London, 1870)
16. Sylvia L. Thrupp, ‘The Gilds’, chapter 5 of M. M. Postan, E. E. Rich and E. Miller (eds.), The Cambridge economic history of Europe, vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1963), 230-280
17. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies (footnote 12), vol. 1, p. 10 et seq.
18. Unwin, The Gilds and Companies of London, 245-247; and W. Cunningham, Alien immigrants to England (London, 1897), 142-143, 176-181.
19. Cunningham, Alien immigrants to England, 147. 19 14 & 15 Henry VIII, c. 2.
20. Acts of Lord Mayor’s Court, 16 May 17 Henry VIII and 20 January 17 Henry VIII; and William Bohun, Privilegia Londini: or, the laws, customs, and priviledges of the City of London (London, 1702), 94-96.
21. Henry VIII, c. 16.
22. Act of Lord Mayor’s Court, 1 August 3 & 4 Philip and Mary; Bohun (footnote 17), 99-103.
23. Bohun (footnote 17), 115-116.
24. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 1, 21.
25. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, pp. 24,58-60
26. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 1, 21.
27. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies., vol. 1, 23.
28. Elizabeth I, c. 4.
29. George III, c. 96.
30. From 1710, a tax of 6rf. in the pound was charged on premiums. These are recorded in the Inland Revenue Books in the Public Record Office.
31. Hind Map of the Holy Land in the Bishop’s Bible (fol. ed. 1572). Reproduced in A. M. Hind, Engraving in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 41, quotes two references to Thomas Geminus in the Stationers’ Company records for 1555 and 1556.
32. Humfray Cole describes himself as ‘ Goldsmith’, probably meaning a member of the Goldsmiths’ Company, on his map of the Holy Land of 1572.
33. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 2, 135.
34. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies., vol. 2, 149.
35. Baron John Benjamin Heath, Some account of the Worshipful Company of Grocers of the City of London (London, 1829), 63-105
36. Herbert, The Gilds and Companies of London, 314-319.
37. Heath (footnote 32), 125-137.
38. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 2, 135.
39. Brown Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 24-29.
40. “Grocers” Company, Wardens’ Accounts, 1579-92, Ms. 11571/7, ft. 91, 246. Guildhall Library.
41. Sir Sidney Colvin, Early engraving and engravers in England (London, 1905), 28.
42. Brown Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 10
43. Grocers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1591-1616, Ms. 11588/2, f. 450. Guildhall Library.
44. Grocers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1591-1616, Ms. 11588/2, f. 450. Guildhall Library., f. 659.
45. W. Grantham (ed.), List of the Wardens of the Grocers’ Company from 1343-1907 (London, 1907).
46. Grocers’ Company, Transcripts of Charters, Ms. 11637, ff. 49, 58. Guildhall Library.
47. Brown Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 26-27.
48. S. E. Atkins and W. H. Overall, Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers (London, 1881), 1-2.
49. S. E. Atkins and W. H. Overall, Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers., 1-19; Clockmakers’ Company, copy of charter of incorporation, bye-laws, etc. (indexed) compiled c. 1717?, Ms. 3950. Guildhall Library.
50. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 22-48, and clauses V, XIX, XXXIV, XXXV, LIII.
51. Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers., 37 (Clause XXXVII), 55-57; Repertory 49, f. 345; Repertory 51, ff. 18b-21. Corporation of London Records Office.
52. Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1632-80, Ms. 2710/1, f. 10. Guildhall Library.
53. January 1636/7, £10 9s. 6d. was paid for translating a member from the Clothiers and Clothworkers’ Company (Ms. 2710/1, f. 15); 20 February 1636/7, £5 4s. Od. was paid for two from the Embroiderers’ Company (Ms. 2710/1, f. 16).
54. Ms. 2710/1, f. 13.
55. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 24-25.
56. Clockmakers’ Company, abstract and index to the journals etc., by Henry Clarke (1813 and 1816), Ms. 3975, f. 35. Guildhall Library.
57. Ms. 2710/1, f. 13.
58. Edward Arber (ed.), A transcript of the registers of the Stationers of London, 1554-1640 A.D., 5 vols. (1875-94), vol. 1 (London, 1875), 6b.
59. Ms. 2710/1, f. 42. 68., f. 48.
60. Pepys mentions a Greatorex, apparently Ralph Greatorex, on 11 October 1660, 24 October 1660, 22 September 1662 and 23 March 1662/3.
61. Ms. 2710/1, f. 63.
62. Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1680/1-99, Ms. 2710/2, f. 180. Guildhall Library.
63. E. G. R. Taylor Mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England, 292-293.
64. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers.
65. Ms. 2710/1, ff. 185, 199. Many of them are mentioned in Taylor Mathematical practitioners of Tudor and Stuart England.
66. Clockmakers’ Company, manuscript history by Henry Clarke, (c. 1813), Ms. 3974, f. 22. Guildhall Library.
67. Ms. 2710/1, f. 213.
68. The feast cost £45 17*. Od. in 1694 (Ms. 2710/2, f. 162b).
69. Ms. 2710/2, f. 86b.
70. Ms. 2710/1, f. 187.
71. Ms. 2710/1., f. 189.
72. Ms. 2710/1., f. 234.
73. Ms. 2710/1., f. 243.
74. Ms. 2710/1., ff. 250, 264, 272, 284.
75. Ms. 2710/1., f. 284.
76. Ms. 2710/1., f. 412.
77. Ms. 2710/1., f. 408; Ms. 2710/2, ff. 49, 69b, 73; Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1699-1729, Ms. 2710/3, ff. 29, 30b.
78. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 26-27.
79. Ms. 2710/1, f. 356.
80. Grocers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1668-92, Ms. 11588/5, f. 708. Guildhall Library.
81. Ms. 2710/2, f. 205.
82. Ms. 2710/2., f. 104b.
83. Ms. 2710/2., f. 146.
84. Ms. 2710/2., f. 178.
85. Ms. 2710/2., f. 194.
86. Ms. 2710/2., f.,17.
87. Ms. 2710/2., f. 185.
88. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers 60-64; Clockmakers’ Company, charter, bye-laws, etc., Ms. 3942, documents 6, 7, 8. Guildhall Library.
89. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 65-67; Ms. 2710/1, f. 417.
90. Ms. 2710/2, ff. 116-116b.
91. Daniel Quare’s apprentices: George Heady (1675)
92. Richard Beck (1673)
93. Faith Leake (1677/1678)
94. John Foster (1680)
95. John Marshall (1682)
96. Robert Todd (1684/1685)
97. John Davis (1685)
98. John Zachary (1687)
99. John Nolson (1689)
100. William Johnson (1690)
101. John Kirton (1696)
102. Stephen Horseman (1701/1702)
103. Joshua Appleby (1705)
104. Daniel Quare (1707/1708).
105. Ms. 2710/1, f. 258
106. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 130.
107. Ms. 2710/2, f. 178.
108. Ms. 2710/3, ff. 50-50b.
109. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 115-126.
110. Ms. 2710/2, ff. 167, 188.
111. Journal of Common Council, vol. 52, ff. 97-97b, Corporation of London Records Office.
112. William III, c. 28, section 2; Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 259-261.
113. Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1729-78, Ms. 2710/4, ff. 435b-438. Guildhall Library.
114. George I, e. 27; 23 George II, e. 13; 27 George II, c. 7; 25 George III, c. 64; 38 George III, c. 24, e. 40, c. 69.
115. Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1778-1804, Ms. 2710/5, ff. 137b-141b. Guildhall Library.
116. Ms. 2710/3, f. 125b.
117. Ms. 2710/4, ff. 158, 162b, 273-274.
118. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 128-130; Journal of Common Council, vol. 63, ff. 314-316, Corporation of London Records Office.
119. ff. 125-125b.
120. Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1804-15, Ms. 2710/6, ff. 199b-202, 209-213b. Guildhall Library.
121. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 142.
122. Ms. 2710/6, ff. 344b-347.
123. Clockmakers’ Company, Minute book of the Committee appointed for the Affairs of Freeman and Apprentices, 1816-17, Ms. 2729, note appended to minutes of 23 Oct. 1816. Guildhall Library.
124. Ms. 3974.
125. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 137-146.
126. Ms. 2710/6, ff. 351-351b.
127. Atkins and Overall Some account of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, 146-147.
128. Ms. 2729, note appended to minutes of 23 October 1816.
129. Ms. 2729, minutes of 25 November 1817; and Clockmakers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1815-28.
130. Ms. 2710/7, ff. 30b, 34, 77-81b, 87-88b.
131. Clockmakers’ Company, volume containing lists of apprentices, etc., artificial compilation, Ms. 3939, ff. 23-26. Guildhall Library.
132. Ms. 3974, f. 21.
133. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 15.
134. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 2, 145.
135. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 40-41.
136. Royal Commission on the Livery Companies Royal Commission on the Livery Companies of the City of London, Report and appendix, vol. 2, 148.
137. Grantham (ed.), List of the Wardens of the Grocers’ Company from 1343-1907.
138. Grocers’ Company, Court Minutes, 1738-78, Ms. 11588/7, ff. 420, 423. Guildhall Library.
139. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers, 41.
140. See J. R. Kellett, ‘The breakdown of gild and corporation control over the handicraft and retail trade in London’, Economic history review, (2) 10 (1957-1958), 381-394.
141. T. H. Court and M. von Rohr, ‘Contributions to the history of the Worshipful Company of Spectaclemakers’, Transactions of the Optical Society, 31 (1929-1930), 53-70.
142. Tony Campbell, ‘The Drapers’ Company and its school of seventeenth century chart- makers’, in Helen Wallis and Sarah Tyacke (eds.), My head is a map. Essays and memoirs in honour of R. V. Tooley (London, 1973), 81-106.
143. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers; for example, pp, 15-18
144. Brown, Mathematical instrument-makers in the Grocers’ Company, 1688-1830, with notes on some earlier makers., Table II, pp, 22-23.