Geologic Constraints on the Harappa Archaeological Site, Punjab Province, Pakistan

Geoarchaeology - An International Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 679-713

  Belcher, Wayne R ^a   Belcher, William R ^b  

^a US Army CILHI ^*  (United States)

^b US Army CILHI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; BRONZE AGE; ELEVATION; GEOMORPHOLOGY; HYDROLOGY; PALEOTOPOGRAPHY; SOIL ANALYSIS; SOIL EROSION; SOIL WATER; SURFACE WATER;

PAKISTAN; PUNJAB [PAKISTAN];

EID: 0347303054     PISSN: 08836353     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1520-6548(200010)15:7<679::AID-GEA3>3.0.CO;2-9     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Abu Bakr, M., & Jackson, R.O. (1904). Geological map of Pakistan (scale 1:2,000,000). Islamabad, Pakistan: Ministry of Industries and Natural Resources, Government of Pakistan.
2. Agrawal, D.P., & Sood, R.K. (1993). Ecological factors and the Harappan Civilization. In G.L. Possehl (Ed.), Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective (pp. 223-231). New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishing.
3. Amundson, R., & Pendall, E. (1991). Pedology and late Quaternary environments surrounding Harappa: A review and synthesis. In R.H. Meadow (Ed.), Harappa excavations 1986-1990: A multidisciplinary approach to Third Millennium Urbanism, Monographs in World Archaeology No. 3 (pp. 13-28). Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
4. Belcher, Wayne R. (1997). Use of geoscientific information systems with an archaeologic data set from Harappa, Punjab Province, Pakistan, Doctoral Dissertation. Golden: Colorado School of Mines (unpublished).
5. Belcher, Wayne R., Turner, A.K., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1999). Harappa in 3D. Discovering Archaeology, 1(2), 89-93.
6. Belcher, William R. (1998). Fisheries of the Baluchistan and Indus Valley Traditions: An ethnoarchaeological approach to fisheries in the third millennium B.C., Doctoral Dissertation. Madison: University of Wisconsin (unpublished).
7. Bender, H. (1995). Water. In U.K. Bender & H.A. Raza (Eds.), Geology of Pakistan (pp. 291-328). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.
8. Besenval, R., & Desse, J. (1995). Around or lengthwise: Fish cutting-up areas on the Baluchi coast (Pakistani Makran). The Archaeological Review, 4, 133-149.
9. Birkeland, P.W. (1984). Soils and geomorphology. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Brown, A.G. (1997). Alluvial geoarchaeology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
11. Bryson, R.A., & Swain, A.M. (1981). Holocene variations of monsoonal rainfall in Rajasthan. Quaternary Research, 16, 135-145.
12. Butzer, K.W. (1982). Archaeology as human impact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Chorley, R.J., Schumm, S.A., & Sugden, D.E. (1984). Geomorphology. New York: Methuen.
14. Courty, M.-A. (1995). Late Quaternary environmental changes and natural constraints to ancient land use (northwest India). In E. Johnson (Ed.), Ancient peoples and landscapes (pp. 105-126). Lubbock, Texas: Museum of Texas Tech University.
15. Dales, G.F. (1979). The Balakot project. Man and Environment, 3, 45-53.
16. Dales, G.F., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1990). Preliminary report on the fifth season at Harappa, Pakistan, January 1-March 31, 1990. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and the Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan.
17. Dales, G.F., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1992). Excavation at Harappa 1990. Pakistan Archaeology, 27, 31-88.
18. Dales, G.F., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1993). The Harappa Project 1986-1990: New investigations at an ancient Indus city. In G.L. Possehl (Ed.), Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective (pp. 469-520). New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishers.
19. Dales, G.F., Jr., & Lipo, C. (1992). Explorations on the Makran Coast, Pakistan: Search for paradise. Berkeley: University of California Press.
20. Dales, G.F., & Raikes, R.L. (1968). The Mohenjo-Daro floods: A rejoinder! American Anthropologist, 70, 957-961.
21. Dales, G.F., Kenoyer, J.M., & the staff of the Harappa Project (1991). Summaries of five seasons of research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan). In R.H. Meadow (Ed.), Harappa excavations 1986-1990: A multidisciplinary approach to third millenium urbanism, Monographs in World Archaeology No. 3 (pp. 185-262). Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
22. Flam, L. (1993). Fluvial geomorphology of the lower Indus basin (Sindh, Pakistan) and the Indus Civilization. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 265-287). London: Routledge.
23. Greenman, D.W., Swarzenski, W.V., & Bennett, G.D. (1967). Ground-water hydrology of the Punjab, West Pakistan with emphasis on problems caused by canal irrigation, Water Supply Paper 1608-H. Washington, DC: U.S. Geological Survey.
24. Jarrige, J.F., & Meadow, R.H. (1980). The antecedents of civilization in the Indus Valley. Scientific American, 243(2), 122-133.
25. Jorgensen, D.W., Harvey, M.D., Schumm, S.A., & Flam, L. (1993). Morphology and dynamics of the Indus Riven Implications for the Mohen Jo Daro site. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 288-325). London: Routledge.
26. Kazmi, A.H. (1995). Sedimentary sequence. In F.K. Bender & H.A. Raza (Eds.), Geology of Pakistan (pp. 63-124). Berlin: Borntraeger.
27. Kenoyer, J.M. (1987). The Indus Civilization: Unfathomed depths of Asian culture. Wisconsin Academic Review, March 1987, 22-26.
28. Kenoyer, J.M. (1991a). The Indus Tradition of Pakistan and western India. Journal of World Prehistory, 5, 331-385.
29. Kenoyer, J.M. (1991b). Urban process in the Indus Tradition: A preliminary model from Harappa. In R.H. Meadow (Ed.), Harappa excavations 1986-1990: A multidisciplinary approach to third millennium urbanism, Monographs in World Archaeology No. 3 (pp. 29-60). Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
30. Kenoyer, J.M. (1997). Trade and technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from Harappa, Pakistan. World Archaeology, 29, 262-280.
31. Kenoyer, J.M. (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press and American Institute of Pakistan Studies.
32. Lambrick, H.T. (1967). The Indus flood-plain and the "Indus" Civilisation. Geographical Journal, 133, 483-495.
33. McGill, J.T. (1978). Growing importance of urban geology. In R.O. Utgard, G.D. McKenzie, & D. Foley (Eds.), Geology in the urban environment (pp. 9-12). Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing.
34. Meadow, R.H. (1989). Continuity and change in the agriculture of the Greater Indus Valley: The palaeoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence. In J.M. Kenoyer (Ed.), Old problems and new perspectives in the archaeology of South Asia (pp. 61-74). Madison: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin.
35. Meadow, R.H., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1993). Harappa Archaeological Research Project: 1993 excavations. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and Director General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan.
36. Meadow, R.H., & Kenoyer, J.M. (1994) Excavations at Harappa 1993: The city walls and inscribed materials. In A. Parpola & P. Koskikallio (Eds.), South Asian archaeology 1993 (Volume 2, pp. 451-470). Helsinki, Finland: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, University of Helsinki.
37. Meadow, R.H., Kenoyer, J.M., & Wright, R.P. (1994). Harappa Archaeological Research Project: 1994 excavations. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and Director General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan.
38. Meadow, R.H., Kenoyer, J.M., & Wright, R.P. (1995). Harappa Archaeological Research Project: Harappa excavations 1995. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and Director General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan.
39. Meadow, R.H., Kenoyer, J.M., & Wright, R.P. (1996). Harappa Archaeological Research Project: Harappa excavations 1996. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and Director General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan.
40. Meadow, R.H., Kenoyer, J.M., & Wright, R.P. (1998). Harappa Archaeological Research Project: Harappa excavations 1997. Unpublished manuscript on file with the authors and Director General of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Pakistan.
41. Miall, A.D. (1992). Fluvial deposits. In R.G. Walker & N.P. James (Eds.)., Facies models (2nd edition) (pp. 119-142). St. Johns, Newfoundland: Geological Association of Canada.
42. Mian, M.L., & Syal, M.N. (1986). Geomorphology of Pakistan. In A. Ahmad, M. Akram, M.S. Baig, M.Y. Javed, & Riaz-ul-Amin (Eds.), Proceedings of the XII International Forum on Soil Taxonomy and Agrotechnology Transfer, Pakistan (pp. 26-42). Lahore, Pakistan and Washington, DC: Soil Survey of Pakistan and Soil Management Support Service.
43. Misra, V.N. (1994). Indus Civilization and the Rgvedic Saraswati. In A. Parpola & P. Koskikallio (Eds.), South Asian archaeology 1993 (Volume 2, pp. 511-526). Helsinki, Finland: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, University of Helsinki.
44. Mughal, M.R. (1970). The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and northern Baluchistan (c. 3000-2400 B.C.). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
45. Mughal, M.R. (1993). Recent archaeological research in the Choltistan Desert. In G.L. Possehl (Ed.), Harappan Civilization: A recent perspective (pp. 85-95). New Delhi, India: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
46. Pendall, E.G. (1989). Natural and anthropogenic influences on soil development at the Harappa Archaeological Site, Pakistan, Master's Thesis. Berkeley: University of California (unpublished).
47. Pendall, E.G., & Amundson, R. (1990a). Soil/landform relationships surrounding the Harappa archaeological site, Pakistan. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, 5, 301-322.
48. Pendall, E.G., & Amundson, R. (1990b). The stable isotope chemistry of pedogenic carbonate in an alluvial soil from the Punjab, Pakistan. Soil Science, 149, 199-211.
49. Possehl, G.L. (1990). Revolution in the urban revolution: The emergence of Indus urbanism. Annual Review of Anthropology, 19, 261-282.
50. Possehl, G.L. (1991). A short history of archaeological discovery at Harappa. In R.H. Meadow (Ed.), Harappa Excavations 1986-1990: A multidisciplinary approach to third millennium urbanism, Monographs in World Archaeology No. 3 (pp. 5-11). Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
51. Quade, J., Cerling, T.E., Brown, J.R., & Jah, M.A. (1993). Palaeoecologic reconstruction of floodplain environments using palaeosols from the Upper Siwalik Group sediments, northern Pakistan. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 213-226). London: Routledge.
52. Raikes, R. (1967). Water, weather, and prehistory. London: John Baker Publishers.
53. Raikes, R., & Dyson, J.R.H. (1979). The prehistoric climate of Baluchistan and the Indus Valley. In G.L. Possehl (Ed.), Ancient cities of the Indus (pp. 223-233). Delhi, India: Viskas Publishing House.
54. Raikes, R., & Dales, G.F. (1986). Reposte to Wasson's sedimentological basis of the Mohenjo-Daro flood hypothesis. Man and Environment, 10, 33-44.
55. Rapp, G., Jr., & Hill, C.L. (1998). Geoarchaeology. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
56. Schuldenrein, J. (2000). Geoarcheological perspectives on the Harappan sites of South Asia. In S. Settar & R. Korisettar (Eds.), Indian archaeology in retrospect, Volume 2 (Protohistory). New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Historical Research. In press.
57. Schroder, J.F., Jr. (1993). Himalaya to the sea: Geomorphology and the Quaternary of Pakistan in the regional context. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 1-42). London: Routledge.
58. Shaffer, J.G. (1992). The Indus Valley, Baluchistan and Helmand traditions: Neolithic through the Bronze Age. In E. Ehrich (Ed.), Chronologies in Old World archaeology (pp. 441-464). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
59. Singh, G., Joshi, R.D., Chopra, S.K., & Singh, A.B. (1974). Late Quaternary history of vegetation and climate of the Rajasthan Desert, India. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of India, B267, 467-501.
60. Snead, R.E. (1966). Physical geography reconnaissance: Las Bela Coastal Plain, West Pakistan. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.
61. Snead, R.J. (1993a). Uplifted marine locations along the Makran coast of Pakistan and Iran. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 327-362). London: Routledge.
62. Snead, R.J. (1993b). Geography, geomorphic processes, and effects on archaeological sites on the Makran Coast. In J.F. Schroder, Jr. (Ed.), Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology, and the Quaternary (pp. 363-378). London: Routledge.
63. Thornbury, W.D. (1954). Principles of geomorphology. New York: John Wiley.
64. Utgard, R.O., McKenzie, G.D., & Foley, D. (Eds.) (1978). Geology in the urban environment. Minneapolis: Burgess Publishing.
65. van Rad, U., Schaaf, R., Michels, K.H., Berger, W.H., & Sirocha, F. (1999). A 5000-yr record of climate change in varved sediments from the oxygen minimum zone of Pakistan, northeastern Arabian Sea. Quaternary Research, 51, 39-53.
66. Vats, M.S. (1940). Excavations at Harappa. Delhi: Government Press of India.
67. Waters, M.R. (1992). Principles of geoarchaeology: A North American perspective. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
68. Wheeler, R.E.M. (1947). Harappa 1946: The defenses and Cemetery R-37. Ancient India, 3, 58-130.
69. Wheeler, R.E.M. (1966). Civilizations of the Indus Valley and beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.
70. Wilhelmy, H. (1969). Das urstormtal am ostrand der Indusbene und das Saravasti-problem. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 8, 76-93.
71. Willey, G.R., & Phillips, R. (1958). Method and theory in American archaeology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.