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1
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33748066200
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Philadelphia: Carey and Lea
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Francis Lieber, Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 10 (Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1832), 289.
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(1832)
Encyclopedia Americana
, vol.10
, pp. 289
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Lieber, F.1
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2
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0003897664
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Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, chaps. 2, 3
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Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), chaps. 2, 3. To avoid potential misunderstanding, I refrained in this book from calling the postal system a "technology," since this term is sometimes restricted to mechanical contrivances such as a steam engine or telegraph key. If, however, one follows the example of Thomas P. Hughes and expands the definition of technology to embrace large-scale networks - such as an electrical power grid - then it is entirely appropriate to characterize the postal system in this way.
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(1995)
Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse
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John, R.R.1
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3
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0003525723
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New York: Oxford University Press
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For the more conventional view, see Ruth Schwartz Cowan, A Social History of American Technology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 151-152.
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(1997)
A Social History of American Technology
, pp. 151-152
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Cowan, R.S.1
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5
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0003984012
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ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence 1840; reprint, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co.
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Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (1835; 1840; reprint, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1969), 384-385, 11.
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(1835)
Democracy in America
, pp. 384-385
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De Tocqueville, A.1
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9
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Address to the People of the United States
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Benjamin Rush, "Address to the People of the United States," American Museum 1 (1787): 10.
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(1787)
American Museum
, vol.1
, pp. 10
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Rush, B.1
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10
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33748083921
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ed. Jacob E. Cooke 1788; reprint, Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press
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The constitutional provision granting Congress the authority to establish post roads, Madison observed at one point - to the surprise of later commentators, such as jurist Joseph Story - was a "harmless" power unlikely to figure prominently in public life. That Madison could have dismissed the postal system in this way, Story wrote in 1833, was "one of the most striking proofs of how much the growth and prosperity of the country have outstripped the most sanguine anticipations of our most enlightened patriots." Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist, ed. Jacob E. Cooke (1787-1788; reprint, Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1961), 287;
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(1787)
The Federalist
, pp. 287
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Hamilton, A.1
Madison, J.2
Jay, J.3
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11
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33748030663
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Boston: Milliard, Gray, and Company
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Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, vol. 3 (Boston: Milliard, Gray, and Company, 1833), 22.
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(1833)
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States
, vol.3
, pp. 22
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Story, J.1
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12
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33748072986
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Notes for the National Gazette Essays
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c. 1791-1792, ed. Robert A. Rutland et al. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia
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James Madison, "Notes for the National Gazette Essays," c. 1791-1792, in Papers of James Madison, ed. Robert A. Rutland et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1983), 14: 159.
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(1983)
Papers of James Madison
, vol.14
, pp. 159
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Madison, J.1
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13
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33748062206
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State Gazette of South-Carolina
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(Charleston), 1 July ed. Harvey S. Teal and Robert J. Stets Lake Oswego, Ore.: Raven Press
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Petition of the inhabitants of Washington District, South Carolina, State Gazette of South-Carolina (Charleston), 1 July 1793, in South Carolina Postal History, ed. Harvey S. Teal and Robert J. Stets (Lake Oswego, Ore.: Raven Press, 1989), 23-24.
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(1793)
South Carolina Postal History
, pp. 23-24
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14
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33748074688
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4th Cong., 2d sess., 1 February
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Annals of Congress, 4th Cong., 2d sess., 1 February 1797, 2057-2058.
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(1797)
Annals of Congress
, pp. 2057-2058
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16
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33748065881
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Canals and Turnpikes: America's Early Nineteenth-Century Transportation Network
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ed. Joseph R. Frese and Jacob Judd Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Restorations
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John F. Stover, "Canals and Turnpikes: America's Early Nineteenth-Century Transportation Network," in An Emerging Independent American Economy, 1815-1875, ed. Joseph R. Frese and Jacob Judd (Tarrytown, N.Y.: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1980), 75.
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(1980)
An Emerging Independent American Economy, 1815-1875
, pp. 75
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Stover, J.F.1
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17
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0347149309
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Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press
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Cited in Henry DeLeon Southerland, Jr., and Jerry Elijah Brown, The Federal Road through Georgia, the Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836 (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1989), 61.
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(1989)
The Federal Road Through Georgia, the Creek Nation, and Alabama, 1806-1836
, pp. 61
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Southerland Jr., H.D.1
Brown, J.E.2
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18
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33748053553
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22d Cong., 2d sess., 2 January
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Register of Debates, 22d Cong., 2d sess., 2 January 1833, 939.
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(1833)
Register of Debates
, pp. 939
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-
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19
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33748064566
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Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton
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William D. Merrick, Speech of Mr. Merrick, of Maryland, on the Bill to Reduce the Rates of Postage. . . . (Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1845), 13.
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(1845)
Speech of Mr. Merrick, of Maryland, on the Bill to Reduce the Rates of Postage....
, pp. 13
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Merrick, W.D.1
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20
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0040361063
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Governmental Institutions as Agents of Change: Rethinking American Political Development in the Early Republic, 1787-1835
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Fall
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Richard R. John, "Governmental Institutions as Agents of Change: Rethinking American Political Development in the Early Republic, 1787-1835," Studies in American Political Development 11 (Fall 1997): 371-374.
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(1997)
Studies in American Political Development
, vol.11
, pp. 371-374
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John, R.R.1
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22
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18044373467
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New York: D. Appleton
-
Morse's biographer highlighted this feature of Morse's invention by terming it a "recording telegraph," which distinguished it not only from the French optical telegraph but also from various needle telegraphs then in use in Great Britain. Samuel Irenaeus Prime, The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, LL.D., Inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Recording Telegraph (New York: D. Appleton, 1875).
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(1875)
The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse, LL.D., Inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Recording Telegraph
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Prime, S.I.1
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23
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33748046058
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Samuel F. B. Morse to Francis O. J. Smith, 15 February 25th Cong., 2d sess.
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Samuel F. B. Morse to Francis O. J. Smith, 15 February 1838, in House Report 753, 25th Cong., 2d sess., 335: 8.
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(1838)
House Report 753
, vol.335
, pp. 8
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24
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33748029042
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Samuel F. B. Morse to Levi Woodbury, 27 September
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Samuel F. B. Morse to Levi Woodbury, 27 September 1837, in House Report 753, 9.
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(1837)
House Report 753
, pp. 9
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25
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33748057040
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Samuel F. B. Morse to C. G. Ferris, 6 December 27th Cong., 3d. sess.
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Samuel F. B. Morse to C. G. Ferris, 6 December 1842, in House Report 17, 27th Cong., 3d. sess., 426: 9.
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(1842)
House Report 17
, vol.426
, pp. 9
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26
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33748029992
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note
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Printed memorial from John R. Parker to the Senate and House, January 1837, copy addressed to Amos Kendall, Incoming Correspondence, RG 28, Post Office Departments Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
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27
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33748046058
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Morse to Smith
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Morse to Smith, in House Report 753, 8-9.
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House Report 753
, pp. 8-9
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28
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33748083571
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Report of the Postmaster General
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29th Cong., 1st sess.
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Henry Clay to Alfred Vail, 10 September 1844, Vail Telegraph Collection, Smithsonian Institution Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Cave Johnson, "Report of the Postmaster General," 1845, in Sen. Doc. 2, 29th Cong., 1st sess., 470: 861.
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Sen. Doc. 2
, vol.470
, pp. 861
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Government Control of the Telegraph
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December
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Gardiner G. Hubbard, "Government Control of the Telegraph," North American Review 137 (December 1883): 522.
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(1883)
North American Review
, vol.137
, pp. 522
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Hubbard, G.G.1
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33748053857
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Washington, D.C.: F. & J. Rives & George A. Bailey
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Cadwallader C. Washburn, Postal Telegraph: Speech . . . Delivered in the House of Representatives, December 22, 1869 (Washington, D.C.: F. & J. Rives & George A. Bailey, 1869), 13.
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Postal Telegraph: Speech... Delivered in the House of Representatives, December 22, 1869
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Washburn, C.C.1
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33748068370
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Washington, D.C.: Congressional Globe
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Frank W. Palmer, Postal Telegraph . . . in the House of Representatives, February 17, 1872 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Globe, 1872), 4.
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Postal Telegraph... in the House of Representatives, February 17, 1872
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Palmer, F.W.1
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84922839915
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November
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Norvin Green, "The Government and the Telegraph," North American Review 137 (November 1883): 433.
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North American Review
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, pp. 433
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Green, N.1
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35
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33748088054
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Are Telegraph Rates Too High?
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November
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Norvin Green, "Are Telegraph Rates Too High?" North American Review 149 (November 1889): 574.
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(1889)
North American Review
, vol.149
, pp. 574
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Green, N.1
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36
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33748060065
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Norvin Green to Hugh Allan, 27 June 1879, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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Norvin Green to Hugh Allan, 27 June 1879, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
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42
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33748064241
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Norvin Green to William H. Forbes, 3 September 1879, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records
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Norvin Green to William H. Forbes, 3 September 1879, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records.
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-
-
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43
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33748089582
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Norvin Green to R. C. Stone, 1 August 1881, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records
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Norvin Green to R. C. Stone, 1 August 1881, president's letterbooks, Western Union Records.
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47
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0003494049
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Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, chap. 9
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Milton L. Mueller, Jr., Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), chap. 9.
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Universal Service: Competition, Interconnection, and Monopoly in the Making of the American Telephone System
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Mueller Jr., M.L.1
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48
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0039810749
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The Switchboard Problem: Scale, Signaling, and Organization in Manual Telephone Switching, 1877-1897
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July
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Milton Mueller, "The Switchboard Problem: Scale, Signaling, and Organization in Manual Telephone Switching, 1877-1897," Technology and Culture 30 (July 1989): 534-560.
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(1989)
Technology and Culture
, vol.30
, pp. 534-560
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Mueller, M.1
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49
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33748037910
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Theodore N. Vail to Arthur Brisbane, 25 June 1915, president's letterbooks, AT&T Archives, Warren, N.J.
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Theodore N. Vail to Arthur Brisbane, 25 June 1915, president's letterbooks, AT&T Archives, Warren, N.J.
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50
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21344447231
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Goodbye Central: Automation and the Decline of 'Personal Service' in the Bell System, 1878-1921
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October
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Venus Green, "Goodbye Central: Automation and the Decline of 'Personal Service' in the Bell System, 1878-1921," Technology and Culture 36 (October 1995): 912-949.
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(1995)
Technology and Culture
, vol.36
, pp. 912-949
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Green, V.1
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51
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When Women Were Switches: Technology, Work, and Gender in the Telephone Industry, 1890-1920
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October
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See also Kenneth Lipartito, "When Women Were Switches: Technology, Work, and Gender in the Telephone Industry, 1890-1920," American Historical Review 99 (October 1994): 1075-1111.
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(1994)
American Historical Review
, vol.99
, pp. 1075-1111
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Lipartito, K.1
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52
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33748088891
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Lipartito, The Bell System, 225. "By its very nature," Lipartito explains, innovation is a process that takes place in the absence of perfect foreknowledge and, thus, has an "irrational or nonrational side." It is a mistake, he adds, to assume that every innovation is successful because the innovator "saw further or looked deeper" than did others into the "true nature of a technology." On the contrary, it might be just as true that the successful innovator "proved skillful at closing off other roads and making his innovation seem like the right choice."
-
The Bell System
, pp. 225
-
-
Lipartito1
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57
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0242635497
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Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System
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Spring esp. 108
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Louis Galambos, "Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System," Business History Review 66 (Spring 1992): 95-126, esp. 108.
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(1992)
Business History Review
, vol.66
, pp. 95-126
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Galambos, L.1
|