'Alas, I go with Chylde': Representations of extra-marital pregnancy in the middle English lyric

English Studies

Volumn 79, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 395-414

  Cartlidge, Neil ^a  

^a WOLFSON COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0347173980     PISSN: 0013838X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00138389808599143     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. IMEV 3594: ed. R.L. Greene, The Early English Carols (2nd. edn Oxford, 1977) [EEC], p. 277; also Carleton Brown, Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1955) [SecL], pp. 18-19. I have repunctuated in places; other departures from my base-edition (usually Greene) are marked in square brackets. I have not cited other editions, apart from Brown's, unless they offer significant variants. Notes: Burden - agane] MS, Greene, Brown: gane 4 - lene] Greene: lerne (Greene's em. rejected because a rhyme for fayn/mayn required: MED, leinen, vb., 'to conceal') 6 - telle] em. Brown (sense and metre require the addition of a word) 6 - skyll] MS: kyll 7 - halde] MS, Greene: hade; em. Brown 7 - siccurly] MS: sicculy 8 - mayn] MS: may (where -n probably lost or cramped at the edge of the page); em. Greene, n., p. 491 12 - xal I] MS: I xal (inversion possibly caused by anticipation of the refrain) 12 - say] Brown: sayn 15 rage] Greene: qwage; em. Brown (here 'game, jape'; cf. MED, rage, n., 7).
2. IMEV 3594: ed. R.L. Greene, The Early English Carols (2nd. edn Oxford, 1977) [EEC], p. 277; also Carleton Brown, Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1955) [SecL], pp. 18-19. I have repunctuated in places; other departures from my base-edition (usually Greene) are marked in square brackets. I have not cited other editions, apart from Brown's, unless they offer significant variants. Notes: Burden - agane] MS, Greene, Brown: gane 4 - lene] Greene: lerne (Greene's em. rejected because a rhyme for fayn/mayn required: MED, leinen, vb., 'to conceal') 6 - telle] em. Brown (sense and metre require the addition of a word) 6 - skyll] MS: kyll 7 - halde] MS, Greene: hade; em. Brown 7 - siccurly] MS: sicculy 8 - mayn] MS: may (where -n probably lost or cramped at the edge of the page); em. Greene, n., p. 491 12 - xal I] MS: I xal (inversion possibly caused by anticipation of the refrain) 12 - say] Brown: sayn 15 rage] Greene: qwage; em. Brown (here 'game, jape'; cf. MED, rage, n., 7).
3. IMEV 3594: ed. R.L. Greene, The Early English Carols (2nd. edn Oxford, 1977) [EEC], p. 277; also Carleton Brown, Secular Lyrics of the XIVth and XVth Centuries, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1955) [SecL], pp. 18-19. I have repunctuated in places; other departures from my base-edition (usually Greene) are marked in square brackets. I have not cited other editions, apart from Brown's, unless they offer significant variants. Notes: Burden - agane] MS, Greene, Brown: gane 4 - lene] Greene: lerne (Greene's em. rejected because a rhyme for fayn/mayn required: MED, leinen, vb., 'to conceal') 6 - telle] em. Brown (sense and metre require the addition of a word) 6 - skyll] MS: kyll 7 - halde] MS, Greene: hade; em. Brown 7 - siccurly] MS: sicculy 8 - mayn] MS: may (where -n probably lost or cramped at the edge of the page); em. Greene, n., p. 491 12 - xal I] MS: I xal (inversion possibly caused by anticipation of the refrain) 12 -say] Brown: sayn 15 rage] Greene: qwage; em. Brown (here 'game, jape'; cf. MED, rage, n., 7).
4. LALME, LP 8680; M.R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of St. Johns College, Cambridge (Cambridge, 1913), no. 259.
5. Pierre Bec classifies the chanson de la fille enceinte abandonnée as a sub-species of the chanson de délaissée, itself a form of the chanson d'ami (La lyrique française au moyen-age (XIIe-XIIIe. siècles): Contribution à une typologie des genres poétiques médiévaux, 2 vols (Paris, 1977), I, pp. 65-6).
6. M.R. James and G.C. Macaulay, 'Fifteenth Century Carols and Other Pieces', Modern Language Review 8 (1913) 68-86 (p. 86).
7. John Plummer, 'The Woman's Song in Middle English and its European backgrounds', in Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Women's Songs, ed. Plummer, Studies in Medieval Culture 15 (Kalamazoo, 1981), pp. 135-54 (p. 143).
8. John Plummer, 'The Woman's Song in Middle English and its European backgrounds', in Vox Feminae: Studies in Medieval Women's Songs, ed. Plummer, Studies in Medieval Culture 15 (Kalamazoo, 1981), pp. 135-54 (p. 143).
9. Greene, EEC, p. 491.
10. The only similar phrase cited is: 'Hyt were tyme thou toke an husbonde ... How long schalt thou maydyn gone?' (goon, 15c. d.). The meaning here is 'to remain a maiden' - although the construction ('schalt' + infinitive) is hardly comparable.
11. The past participle of goon is not mapped in LALME. An analogous case might perhaps be ONE, adj./pron., for which the forms 'an(e)' and 'ayn(e)' are not attested south of a line between the Mersey and the Wash (Dot Map 855).
12. Another example ('zen') can be found in the St. John's MS: 'Qwan crist was borne in bedlem ...', fol. 5r, line 21: IMEV 3931; ed. Carleton Brown, Religious Lyrics of the XVth Century (Oxford, 1939), pp. 127-30 (p. 128). However, it comes at a point where the copy seems to be corrupt: Brown emends 'cum sen he' to 'com agen in-fere'.
13. Cf. 'In wyldernes/ Ther founde I Besse ...', line 30, quoted below.
14. London, BL MS Add. 5665 (Ritson's MS) and BL MS Egerton 3002; ed. John Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court (Cambridge, 1961, rpt. 1979), R15, pp. 346-7.
15. Notes: 33 - byrde] 'bryd' would make a truer rhyme; Stevens points out that there is probably a play here on 'byrde/burd [maiden]' 33-6 - Stevens places all four of these lines in reported speech 35-6 - As Stevens suggests, the sense here appears to be that a pregnant woman's [outer] garments will cover her swollen stomach (metonymically 'smock') 41 he] MS: be.
16. IMEV Supp. 3832.5: Ritson's MS and Oxford Bodley MS Ashmole 176; ed. Stevens, R18, pp. 348-9.
17. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift, ed. Bernhard Bischoff et al. (Munich, 1979), pp. 424-7.
18. Str. 1-2: 'Up till now, alas!, I had hidden the affair well, and loved cleverly. Eventually my condition was revealed, for my stomach swelled up, and the birth is heavily imminent'.
19. Str. 6-8: 'When I go outside, everybody looks at me as if I were some kind of monster. When they see my stomach here they all nudge each other, and go quiet as I walk by. They're always poking each other with their elbows, pointing their fingers at me, as if I had done something miraculous. They point me out with nods and judge me worthy of the pyre, because I once sinned'.
20. The lover flees 'ad Franciam' (str. 12). This is conceivably an allusion to the Paris schools.
21. James Brundage, Law, Sex and Medieval Society in Christian Europe (Chicago and London, 1987), pp. 439-41, 497-503; Jeremy Goldberg, Women, Work and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy (Oxford, 1992), pp. 241-3. For the development of the church-ceremony, see Jean- Baptiste Molin and Protais Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage en France du XIIe. au XVIe, siècle (Paris, 1974).
22. James Brundage, Law, Sex and Medieval Society in Christian Europe (Chicago and London, 1987), pp. 439-41, 497-503; Jeremy Goldberg, Women, Work and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy (Oxford, 1992), pp. 241-3. For the development of the church-ceremony, see Jean- Baptiste Molin and Protais Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage en France du XIIe. au XVIe, siècle (Paris, 1974).
23. James Brundage, Law, Sex and Medieval Society in Christian Europe (Chicago and London, 1987), pp. 439-41, 497-503; Jeremy Goldberg, Women, Work and Life Cycle in a Medieval Economy (Oxford, 1992), pp. 241-3. For the development of the church-ceremony, see Jean-Baptiste Molin and Protais Mutembe, Le rituel du mariage en France du XIIe. au XVIe, siècle (Paris, 1974).
24. Anne Howland Schotter, 'Women's Song in Medieval Latin', in Vox Feminae, pp. 19-33 (pp. 26, 30).
25. See Peter Dronke, 'Laments of the Maries: From the Beginnings to the Mystery Plays', in Intellectuals and Poets in Medieval Europe (Rome, 1992), pp. 457-89 (p. 464).
26. Schotter, p.27.
27. IMEV 225: Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge MS 383, fol. 41; Greene, EEC, pp. 275-6; also Brown, SecL, pp. 24-5. Notes: Burden - Rybbe] Brown: Wybbe (MED, ribben, vb, 'to clean flax') 1 - ic haue sought] MS unclear; Greene: ic han sought 2 - vond] Brown: wond 5 - vnswothe] Greene, Brown: vnswope (cf. MED, swithen, 'to burn') 5 - vlech] MED, flex, 'flax' - here tow, used as tinder; not 'floor', as Greene suggests 6 - vnbech] MED, beten, vb (2), 3, 'to mend') 7 - yech] ?'yet' 10, 12 - thredele] Greene: predele; em. Brown (cf. Wright, English Dialect Dictionary, threadle, vb., 'thread') 18 - outh] from MED, ouen, vb, 4, modal verb of obligation 18 - bred] MED, breden, vb (1), 'to burn' (not 'spread out': Brown, p. 236) 18 - schayl] MED, shayl, 'hemp-refuse'; not 'scattering, spillage [of milk]' as Greene suggests 26 - ale-schoth] Greene: ale-scoch 27 - throth] MS wroth: Greene: wroch; em. Brown 29 -hond] Brown: hand 30 - me] MS: men 31 - sond] MS: son 37 - te] Brown: to 38 - as greth] MS: a greth 39 - durst] MS: drurst.
28. Barbara Hanawalt, Growing up in Medieval London: The Experience of Childhood in History (New York and Oxford, 1993), p. 17.
29. IMEV 3409; CUL MS Ff.5.48,fol. 114v (C15); LALME, I, p.67, Derbyshire: ed. Greene, EEC, p.278; also Brown. SecL, pp. 19-20. Notes: 4 - tell-ey] MS:tell 8 - bell-ey]MS:bell; Brown: kell 12 - begyled-ey]MS:begyled-ay.
30. For the origins of the MS, see Janay Young Downing, 'A Critical Edition of Cambridge University Ff. 5. 48 [Middle English text]', (University of Washington diss., 1969), p. xxx.
31. Though clerkly seducers are often called John, Jack or Jankyn, these names do not in turn necessarily indicate a clerk. In Chaucer's Summoner's Tale, for example, Jankyn turns up as the clever squire.
32. Plummer, p. 144.
33. These prejudices may have been justified. As Goldberg points out (p. 152), 'the clients of prostitutes were frequently, but by no means exclusively, religious'. See Ruth Mazo Karras, 'The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England', Signs 14/2 (1989) 399-433 (p. 425); and Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Women's Work in a Market Town: Exeter in the Late Fourteenth Century', in Barbara Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe (Bloomington, 1986), pp. 145-64 (p. 154). Kowaleski reports one prostitute, who, out of nine actions for the recovery of debts, brought no less than three against priests.
34. These prejudices may have been justified. As Goldberg points out (p. 152), 'the clients of prostitutes were frequently, but by no means exclusively, religious'. See Ruth Mazo Karras, 'The Regulation of Brothels in Later Medieval England', Signs 14/2 (1989) 399-433 (p. 425); and Maryanne Kowaleski, 'Women's Work in a Market Town: Exeter in the Late Fourteenth Century', in Barbara Hanawalt, ed., Women and Work in Preindustrial Europe (Bloomington, 1986), pp. 145-64 (p. 154). Kowaleski reports one prostitute, who, out of nine actions for the recovery of debts, brought no less than three against priests.
35. 'Pensis contre une bruiere ...', ed. Jean-Claude Rivière, Pastourelles, 3 vols (Geneva, 1974-6), III, pp. 9-10, no. LXVII, lines 20-3: 'I am a Master: by my enchantments, I force those who do not wish to love, or who are not accustomed to it, to eat grass'.
36. BL Sloane MS 2593, fol. 34r; IMEV 377; LALME. LP 4279, Norfolk: ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 278-9; also Brown, SecL, pp. 21-2. Notes: 20 chylde] MS: schylde.
37. BL Sloane MS 2593, fol. 34r; IMEV 377; LALME. LP 4279, Norfolk: ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 278-9; also Brown, SecL, pp. 21-2. Notes: 20 chylde] MS: schylde.
38. Lewis J. Owen and Nancy H. Owen, eds., Middle English Poetry: An Anthology (Indianapolis and New York, 1971), p. 351.
39. J.D.W. Crowther, 'The Middle English Lyric "Joly Jankyn'", Annuale Mediævale 12 (1971) 123-5.
40. IMEV 1849; Gonville & Caius MS 383, fol. 41 (C15); ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 276-7; also, Brown, SecL, pp. 22-4. Notes: 3 - clerk] MS: clek 4 - Y] MS unclear; Greene: that he; R.T. Davies (Medieval English Lyrics (London, 1963, rpt. 1987), p. 204): that it; em. Brown 11 - preyede] Brown: priyede; MED, prien, vb, 'to peer inquisitively' 12 - werly] Brown: worly; MED, ferli, adj., Id, 'wonderful' 24 - wan we were] MS: wan were 26 - al were] MS, Greene: a were; Brown: were 33 - Oft Y trewe] MS. Greene (EEC): Of Y trewe; Greene (A Selection of English Carols (Oxford, 1962), pp. 164-5): Y trewe; em. Brown.
41. IMEV 1849; Gonville & Caius MS 383, fol. 41 (C15); ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 276-7; also, Brown, SecL, pp. 22-4. Notes: 3 - clerk] MS: clek 4 - Y] MS unclear; Greene: that he; R.T. Davies (Medieval English Lyrics (London, 1963, rpt. 1987), p. 204): that it; em. Brown 11 - preyede] Brown: priyede; MED, prien, vb, 'to peer inquisitively' 12 - werly] Brown: worly; MED, ferli, adj., Id, 'wonderful' 24 - wan we were] MS: wan were 26 - al were] MS, Greene: a were; Brown: were 33 - Oft Y trewe] MS. Greene (EEC): Of Y trewe; Greene (A Selection of English Carols (Oxford, 1962), pp. 164-5): Y trewe; em. Brown.
42. IMEV 1849; Gonville & Caius MS 383, fol. 41 (C15); ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 276-7; also, Brown, SecL, pp. 22-4. Notes: 3 - clerk] MS: clek 4 - Y] MS unclear; Greene: that he; R.T. Davies (Medieval English Lyrics (London, 1963, rpt. 1987), p. 204): that it; em. Brown 11 - preyede] Brown: priyede; MED, prien, vb, 'to peer inquisitively' 12 - werly] Brown: worly; MED, ferli, adj., Id, 'wonderful' 24 - wan we were] MS: wan were 26 - al were] MS, Greene: a were; Brown: were 33 - Oft Y trewe] MS. Greene (EEC): Of Y trewe; Greene (A Selection of English Carols (Oxford, 1962), pp. 164-5): Y trewe; em. Brown.
43. IMEV 1849; Gonville & Caius MS 383, fol. 41 (C15); ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 276-7; also, Brown, SecL, pp. 22-4. Notes: 3 - clerk] MS: clek 4 - Y] MS unclear; Greene: that he; R.T. Davies (Medieval English Lyrics (London, 1963, rpt. 1987), p. 204): that it; em. Brown 11 -preyede] Brown: priyede; MED, prien, vb, 'to peer inquisitively' 12 - werly] Brown: worly; MED, ferli, adj., Id, 'wonderful' 24 - wan we were] MS: wan were 26 - al were] MS, Greene: a were; Brown: were 33 - Oft Y trewe] MS. Greene (EEC): Of Y trewe; Greene (A Selection of English Carols (Oxford, 1962), pp. 164-5): Y trewe; em. Brown.
44. IMEV 1849; Gonville & Caius MS 383, fol. 41 (C15); ed. Greene, EEC, pp. 276-7; also, Brown, SecL, pp. 22-4. Notes: 3 - clerk] MS: clek 4 - Y] MS unclear; Greene: that he; R.T. Davies (Medieval English Lyrics (London, 1963, rpt. 1987), p. 204): that it; em. Brown 11 - preyede] Brown: priyede; MED, prien, vb, 'to peer inquisitively' 12 - werly] Brown: worly; MED, ferli, adj., Id, 'wonderful' 24 - wan we were] MS: wan were 26 - al were] MS, Greene: a were; Brown: were 33 - Oft Y trewe] MS. Greene (EEC): Of Y trewe; Greene (A Selection of English Carols (Oxford, 1962), pp. 164-5): Y trewe; em. Brown.
45. Vanity and the carole were often associated by medieval preachers. See Christopher Page, The Owl and the Nightingale: Musical Life and Ideas in France 1100-1300 (London, 1989), p. 115.
46. Siegfried Wenzel, 'Unrecorded Middle English Verses', Anglia 92 (1974-5) 55-78, no. 81: 'Thus young women go about singing as long as they are chaste maidens, but the song is altered to one of lamentation, when the stomach begins to swell'. Cf. IMEV Supp. 3900.5, where 'wude' replaces 'ringe'.
47. Siegfried Wenzel, 'Unrecorded Middle English Verses', Anglia 92 (1974-5) 55-78, no. 81: 'Thus young women go about singing as long as they are chaste maidens, but the song is altered to one of lamentation, when the stomach begins to swell'. Cf. IMEV Supp. 3900.5, where 'wude' replaces 'ringe'.
48. Wenzel, ibid., no. 46: 'Oh how much should she be torn apart with grief who in her virginity was pleasing to God, the court of heaven, her mother, her father, her friends and all her acquaintances: "Now she is sad, and in disgrace with her friends."' MS 'worth', em. Wenzel; for the rhyme, cf. The Book of the Duchess, lines 581-2.
49. Wenzel, ibid., no. 46: 'Oh how much should she be torn apart with grief who in her virginity was pleasing to God, the court of heaven, her mother, her father, her friends and all her acquaintances: "Now she is sad, and in disgrace with her friends."' MS 'worth', em. Wenzel; for the rhyme, cf. The Book of the Duchess, lines 581-2.
50. Wenzel, Preachers, Poets and the Early English Lyric (Princeton, 1986), pp. 238-9: 'This aptly applies to those young girls who, before they are corrupted, run about singing and give themselves wholly over to pleasure. But when new baby-bones have gathered inside them, and they sense the pains of birth, all happiness is gone, they moan and sigh, and then will these girls, dishonoured by forbidden sex, alter their previous songs to: '"Alas why did I do it, for now am I utterly woeful."' Cf. IMEV Supp. 3902.5.
51. Wenzel, Preachers, Poets and the Early English Lyric (Princeton, 1986), pp. 238-9: 'This aptly applies to those young girls who, before they are corrupted, run about singing and give themselves wholly over to pleasure. But when new baby-bones have gathered inside them, and they sense the pains of birth, all happiness is gone, they moan and sigh, and then will these girls, dishonoured by forbidden sex, alter their previous songs to: '"Alas why did I do it, for now am I utterly woeful."' Cf. IMEV Supp. 3902.5.
52. For other examples of this topos, see Wendy Pfeffer, 'When the Nightingale Stops Singing: The Evolution of an Image in the Medieval French Lyric', Revue de l'Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa Quarterly 51/2 (1981) 189-96.
53. E.G. Stanley, ed. (1960; rpt. Manchester, 1972).
54. The Jesus-MS is one of two to preserve the Owl (the other being BL MS Cotton Caligula A. ix). The Eleven Pains also survives in Bodleian Library MS Digby 86.
55. IMEV 3828; ed. Richard Morris, An Old English Miscellany, EETS OS 49 (London, 1872), pp. 147-55, lines 139-44. The seduction of a young woman outside marriage is also described in another of the texts in the Jesus and Caligula MSS - A Little Sooth Sermon (ed. Morris, pp. 186-9, lines 73-88). For discussion of this, see my Medieval Marriage: Literary Approaches 1100-1300 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 165-6.
56. IMEV 3828; ed. Richard Morris, An Old English Miscellany, EETS OS 49 (London, 1872), pp. 147-55, lines 139-44. The seduction of a young woman outside marriage is also described in another of the texts in the Jesus and Caligula MSS - A Little Sooth Sermon (ed. Morris, pp. 186-9, lines 73-88). For discussion of this, see my Medieval Marriage: Literary Approaches 1100-1300 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 165-6.
57. IMEV 3828; ed. Richard Morris, An Old English Miscellany, EETS OS 49 (London, 1872), pp. 147-55, lines 139-44. The seduction of a young woman outside marriage is also described in another of the texts in the Jesus and Caligula MSS - A Little Sooth Sermon (ed. Morris, pp. 186-9, lines 73-88). For discussion of this, see my Medieval Marriage: Literary Approaches 1100-1300 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 165-6.
58. R.H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1974), p. 32; Henry Ansgar Kelly, Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1975), pp. 163-68; Brundage, pp. 239, 276-7, 414; A.M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters (Brighton, 1987), p. 94; Cartlidge, Medieval Marriage, pp. 18-20.
59. R.H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1974), p. 32; Henry Ansgar Kelly, Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1975), pp. 163-68; Brundage, pp. 239, 276-7, 414; A.M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters (Brighton, 1987), p. 94; Cartlidge, Medieval Marriage, pp. 18-20.
60. R.H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1974), p. 32; Henry Ansgar Kelly, Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1975), pp. 163-68; Brundage, pp. 239, 276-7, 414; A.M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters (Brighton, 1987), p. 94; Cartlidge, Medieval Marriage, pp. 18-20.
61. R.H. Helmholz, Marriage Litigation in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1974), p. 32; Henry Ansgar Kelly, Love and Marriage in the Age of Chaucer (Ithaca, NY, and London, 1975), pp. 163-68; Brundage, pp. 239, 276-7, 414; A.M. Lucas, Women in the Middle Ages: Religion, Marriage and Letters (Brighton, 1987), p. 94; Cartlidge, Medieval Marriage, pp. 18-20.
62. Michael Sheehan, for example, has shown that informal unions were at issue in 90% of the matrimonial cases brought before the consistory court of Ely between 1374 and 1382 ('The Formation and Stability of Marriage in Fourteenth-Century England: Evidence of an Ely Register', Mediæval Studies 33 (1971) 228-63).
63. Frederik Petersen, 'Did the Medieval Laity Know the Canon Law Rules on Marriage? Some Evidence from Fourteenth-Century York Cause Papers', Mediæval Studies 56 (1994) 111-52 (pp. 115-21).
64. Robert of Brunne's 'Handlyng Synne' and Parts of its French Original, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall, EETS OS 119, 123 (London, 1901, 1903; rpt. as 1 vol., Millwood, NY, 1991), lines 8393-6.
65. Of course, Trent did not apply to England, and the English law of marriage remained a morass until Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act of 1753. See Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce: England 1530-1987 (Oxford, 1990, rpt. 1992), p. 15.
66. Page, pp. 120-5.
67. Hanawalt, Growing up, p. 42; see also The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval Europe (New York, 1986), pp. 101-2; Crime and Conflict in English Communities 1300-1348 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 154-7. Prosecutions were more frequent and more successful in sixteenth-century Germany: see Merry E. Weisner, 'Early Modern Midwifery; A Case-Study', in Hanawalt, Women and Work, pp. 94-113.
68. Hanawalt, Growing up, p. 42; see also The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval Europe (New York, 1986), pp. 101-2; Crime and Conflict in English Communities 1300-1348 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 154-7. Prosecutions were more frequent and more successful in sixteenth-century Germany: see Merry E. Weisner, 'Early Modern Midwifery; A Case-Study', in Hanawalt, Women and Work, pp. 94-113.
69. Hanawalt, Growing up, p. 42; see also The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval Europe (New York, 1986), pp. 101-2; Crime and Conflict in English Communities 1300-1348 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 154-7. Prosecutions were more frequent and more successful in sixteenth-century Germany: see Merry E. Weisner, 'Early Modern Midwifery; A Case-Study', in Hanawalt, Women and Work, pp. 94-113.
70. Hanawalt, Growing up, p. 42; see also The Ties that Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval Europe (New York, 1986), pp. 101-2; Crime and Conflict in English Communities 1300-1348 (Cambridge, MA, 1979), pp. 154-7. Prosecutions were more frequent and more successful in sixteenth-century Germany: see Merry E. Weisner, 'Early Modern Midwifery; A Case-Study', in Hanawalt, Women and Work, pp. 94-113.
71. Barbara A. Kellum, 'Infanticide in England in the Later Middle Ages', History of Childhood Quarterly 1 ( 1974-5) 367-88 (pp. 367-71).
72. Cyril C. Means, jr., 'The Phoenix of Abortional Freedom: Is a Penumbral or Ninth-Amendment Right About to Arise from the Nineteenth-Century Legislative Ashes of a Fourteenth-Century Common-Law Liberty?', New York Law Forum 17 (1971) 335-410 (pp. 335-48).
73. Emily Coleman, 'Infanticide in the Early Middle Ages', in Women in Medieval Society, ed. Susan Mosher Stuard (University of Pennsylvania, 1976), pp. 47-70 (p. 58).
74. R. Sauer, 'Infanticide and Abortion in Nineteenth-Century Britain', Population Studies 32 (1978) 81-93 (p. 82).
75. D. Seaborne Davies, 'Child-Killing in English Law', in The Modern Approach to Criminal Law, English Studies in Criminal Science 4 (London, 1945), pp. 301-43 (pp. 320-1).
76. Kellum, pp. 368-9, 382; R.H. Helmholz, 'Infanticide in the Province of Canterbury During the Fifteenth Century', History of Childhood Quarterly 2 (1975) 379-90. See also William L. Langer, 'Infanticide: A Historical Survey', ibid., 1/3 (1973) 353-65.
77. Kellum, pp. 368-9, 382; R.H. Helmholz, 'Infanticide in the Province of Canterbury During the Fifteenth Century', History of Childhood Quarterly 2 (1975) 379-90. See also William L. Langer, 'Infanticide: A Historical Survey', ibid., 1/3 (1973) 353-65.
78. Anne O'Connor, Child Murderess and Dead Child Traditions: A Comparative Study, Folklore Fellows Communications 249, Academica Scientarum Fennica (Helsinki, 1991), pp. 98-9, 103-5. For example, Child, no. 20 (supplemented by O'Connor, pp. 57-8, 238-46); Child no. 173 (also ed. James Kinsey, The Oxford Book of Ballads (Oxford, 1982), pp. 328-31); and 'The Cruel Mother', ed. Kinsey, pp. 68-9.
79. Anne O'Connor, Child Murderess and Dead Child Traditions: A Comparative Study, Folklore Fellows Communications 249, Academica Scientarum Fennica (Helsinki, 1991), pp. 98-9, 103-5. For example, Child, no. 20 (supplemented by O'Connor, pp. 57-8, 238-46); Child no. 173 (also ed. James Kinsey, The Oxford Book of Ballads (Oxford, 1982), pp. 328-31); and 'The Cruel Mother', ed. Kinsey, pp. 68-9.
80. Anne O'Connor, Child Murderess and Dead Child Traditions: A Comparative Study, Folklore Fellows Communications 249, Academica Scientarum Fennica (Helsinki, 1991), pp. 98-9, 103-5. For example, Child, no. 20 (supplemented by O'Connor, pp. 57-8, 238-46); Child no. 173 (also ed. James Kinsey, The Oxford Book of Ballads (Oxford, 1982), pp. 328-31); and 'The Cruel Mother', ed. Kinsey, pp. 68-9.