Losses, Chances, and Myths: The United States and the Creation of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1945-1950

Diplomatic History

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 105-115

  Westad, Odd Arne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347173782     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00055     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. For the contemporary uses of these phrases see Anthony Kubek, How the Far East Was Lost: American Policy and the Creation of Communist China, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1963); and John S. Service, Lost Chance in China, ed. Joseph W. Esherick (New York, 1974).
2. For the contemporary uses of these phrases see Anthony Kubek, How the Far East Was Lost: American Policy and the Creation of Communist China, 1941-1949 (Chicago, 1963); and John S. Service, Lost Chance in China, ed. Joseph W. Esherick (New York, 1974).
3. For an early version of this view see Tang Tsou, America's Failure in China (Chicago, 1963). Good recent accounts of the civil war that put the U.S. role in perspective are Chen Lian, Juzhan de licheng [The course of the decisive battle] (Hefei, 1991); Huang Jishu, Da duikang: JiangLi enyuan, GuoGong douzheng [The great rivalry: The Jiang-Li relationship and the GMD-CCP struggle] (Hong Kong, 1991]; and Li Huade, GuoGong jun zheng da bodou [The great military and political struggle between the GMD and the CCP] (Hong Kong, 1993).
4. For an early version of this view see Tang Tsou, America's Failure in China (Chicago, 1963). Good recent accounts of the civil war that put the U.S. role in perspective are Chen Lian, Juzhan de licheng [The course of the decisive battle] (Hefei, 1991); Huang Jishu, Da duikang: JiangLi enyuan, GuoGong douzheng [The great rivalry: The Jiang-Li relationship and the GMD-CCP struggle] (Hong Kong, 1991]; and Li Huade, GuoGong jun zheng da bodou [The great military and political struggle between the GMD and the CCP] (Hong Kong, 1993).
5. For an early version of this view see Tang Tsou, America's Failure in China (Chicago, 1963). Good recent accounts of the civil war that put the U.S. role in perspective are Chen Lian, Juzhan de licheng [The course of the decisive battle] (Hefei, 1991); Huang Jishu, Da duikang: JiangLi enyuan, GuoGong douzheng [The great rivalry: The Jiang-Li relationship and the GMD-CCP struggle] (Hong Kong, 1991]; and Li Huade, GuoGong jun zheng da bodou [The great military and political struggle between the GMD and the CCP] (Hong Kong, 1993).
6. For an early version of this view see Tang Tsou, America's Failure in China (Chicago, 1963). Good recent accounts of the civil war that put the U.S. role in perspective are Chen Lian, Juzhan de licheng [The course of the decisive battle] (Hefei, 1991); Huang Jishu, Da duikang: JiangLi enyuan, GuoGong douzheng [The great rivalry: The Jiang-Li relationship and the GMD-CCP struggle] (Hong Kong, 1991]; and Li Huade, GuoGong jun zheng da bodou [The great military and political struggle between the GMD and the CCP] (Hong Kong, 1993).
7. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American- East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
8. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American- East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
9. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American- East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
10. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American- East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
11. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American- East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
12. Adjusting somewhat the labels that Steven Levine has used for this highly valuable historiography, one may see two main trends: An empirical approach, which stresses how the CCP's image of American imperialism was created up to and including the late 1940s, and an ideological approach, which underlines the Marxist-Leninist structure of this image. The former is represented by Michael H. Hunt, "Mao Tse-tung and the Issue of Accommodation with the United States, 1948-1950," in Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950, ed. Dorothy Borg and Waldo Heinrichs (New York, 1980), 185-233; Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an zouxiang shijie: Zhongguo Gongchandang duiwai guanxi de qiyuan [From Yan'an to the world: The origins of the Chinese Communist Party's foreign relations] (Fuzhou, 1992); and Yang Kuisong, Zhongjian didai de geming: Zhongguo geming de celüe zai guoji beijing xia de yanbian [Revolution in the intermediate zone: The tactics of the Chinese revolution in light of developments in the international setting] (Beijing, 1992). The latter is seen in Steven M. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism: Sino-Soviet Relations," in Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice, ed. Thomas W. Robinson and David Shambaugh (Oxford, 1994); Michael M. Sheng, "The United States, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1950: A Reappraisal," Pacific Historical Review 63:4 (1994): 521-36; and John W. Garver, "Polemics, Paradigms, Responsibility, and the Origins of the U.S.-PRC Confrontation in the 1950s," Journal of American-East Asian Relations 3:1 (1994): 1-34.
13. See Michael H. Hunt and Odd Arne Westad, "The Chinese Communist Party and International Affairs: A Field Report on New Historical Sources and Old Research Problems," China Quarterly (1990): 258-72; and Odd Arne Westad, "Materials on CCP History in Russian Archives," CCP Research Newsletter, nos. 10-11 (Spring-Fall 1992): 52-53.
14. See Michael H. Hunt and Odd Arne Westad, "The Chinese Communist Party and International Affairs: A Field Report on New Historical Sources and Old Research Problems," China Quarterly (1990): 258-72; and Odd Arne Westad, "Materials on CCP History in Russian Archives," CCP Research Newsletter, nos. 10-11 (Spring-Fall 1992): 52-53.
15. Odd Arne Westad, Cold War and Revolution: Soviet-American Rivalry and the Origins of the Chinese Civil War, 1944-1946 (New York, 1993), 76.
16. Westad, Cold War, 118-39; T. Okvortsov and A. Savelev (Far Eastern Department, Soviet Foreign Ministry), "Vnutrennee polozhenie v Kitae i grazhdanskaia voina" [Internal affairs in China and the civil war], 4 December, 1945, Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow (hereafter AVPRF), fond (f) 129, opis (o) 29, papka (p) 167, delo (d) 17, pp. 3-30.
17. Westad, Cold War, 118-39; T. Okvortsov and A. Savelev (Far Eastern Department, Soviet Foreign Ministry), "Vnutrennee polozhenie v Kitae i grazhdanskaia voina" [Internal affairs in China and the civil war], 4 December, 1945, Arkhiv vneshnei politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow (hereafter AVPRF), fond (f) 129, opis (o) 29, papka (p) 167, delo (d) 17, pp. 3-30.
18. Niu Jun, Cong Yan'an, 199-219.
19. See Westad, Cold War, 137-39; and Niu Jun, Cong Hu'erli dao Maxie'er: Meiguo tiaochu GuoGong maodun shimo [From Hurley to Marshall: A full account of the American mediation of the contradictions between the GMD and the CCP] (Fuzhou, 1989), 180-92.
20. See Westad, Cold War, 137-39; and Niu Jun, Cong Hu'erli dao Maxie'er: Meiguo tiaochu GuoGong maodun shimo [From Hurley to Marshall: A full account of the American mediation of the contradictions between the GMD and the CCP] (Fuzhou, 1989), 180-92.
21. See Westad, Cold War, 165-78; and Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 246-50.
22. See Westad, Cold War, 165-78; and Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992), 246-50.
23. Soviet Consulate General in Harbin to Ambassador Roshchin, 15 November, 1949, AVPRF, f 0308, 0 1, p 4, d 31, pp. 2-20.
24. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1993), 4; Ministry of National Defense to Wang Shijie, 25 December, 1946, Waijiaobu dang'anzixunchu [Archives and Records Office of the Foreign Ministry], Taibei, 105.23/317.42; Molotov to Wang Shijie, 30 December, 1947, AVPRF, f 129, 0 32, p 207, d 21, pp. 2-4. See also Brian Murray's fascinating essay "Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China: New Multiarchival Evidence," Cold War International History Project Working Paper No. 12. On Soviet aid see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission to China in January and February 1949" (part two), Far Eastern Affairs 1995, no. 3, 74-83.
25. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1993), 4; Ministry of National Defense to Wang Shijie, 25 December, 1946, Waijiaobu dang'anzixunchu [Archives and Records Office of the Foreign Ministry], Taibei, 105.23/317.42; Molotov to Wang Shijie, 30 December, 1947, AVPRF, f 129, 0 32, p 207, d 21, pp. 2-4. See also Brian Murray's fascinating essay "Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China: New Multiarchival Evidence," Cold War International History Project Working Paper No. 12. On Soviet aid see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission to China in January and February 1949" (part two), Far Eastern Affairs 1995, no. 3, 74-83.
26. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis, and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners: Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, 1993), 4; Ministry of National Defense to Wang Shijie, 25 December, 1946, Waijiaobu dang'anzixunchu [Archives and Records Office of the Foreign Ministry], Taibei, 105.23/317.42; Molotov to Wang Shijie, 30 December, 1947, AVPRF, f 129, 0 32, p 207, d 21, pp. 2-4. See also Brian Murray's fascinating essay "Stalin, the Cold War, and the Division of China: New Multiarchival Evidence," Cold War International History Project Working Paper No. 12. On Soviet aid see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission to China in January and February 1949" (part two), Far Eastern Affairs 1995, no. 3, 74-83.
27. Former Soviet Vice-Foreign Minister Mikhail Kapitsa, author's interview, Moscow, 7 September 1992. Dr. Kapitsa was an adviser to the Soviet Communist Party on Chinese affairs in the late 1940s. See also Nikolai T. Fedorenko, "Stalin i Mao Tzedun" [Stalin and Mao Zedong], Novaiia i naveishaia istoriia, 1992, no. 5, pp. 98-113 and no. 6, pp. 83-95.
28. Petrov to Stalin, 19 January 1947, AVPRF, f 07 o 12 p 24 d 313, pp. 1-31, quote on p. 28.
29. Paniushkin to Vyshinsky, 6 January, 1948, AVPRF, f 0129 o 32 p 207 d 21, pp. 6-13.
30. Roshchin to Molotov, 27 December 1948, AVPRF, f 07 o 22 p 36 d 229, pp. 1-29, quotes on pp. 18-19.
31. Lin Biao to CC CPSU, n.d. (December 1948; enclosure Gromyko to Molotov and [handw.] "to cmrd. Stalin," 17 December 1948), AVPRF, f 07 o 21 p 21 d 308, pp. 2-4; Gromyko to Molotov, 16 December 1948, AVPRF, f 07 o 21 p 21 d 308, pp. 5-8.
32. Soviet Consulate General in Harbin to Roshchin, 15 November 1949, AVPRF, f 0308, o 1, p. 4, d 31, pp. 2-20; Lin Biao to Molotov, 1 September 1948, Rossiiskii tsentr khraneniia i izucheniia dokumentov noveishei istorii [Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Contemporary History], Moscow (hereafter RTsKhIDNI), f 17, o 128, d 614, p. 64. See also record of conversation Vyshinsky-Mao Zedong, 6 January 1950, AVPRF f 0100, o 43, p 302, d 8, pp. 1-5.
33. See records of conversation between Roshchin and Mao Zedong, 16 and 20 October 1949, AVPRF, f 0100, o 42, p 288, d 19, pp. 28-31, 32-33.
34. Mao Zedong xuanji [Selected works of Mao Zedong] (Beijing, 1977), 5:286; record of conversation between Molotov and Fu Binchang, 12 January 1949, AVPRF, f 06, o 11, p 15, d 225, pp. 1-3; Filippov (Stalin) to Mao Zedong, 10 and 11 January 1949, Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow (hereafter APRF), f 45, o 1, d 330, pp. 95-96, 97-99. See also Liao Gailong, "KangRi zhanzheng houqi he jiefang zhanzheng shiqi Sulian yu Zhongguo geming guanxi" [Soviet relations with the Chinese revolution at the end of the anti-Japanese war and during the war of liberation], Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 1990 (December): 1-8.
35. Mao Zedong xuanji [Selected works of Mao Zedong] (Beijing, 1977), 5:286; record of conversation between Molotov and Fu Binchang, 12 January 1949, AVPRF, f 06, o 11, p 15, d 225, pp. 1-3; Filippov (Stalin) to Mao Zedong, 10 and 11 January 1949, Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Moscow (hereafter APRF), f 45, o 1, d 330, pp. 95-96, 97-99. See also Liao Gailong, "KangRi zhanzheng houqi he jiefang zhanzheng shiqi Sulian yu Zhongguo geming guanxi" [Soviet relations with the Chinese revolution at the end of the anti-Japanese war and during the war of liberation], Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu 1990 (December): 1-8.
36. Filippov (Stalin) to Mao Zedong, 10 January 1949, APRF, f 45, o 1, d 330, p. 96. See also Sergei L. Tikhvinskii, "O 'sekretnom demarche' Chzhou Enlaia i neofitsialnykh peregovorakh KPK s amerikantsami v iiune 1949 g." [On Zhou Enlai's "secret demarche" and the unofficial talks between the CCP and the Americans in June 1949], Problemy dalnego vostoka, 1994, no. 3, 133-38.
37. Mao Zedong to Stalin, 13 January 1949, APRF, f 45, o 1, d 330, pp. 100-103.
38. Filippov (Stalin) to Mao Zedong, 14 January 1949, APRF, f 45, o 1, d 330, pp. 110-13.
39. Mao Zedong xuanji [Mao Zedong selected works] (Beijing, 1967), 1277-80; Izvestiia, 18 January 1949; Chen, China's Road, 69-70. For Mikoyan's version of his visit with Mao as recounted to the CPSU leadership in 1960 see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission" (part one), Far Eastern Affairs 2 (1995): 72-94.
40. Mao Zedong xuanji [Mao Zedong selected works] (Beijing, 1967), 1277-80; Izvestiia, 18 January 1949; Chen, China's Road, 69-70. For Mikoyan's version of his visit with Mao as recounted to the CPSU leadership in 1960 see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission" (part one), Far Eastern Affairs 2 (1995): 72-94.
41. Mao Zedong xuanji [Mao Zedong selected works] (Beijing, 1967), 1277-80; Izvestiia, 18 January 1949; Chen, China's Road, 69-70. For Mikoyan's version of his visit with Mao as recounted to the CPSU leadership in 1960 see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission" (part one), Far Eastern Affairs 2 (1995): 72-94.
42. Mao Zedong xuanji [Mao Zedong selected works] (Beijing, 1967), 1277-80; Izvestiia, 18 January 1949; Chen, China's Road, 69-70. For Mikoyan's version of his visit with Mao as recounted to the CPSU leadership in 1960 see Andrei Ledovsky, "Mikoyan's Secret Mission" (part one), Far Eastern Affairs 2 (1995): 72-94.
43. Stalin to Mao, 19 April 1949, quoted in Sergei Tikhvinskii, "O 'sekretnom demarche,' " 135.
44. I. Fesenko report, 13 October 1949, RTsKhIDNl, f 17, o 137, d 142, p. 308. What really happened was of course the opposite-by constantly setting traps and preparing tests in order to check the Yugoslavs' loyalty, Stalin pushed a desperate Tito to break his ties with Moscow. See Leonid Gibianski, "The 1948 Soviet-Yugoslav Conflict and the Formation of the Socialist Camp Model," in The Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, 1945-1989, ed. Odd Arne Westad et al. (London, 1994), 26-46.
45. Tikhvinskii, "O 'sekretnom demarshe,' " 134.
46. Chen, China's Road, 71-76; record of conversation between Roshchin and Zhou Enlai, 31 October 1949, AVPRF, f 0100, o 42, p 288, d 19, pp. 74-77.
47. Ren Donglai, "Communist Policies and Great Power Interventions: The Cases of Greece and China" (paper delivered at the Nobel Institute research seminar, 11 November, 1993); Mao Zedong to Stalin, 13 January 1949, APRF, f 45, o 1, d 330, p. 100.
48. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism"; Sergei Goncharov, "Dialog Stalina s Mao Tsedunom," Problemy dalnego vostoka, 1991, no. 6, pp. 83-93 and 1992, no. 1-3, pp. 79- 91.
49. Goldstein, "Nationalism and Internationalism"; Sergei Goncharov, "Dialog Stalina s Mao Tsedunom," Problemy dalnego vostoka, 1991, no. 6, pp. 83-93 and 1992, no. 1-3, pp. 79-91.
50. See record of conversation between Roshchin and Li Kenong, 17 November 1949, AVPRF, f 07, o 22, p 36, d 220, pp. 67-73.
51. Ibid.