On the Doorstep: Aboriginal Domestic Service as a 'Contact Zone'

Australian Feminist Studies

Volumn 16, Issue 34, 2001, Pages

  Haskins, Victoria ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347139290     PISSN: 08164649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08164640120038881     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Coral Edwards, 'Is the Ward Clean?' in Bill Gammage and Andrew Markus (eds), All That Dirt: Aborigines 1938 (History Project Inc.) Canberra, 1982, pp. 4-8.
2. Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Australian National University Press) Rushcutter's Bay, 1988, pp. 67-8; Peter Read, A Rape of the Soul So Profound: the Return of the Stolen Generations (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, pp. 102-7.
3. Peter Read, A Hundred Years War: The Wiradjuri People and the State (Australian National University Press) Rushcutter's Bay, 1988, pp. 67-8; Peter Read, A Rape of the Soul So Profound: the Return of the Stolen Generations (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, pp. 102-7.
4. S. Gilbert and S. Gubar, quoted in C. Heilbrun, Writing a woman's life (Ballantine Books) New York, 1988, p. 33.
5. Legend, 'The Bidgidoo People' (n.d., c. 1940s), in the personal papers of Joan Kingsley-Strack (hereafter referred to as J.K.S. Papers): Box 7, Item 8.
6. See Madeline MacGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus', Aboriginal History, vol. 14, no. 2, 1990, pp. 124-51, 135-43. The man whom she claimed gave her this name was Umbarra, or 'Merriman' (the name by which white people knew him), the recognised leader of the Yuin people who were the Indigenous owners of the land on which was her grandparents' property on the far south coast of New South Wales. When I asked the Umbarra Cultural Centre about this name in 1994, no-one was familiar with the word and could not corroborate the meaning; I was, however, told of a sacred site, the name of which closely approximates in sound and meaning her name. There was also an Aboriginal woman of the age of Ming's mother whose name was very similar.
7. Letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to A.P. Elkin, 19 January [1938], Elkin Papers, University of Sydney, Fisher Archives, Box 68, Item 4/2/66.
8. Victoria Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot: a Personal Insight into Relationships Between White Women and Aboriginal Women under the N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Apprenticeship Policy 1920-1942', PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1999; see also Victoria Haskins, '"Lovable Natives and Tribal Sisters": Feminism, Maternalism and the Campaign for Aboriginal Citizenship in New South Wales in the Late 1930s' in Hecate, vol. 14, no. 2, 1998, pp. 8-21. I am currently working on a wider project entitled 'Domestic Subversions: White Mistresses and Aboriginal Domestic Workers in Australian History'.
9. Victoria Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot: a Personal Insight into Relationships Between White Women and Aboriginal Women under the N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Apprenticeship Policy 1920- 1942', PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1999; see also Victoria Haskins, '"Lovable Natives and Tribal Sisters": Feminism, Maternalism and the Campaign for Aboriginal Citizenship in New South Wales in the Late 1930s' in Hecate, vol. 14, no. 2, 1998, pp. 8-21. I am currently working on a wider project entitled 'Domestic Subversions: White Mistresses and Aboriginal Domestic Workers in Australian History'.
10. Victoria Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot: a Personal Insight into Relationships Between White Women and Aboriginal Women under the N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Apprenticeship Policy 1920- 1942', PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1999; see also Victoria Haskins, '"Lovable Natives and Tribal Sisters": Feminism, Maternalism and the Campaign for Aboriginal Citizenship in New South Wales in the Late 1930s' in Hecate, vol. 14, no. 2, 1998, pp. 8-21. I am currently working on a wider project entitled 'Domestic Subversions: White Mistresses and Aboriginal Domestic Workers in Australian History'.
11. See note 4 above. I have archived Ming's papers into 11 boxes of itemised material, titled 'Joan Kingsley-Strack Papers'. These are presently held by my grandmother, her daughter, at Woolgoolga, in New South Wales.
12. Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (Souvenir Press) London, 1974, p. 22.
13. Homi K. Bhabha, 'The Other Question: Stereotype, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism', in Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (Routledge) London, 1994, pp. 66-84.
14. B. Ashcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back - Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures (Routledge) London, 1989, p. 103.
15. Read, A Hundred Years War, p. 69.
16. Chilla Bulbeck, 'Third World Women: Dialogues with Western Feminism' in Meanjin, vol. 52, no. 2, 1992, p. 323.
17. I am very grateful to Jane King's family for their permission to allow me to publish this article.
18. See Jackie Huggins, 'Response' in Susan Janson and Stuart MacIntyre (eds), Through White Eyes (Allen & Unwin) Sydney and Wellington, 1990, p. 170; Jackie Huggins, 'Pretty Deadly Tidda Business' in Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (eds), Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1993, pp. 61-72; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'Aboriginal History' in Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 1993, p. 8; Ian Anderson, 'I, the "hybrid" Aborigine: Film and Representation' in Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 1, 1997, p. 4.
19. See Jackie Huggins, 'Response' in Susan Janson and Stuart MacIntyre (eds), Through White Eyes (Allen & Unwin) Sydney and Wellington, 1990, p. 170; Jackie Huggins, 'Pretty Deadly Tidda Business' in Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (eds), Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1993, pp. 61-72; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'Aboriginal History' in Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 1993, p. 8; Ian Anderson, 'I, the "hybrid" Aborigine: Film and Representation' in Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 1, 1997, p. 4.
20. See Jackie Huggins, 'Response' in Susan Janson and Stuart MacIntyre (eds), Through White Eyes (Allen & Unwin) Sydney and Wellington, 1990, p. 170; Jackie Huggins, 'Pretty Deadly Tidda Business' in Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (eds), Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1993, pp. 61-72; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'Aboriginal History' in Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 1993, p. 8; Ian Anderson, 'I, the "hybrid" Aborigine: Film and Representation' in Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 1, 1997, p. 4.
21. See Jackie Huggins, 'Response' in Susan Janson and Stuart MacIntyre (eds), Through White Eyes (Allen & Unwin) Sydney and Wellington, 1990, p. 170; Jackie Huggins, 'Pretty Deadly Tidda Business' in Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (eds), Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1993, pp. 61-72; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'Aboriginal History' in Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 1, 1993, p. 8; Ian Anderson, 'I, the "hybrid" Aborigine: Film and Representation' in Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 1, 1997, p. 4.
22. I take as my inspiration the work by Aboriginal artist Leah King-Smith in her series for an exhibition on Aboriginal domestic workers, White Apron - Black Hands: see Lel Black, Jackie Huggins and Leah King-Smith, White Apron - Black Hands: a Project on Aboriginal Women Domestics in Service, Brisbane City Hall Gallery, July 1994 (L. Black, J. Huggins, L. King-Smith and Black Day Dawning) Brisbane, 1994.
23. Jane's father was a Wiradjuri man from that area, while her mother had been dislocated from her own people, and her clan/tribal affiliation is not known definitively.
24. Draft Letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Judge Clancy, 7 February 1942 (not known if sent), J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
25. Oodgeroo of the tribe Noonuccal, 'We Are Going' in My People, 1990 (first published 1964), quoted in Janeen Webb and Andrew Enstice, Aliens & Savages: Fiction, Politics and Prejudice in Australia (Harper Collins) Sydney, 1998, pp. 83-4.
26. Oodgeroo of the tribe Noonuccal, 'We Are Going' in My People, 1990 (first published 1964), quoted in Janeen Webb and Andrew Enstice, Aliens & Savages: Fiction, Politics and Prejudice in Australia (Harper Collins) Sydney, 1998, pp. 83-4.
27. See Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Doubleday Anchor) Garden City, New York, 1959, p. 51; see also Judith Rollins, Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers (Temple University Press) Philadelphia, 1985, pp. 207-32.
28. See Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Doubleday Anchor) Garden City, New York, 1959, p. 51; see also Judith Rollins, Between Women: Domestics and Their Employers (Temple University Press) Philadelphia, 1985, pp. 207-32.
29. Victoria Haskins, 'Skeletons in Our Closet', Paper delivered to the Australian Historical Association Biennial Conference, University of Sydney, 6 July 1998: published as Victoria Haskins, 'Skeletons in Our Closet' in The Olive Pink Society Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2, 1998, pp. 15-22.
30. Victoria Haskins, 'Skeletons in Our Closet', Paper delivered to the Australian Historical Association Biennial Conference, University of Sydney, 6 July 1998: published as Victoria Haskins, 'Skeletons in Our Closet' in The Olive Pink Society Bulletin, vol. 10, no. 2, 1998, pp. 15-22.
31. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 6 April 1914, NSW State Archives.
32. Letter, 'Jane King' to NSW Aborigines Welfare Board, 21 April 1961: Aborigines Welfare Board Correspondence Files, 8/2916:15541, NSW State Archives.
33. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 21 January 1920, NSW State Archives.
34. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 13 September 1922, NSW State Archives.
35. Draft letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Judge, 7 January 1942, J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
36. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Salary Registers. That this was an extraordinary occurrence is demonstrated by the fact the reimbursement warranted the special attention of the Board: N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 3 August 1938, 4/8561, NSW State Archives
37. Jack Horner, Bill Ferguson: Fighter for Aboriginal Freedom (J. Horner) Canberra, 1994, pp. 105-66.
38. Henry Reynolds, With the White People (Penguin) Ringwood, 1990, pp. 165-91; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service in New South Wales, 1850-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1991, pp. 3-23.
39. Henry Reynolds, With the White People (Penguin) Ringwood, 1990, pp. 165-91; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service in New South Wales, 1850-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1991, pp. 3-23.
40. Ronald Wilson, Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families (Commonwealth of Australia) Canberra, 1997, p. 24.
41. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
42. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
43. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
44. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
45. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
46. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
47. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
48. See, for example, Judith Murray-Prior (Godden), 'Women Settlers and Aborigines', Honours thesis, University of New England, 1973; Elizabeth West, 'White women in colonial Australia' in Refractory Girl, March 1977, pp. 54-60; Diane Barwick, 'And the Lubras Are Ladies Now' in Fay Gale (ed.), Women's Role in Aboriginal Society (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) Canberra, 1978, pp. 51-63; Judith Godden, 'A New Look at the Pioneer Woman' in Hecate, vol. 5, no. 2, 1979, pp. 6-21; Ann McGrath, Born in the Cattle (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1987, pp. 95-121; Myrna Tonkinson, 'Sisterhood or Aboriginal Servitude? Black and white women on the Australian frontier' in Aboriginal History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1988, pp. 27-39; McGuire, 'The Legend of the Goodfella Missus'; Lyn Riddett, '"Watch the White Woman Fade": Aboriginal and White Women in the Northern Territory 1870-1940' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 1, 1993, pp. 73-92.
49. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
50. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
51. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
52. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
53. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
54. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
55. See Carla Hankins, '"The Missing Links": Cultural Genocide through the Abduction of Female Aboriginal Children from their Families and their Training for Domestic Service, 1883-1969', Honours thesis, University of New South Wales, 1982; Carolyn Harwood, 'A History of Aboriginal Women in New South Wales, 1909-1950', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1984; Jackie Huggins, '"Firing On In the Mind": Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in the Inter-war Years' in Hecate, vol. 13, no. 2, 1987/88, pp. 5-23; Inara Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service'; Jennifer Sabbioni, 'I Hate Working for the White People' in Hecate, vol. 19, no. 2, 1993, pp. 7-29; Jackie Huggins, 'White Aprons, Black Hands: Aboriginal Women Domestic Servants in Queensland' in Ann McGrath and Kay Saunders (eds), Labour History: Aboriginal Workers, no. 69 (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History) Sydney, 1995, pp. 188-195; Inara Walden, '"That was slavery days": Aboriginal Domestic Servants in New South Wales in the Twentieth Century' in McGrath and Saunders, Aboriginal Workers, pp. 196-207.
56. Chief Secretary F. Flowers, citing Donaldson's speech during the 1912 Aborigines' Protection Board (A.P.B.) deputation, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, vol. 56, 1915, p. 1353 (second reading, Aborigines Protection Amending Bill, Legislative Council, 24 November 1914).
57. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 6 April 1916, NSW State Archives.
58. James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture (Harvard University Press) Cambridge, 1988, p. 4.
59. NSW Aborigines Protection Board Ward Register, 4/8553, NSW State Archives.
60. Annual Report of the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Board, for the year 1926, Government Printer, Sydney, 1927. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Report 1926.
61. F. Flowers, citing A.P.B. member Donaldson's speech during a 1912 A.P.B. deputation, N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 56, 1915, p. 1353.
62. See (for convicts) Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly (Cambridge University Press), Melbourne, 1996, p. 69. For Victorian missionaries, Report of a conference of Victorian mission managers to consider the Victorian Board for Protection of the Aborigines' resolutions of 2/8/1882, Melbourne, 18 August 1882, National Australian Archives Board for Protection of Aborigines (Victoria), General Correspondence, 1875-1883, CRS B 313/1 229, Item 229. For parliamentary debate in NSW, see Heather Goodall, 'A History of Aboriginal Communities in New South Wales 1930-1950', PhD, University of Sydney, 1982, p. 134 (citing N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 57, 1915).
63. See (for convicts) Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly (Cambridge University Press), Melbourne, 1996, p. 69. For Victorian missionaries, Report of a conference of Victorian mission managers to consider the Victorian Board for Protection of the Aborigines' resolutions of 2/8/1882, Melbourne, 18 August 1882, National Australian Archives Board for Protection of Aborigines (Victoria), General Correspondence, 1875-1883, CRS B 313/1 229, Item 229. For parliamentary debate in NSW, see Heather Goodall, 'A History of Aboriginal Communities in New South Wales 1930-1950', PhD, University of Sydney, 1982, p. 134 (citing N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 57, 1915).
64. See (for convicts) Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly (Cambridge University Press), Melbourne, 1996, p. 69. For Victorian missionaries, Report of a conference of Victorian mission managers to consider the Victorian Board for Protection of the Aborigines' resolutions of 2/8/1882, Melbourne, 18 August 1882, National Australian Archives Board for Protection of Aborigines (Victoria), General Correspondence, 1875-1883, CRS B 313/1 229, Item 229. For parliamentary debate in NSW, see Heather Goodall, 'A History of Aboriginal Communities in New South Wales 1930-1950', PhD, University of Sydney, 1982, p. 134 (citing N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 57, 1915).
65. See (for convicts) Joy Damousi, Depraved and Disorderly (Cambridge University Press), Melbourne, 1996, p. 69. For Victorian missionaries, Report of a conference of Victorian mission managers to consider the Victorian Board for Protection of the Aborigines' resolutions of 2/8/1882, Melbourne, 18 August 1882, National Australian Archives Board for Protection of Aborigines (Victoria), General Correspondence, 1875-1883, CRS B 313/1 229, Item 229. For parliamentary debate in NSW, see Heather Goodall, 'A History of Aboriginal Communities in New South Wales 1930-1950', PhD, University of Sydney, 1982, p. 134 (citing N.S.W. Parliamentary Debates, vol. 57, 1915).
66. See Robert van Krieken, Children and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1991, p. 94, and Tara Geldard, 'The Industrial School for Girls at Parramatta', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1993, pp. 70-2, 79.
67. See Robert van Krieken, Children and the State (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1991, p. 94, and Tara Geldard, 'The Industrial School for Girls at Parramatta', Honours thesis, University of Sydney, 1993, pp. 70-2, 79.
68. Victoria Haskins, 'Servants in Suburban Sydney' in George Morgan (ed.), Urban Life, Urban Culture (Goolangullia) Macarthur, 1998, pp. 166-7 (calculated from the NSW Aborigines Protection Board Register of Wards records).
69. Read, A Hundred Years War, p. 69.
70. Aboriginal Welfare - Initial Conference of Commonwealth and State Aboriginal Authorities, held at Canberra, 21st to 23rd April, 1937, p. 16, held in NSW Premier's Department Correspondence Files, State Archives of NSW, 12/8749A.
71. N.S.W. Aborigines Protection Board Minutes, 15 March 1915.
72. James Miller, Koori (Angus & Robertson) Sydney, 1985, p. 166; Wilson, Bringing Them Home, pp. 156-7; Marjorie Woodrow, One of the Lost Generation (M. Woodrow) Narromine, 1990, p. 22.
73. James Miller, Koori (Angus & Robertson) Sydney, 1985, p. 166; Wilson, Bringing Them Home, pp. 156-7; Marjorie Woodrow, One of the Lost Generation (M. Woodrow) Narromine, 1990, p. 22.
74. James Miller, Koori (Angus & Robertson) Sydney, 1985, p. 166; Wilson, Bringing Them Home, pp. 156-7; Marjorie Woodrow, One of the Lost Generation (M. Woodrow) Narromine, 1990, p. 22.
75. A. Morgan, Letter in Labor Call, September 1934: quoted in Heather Goodall, Invasion to Embassy (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1996, p. 187.
76. A. Morgan, Letter in Labor Call, September 1934: quoted in Heather Goodall, Invasion to Embassy (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1996, p. 187.
77. See Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot'.
78. Letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Dr K-, 13 September 1939 (not sent): J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
79. It should be noted that she was asked on at least one occasion by the leader of the Aborigines Progressive Association, Bill Ferguson, to find a domestic service position in Sydney for an Aboriginal girl from Dubbo on behalf of her parents: Letter, Bill Ferguson to Joan Kingsley-Strack, 9 June 1941: J.K.S. Papers 9:17.
80. Diary entry, 23 [May 1940]: J.K.S. Papers 2:15.
81. Diary entry, 7 September 1939: J.K.S. Papers 2:15; Draft letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Mr Cox, 20 February [1942]: J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
82. 'North Shore Doctor and a Girl Who Threw Stones', Truth, 15 December 1940, p. 18.
83. Copy, article submitted to Truth n.d., c.18 December 1940: J.K.S. Papers 9:16. Joan Kingsley-Strack, 'Bitter Lot of Aborigines: Robbed of Children, Shamed, Assaulted', Truth, 29 December 1940, p. 24.
84. See Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot', pp. 285-90.
85. Diary entry, 9 September 1941: J.K.S. Papers 2:15.
86. Haskins, 'My One Bright Spot', chapters 14-15.
87. Draft Letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Judge Clancy, 7 February 1942: J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
88. Draft Letter (quoting lawyer), Joan Kingsley-Strack to Mr Cox, 20 February [1942] (not known if sent): J.K.S. Papers 9:16
89. Draft Letter, Joan Kingsley-Strack to Mr Cox, 20 February [1942]: J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
90. Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, pp. 123-5.
91. Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized, pp. 127-8.
92. Walden, 'Aboriginal Women in Domestic Service', p. 117.
93. Memmi, 'The Colonizer and the Colonized, p. 43.
94. Kingsley-Strack/J. King' correspondence (1961-1978): J.K.S. Papers 9:16.
95. Kingsley-Strack/J. Horner correspondence (1966, 1973): J.K.S. Papers 8:9; Jack Horner interview notes 3 March 1966 (in possession of Jack Horner, Canberra). See Jack Horner, Bill Ferguson.